1. How are Mekong wetlands distributed. 1. In ecological zones. 2. In climate zones. 2. Synthesising the case study vulnerability

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1 Basin-wide Climate Change Impact and Assessment for Wetlands of the LMB for Adaptation Planning 3rd Regional Workshop, Phnom Penh 2-3 February 2012 Basin-wide Wetland Peter-John Meynell 1 2 Overview of presentation 1. How are Mekong wetlands distributed 1. In ecological zones 2. In climate zones 2. Synthesising the case study assessments 3. Upscaling the wetland vulnerabilities to 1. Wetland types in different ecological zones at risk 2. Important wetland sites at risk Prepared for the Mekong River Commission By ICEM WorldFish IUCN SEA START 3 Steps in the analysis Identify the different wetland types Locate the wetland types in different ecological zones Locate the wetland types in different climate zones Locate the case study sites and the 94 important wetland sites in the LMB in the ecological and climate zones Relate the observed climate change of case study sites to wider distribution and important wetland sites 4 Area of wetlands in the LMB (sq km) Natural % of LMB Man made % of LMB Freshwater wetlands 46, , Riverine wetlands 3, , Lakes and ponds 3, , Estuarine , Coastal and marine , TOTAL 55, , Total area of Mekong 606,000 Man Made wetlands Area (ha) % Agriculture - Rice 18,049, Agriculture - Other wet crops 504, Aquaculture 253, Grasslands 5, Flooded plantations 10, Saltworks 9, Lakes and ponds - irrigation, hydropower, drinking water 214, Urban lake/ponds and wetlands 368, Man made artificial channels 449, Total 19,864,602 1

2 Natural wetlands Ecological zones 5 6 Wetland Types Grand Total % Ha Freshwater wetland 43, Flooded 7, Woody scrub 3,923, Grassland and Marsh 486, Peat Land 228, Lakes >8ha 322, Ponds <8ha 1, Saline lakes >8ha 6, Riverine - natural channels 391, Watercourse (estuarine and marine) 64, Intertidal lagoon Estuarine and marine - non-vegetated, bare, sand 3, Saltmarsh 7, Mangrove (estuarine and marine) 84, Grand Total 5,570, Ecozones Area (ha) Mid-elevation dry 5,157,514 Low-elevation dry 8,458,329 Low-mid ele moist 1,910,068 High-elevation moist 269,191 Swampy û Tonle Sap 1,735,572 Upper wetland, lake (CS to VTE) 162,346 Mid, wetland, lake (VTE to Pakse) 2,631,830 Lower, wetland, lake 215,416 Lower, wetland, lake (Kratie to DELTA) 1,508,413 Mangrove/delta 3,337,269 Grand Total 25,385,947 9 Case study sites 94 important wetland sites in LMB 7 Distribution of wetlands in the different ecological zones 8 Climate zones Lower, wetland, lake (Pakse to 100% Kratie) Mangrove/ delta 90% Lower, wetland, lake 80% 70% Mid, wetland, lake (VTE to Pakse) 60% Upper wetland, lake (CS to VTE) 50% Swampy Tonle Sap 40% High-elevation moist 30% Low-mid ele moist 20% Low-elevation dry 10% Precipi tation (mm) Temp (deg C) Low Med High < >32 Low <1400 1,1 2,1 3,1 Med ,2 2,2 3,2 High >2000 1,3 2,3 3,3 0% 2

3 9 Distribution of wetlands in different climate zones Freshwater wetlands all in 2,1A Flooded and peat land in 2,1A and 2,2 Woody scrub, grassland/marsh throughout all cc zones Lakes & ponds mostly in 2,1A Saline lakes mostly in 3,1 Riverine distributed throughout Coastal and marine, mangroves almost all in 2,1A 10 Simple distribution of main wetland types with change in Over 80% of estuarine and marine experiences deg C rise Over 60% of freshwater wetlands experience deg C rise 38% of Open waters experience both1.5 2 and deg C rise Riverine wetlands spread between temp change ranges, but more than 40% in deg C rise 11 Simple distribution of main wetland types with change in precipitation Nearly 100 % of estuarine and marine experiences mm rise in rainfall 200 mm rise in rainfall 80% of freshwater wetlands experience mm rise Nearly 80% of Open waters experience mm rise in rainfall Riverine wetlands spread between rainfall change ranges, but more than 45% in mm rise in rainfall 12 Changes to freshwater wetlands All Flooded s experience increases in temp and rainfall 66% goes from 2,1A to 3,2 All Freshwater wetlands go from 2,1A to 3,2 Grasslands 74% of go from 2,1A to 3,2 and 26% go to 3,3 Peatlands 30% of go from 2,2 to 3,2 and 70% go from 2,1A to 3,2 Very small areas of Woody scrub and Grassland in Laos changed increased to 2,2 Woody scrub 33% of goes from 2,1A/3,1 to 3,2 and 66% goes up to 3,3 3

4 Changes to Open water wetlands Changes to riverine wetlands 13 Intertidal lagoon 100 % go from 2,1A to 3,2 Lakes 82% go from 2,1A to 3,2 17% go up to 3,3 Ponds 83% go from 2,1A to 3,2 17% go up to 3,3 Saline lake 69% go from 3,1 to 3,2 31% go from 3,2 to 3,3 14 Small % of riverine wetlands in Laos will move from 1,1/1,2 to 2,2 About 47% will change to 3,2 About 46% will change to 3,3 100% of Estuarine watercourses change from 2,1A to 3,2 15 Changes to mangrove and coastal wetlands 16 Illustrating habitat assessment - Freshwater Wetland habitats Mangroves 97% go from 2,1A to 3,2 3% go from 3,1 to 3,2 Estuarine non vegetated 100% go from 2,1A to 3,2 Saltmarsh 86% go from 2,1A to 3,2 14% go from 3,1 to 3,2 Adaptive Component Definition Climate Change Threat Exposure sitivity Impact + Other Capacity Threats Habitat type Case study site Country Ecozone Description of key CC threats Rank (High, Medium, Low) Description Rank Due to prolonged flooding, and 1) Increased water level ; 2) higher water level in the dry season, Short tree shrubland Lower Stung Cambodia Swamp MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM Increased there will likely be less presence of Lianas and Mimosa. Increase in daytime air. Increase in number of hot days. Shallower and drier. Change in Floodplain, Increase in rainfall and rainfall habitat quality and extent. Change in Floodplain marshes and wetland or lake & intensity (wetter in wet season and Kaeng La Wa Thailand HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH species composition, distribution, HIGH swamps Low-elevation dry repeated floods). Prolonged, more and abundance. Increase in frequent and more severe droughts vegetation die out and natural decay. (drier in dry season and repeated droughts). Extraction will remove and destroy the peat structure, devaluing this Longer and hotter dry will make this Low-elevation dry Peat lands Xe Champhone Lao wetland type, and it seems likely that MEDIUM LOW LOW MEDIUM habitat dry out and make some HIGH this wetland type will be completely function loss. lost. Grasslands are not associate with the amount of sedimenation. But Phragmites occusr at Stung river 1) Increased water level; 2) mouth and tends to be associated Lower Stung Cambodia Swamp Forest Increased ; 3) Increased MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW HIGH with the extent of sediment HIGH sedimentation deposition. Phragmites would Seasonally flooded possibly expand in its extent due to grassland increased sedimentation under climate change condition. Increased Temperature Mangrove or Low flood peaks Reduced availability of food for the Tram Chim Vietnam LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW LOW delta Increased erratic rainfall Sarus Crane. Late start of flood season 4

5 Flooded s 17 Climate Change Threat Exposure sitivity Adaptive CC Component Definition Impact CC + Other Capacity Threats Habitat Type Case study site Country Ecozone Description of key CC threats Rank (High, Medium, Low) Description Rank By 2050 Mekong flow will increase, especially in dry season (10.6%), meaning an increase in water level. Flooded may show gradual shift to Wet season the change is not significant. Greater Floodplain, wetland higher ground. Needs observation in dry Siphandone Lao variability may mean some years will be lower. LOW MEDIUM LOW LOW MEDIUM or lake season and early wet season regarding Riverine Drought is an issue for Siphandone; many channels regeneration of tree seedlings flooded have low water level and some become stagnant, which generate algae blooms in recent years. 1. Floodplain, Gradual and less noticeable change of wetland or lake; 2. 1) Increased seasonal flow 2) More prolonged Stung Treng Cambodia MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW HIGH vegetation composition may occur as a HIGH Low-elevation dry inundation result. Seasonally inundated area will increase due to more extensive, deeper, and longer flood. Species composition will Increase in overall annual rainfall. Increase in change to those which are more flood rainfall and rainfall intensity in wet season. Increase tolerant. Some trees will die out, especially 1. Floodplain, in number of raining days. No shift in wet season and in areas of permanent inundation. Areas of Seasonally Songkhram river wetland or lake, 2. no change in length of wet season. Slight increase in open water may increase. In the long term, inundated Thailand HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH and Low-elevation dry rainfall and rainfall intensity in dry season. Increase extent of inundated will shift towards in average annual. Increase in or extend into slightly higher ground. Deeper throughout the year. Increase in number and longer flood may slow down the decay of hot days. Longer hot period. of organic matter. This has a higher oxygen demand and may degrade water quality which may affect fish spawning and other aquatic animals. The habitat consists of a number of species with different sensitivity to flooding given Swamp or Lower Stung Cambodian Swamp 1) Increased water level MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM their geographical distriobution across the MEDIUM gallery landscape. As a result some species may be less prevalent due to prologed emersion. 18 Plants Algae Low Fungi highly vulnerable Floating plants Lotus and Typha highly vulnerable Riverine shrubs low Floodplain shrubs medium to high Species Climate Change threat Exposure sitivity Adaptive capacity IUCN Name Site Description of key CC threats Rank (High, Medium, Low) Status ALGAE Spirogira sp. (Thao) Siphandone N/A Increase in in dry season HIGH LOW LOW LOW Increase in in dry season; Microspora flucosa (Khai Siphandone N/A Increases in sediment transport and MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM hin), deposition FUNGI Songkhram Increase in rainfall & intensity. Shifting in Phlebopus colossus river and N/A patterns of flood & droughts. Increase in HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH (R.Heim) Singer AQUATIC FERNS Diplazium esculentum R. Xe LC Higher and longer floods MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM Swartz Champhone SUBMERGED PLANTS Hydrilla verticillata Higher water levels; Increased water Swart/Indian star grass Siphandone LC MEDIUM LOW HIGH LOW s (Nae) FLOATING PLANTS Sacred Lotus, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Kaeng La Wa N/A Increase in rainfall in wet season. Prolonged, severe droughts (drier in dry season). HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH EMERGENT PLANTS Cattail, Typha Increase in rainfall in wet season. Prolonged, Kaeng La Wa N/A MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH angustifolia Linn. severe droughts (drier in dry season). SHRUBS Riverine shrubs Crateva magna (Phak Increased water levels during wet season and Siphandone N/A MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW kum), dry season Phyllanthus jullienii Stung Treng N/A 1) Increased wet season flows 2) Increased Phyllanthus jullienii Siphandone N/A dry season flow 3) Increased rainfall (khai khi lao) 1) Increased wet season flows 2) Increased Telectadium edule () Stung Treng N/A dry season flow 3) Increased rainfall Floodplain shrubs Lower Stung 1) Increased flooding duration; Combretum trifoliatum N/A MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM 2) Higher Songkhram Increase in rainfall & intensity. Shifting in Phyllanthus collinsae river and N/A patterns of flood & droughts. Increase in HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH Craib Melaleuca plantation Tram Chim Vietnam Mangrove or delta Increased Temperature Low flood peaks Increased erratic rainfall Late start of flood season MEDIUM HIGH HIGH LOW More fire risk is expected at end of the dry season, due to high evapotranspiration and drying out of grasslands nearby LOW Plants Amphibians and Reptiles 19 Riverine flood medium Floodplain s bamboo highly vulnerable Other large trees low Invasives plant species low Species Climate Change threat Exposure sitivity Adaptive capacity Vulnerabilit IUCN Name Site Description of key CC threats Rank (High, Medium, Low) Status Riverine flooded s Anogeissus rivularis (Kok Siphandone N/A 1) Increased wet season flows 2) Increased MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM lamseng), dry season flow 3) Increased rainfall Anogeissus rivularis Stung Treng N/A MEDIUM LOW LOW MEDIUM 1) Increased wet season flows 2) Increased Acacia harmandiana Stung Treng N/A MEDIUM LOW LOW MEDIUM dry season flow Floodplain s Songkhram Increase in rainfall & intensity. Shifting in Bambusa arundinacea river and N/A patterns of flood & droughts. Increase in HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH (Retz.) Willd. Songkhram Increase in rainfall & intensity. Shifting in Mallotus thorelii Gagnep. river and N/A patterns of flood & droughts. Increase in HIGH MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM Lower Stung 1) Increased flooding duration; 2) Higher Barringtonia acutangula N/A MEDIUM LOW HIGH LOW Terminalia cambodiana, Lower Stung 1) Increased flooding duration; 2) Higher N/A MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW Samandura harmandii Increased Temperature; Low flood peaks; Melaleuca cajuputi Tram Chim N/A MEDIUM HIGH HIGH LOW Increased erratic rainfall; Late start of flood Dry dipterocarp Dipterocarpus intricatus Siphandone LC LOW LOW LOW LOW (Mai ta beng) Changes in rainfall patterns. Delay in onset of Dipterocarpus alatus rains. Marginalized habitat Siphandone EN LOW MEDIUM LOW LOW (Mai yang) Invasive alien plants Xe 1) Increased flood duration; 2) Higher High Low High Low Mimosa pigra, Giant Champhone mimosa Lower Stung 1) Increased flood duration; 2) Higher Low Low Med Low Xe 1) Increased extent of flood; 2) Higher Eichornia crassipes, High Low High Low Champhone water hyacinth (Solms, Lower Stung 1) Increased extent of flood; 2) Higher Phak Top, ) Low Low High Low 20 Species Climate Change threat Exposure sitivity Adaptive capacity Amphibians Rana lateralis (Kiat leuang), Hotter dry conditions can result in Xe Champhone MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM Kokarit frog reduced soil moisture Longer dry periods. Reduced Hoplobatracus rugulosus Xe Champhone availability of suitable ponds for MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM (Kop)(Chinese edible frog) breeding Polypedates leucomystax Longer dry in early wet season when (khiat Tapad), White-lipped Siphandone it breeds may have some impact on MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM treefrog, its life cycle. Longer dry in early wet season when Hoplobatracus rugolosus Siphandone it breeds may have some impact on MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM (Kop), East Asian bullfrog, its life cycle. Longer dry in early wet season when Calluella guttulata (Oung), Siphandone it breeds may have some impact on LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM Burmese squat frog, its life cycle. Reptiles Varanus bengalensis (Len), Siphandone Increase in MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM Bengal monitor Lieolepis reevessii (Ka Increase in ; Increase in Siphandone MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM thang), Butterfly lizard extent of flooded areas Lower Stung 1) Increased extent of flooding 2) Watersnake Increased Dry years, late rains will be problematic. Stronger flood flows. Amyda Cartilaginea (Pa fa Siphandone MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM Influence on sedimentation and ong), Asiatic softshell turtle, sandbars Xe Champhone Increased LOW MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM Indotestudo elongata, Yellow-headed or Xe Champhone Increased in flooded areas HIGH MEDIUM LOW HIGH Elongated Tortoise Crocodylus siamensis Increase in at end of Xe Champhone HIGH MEDIUM LOW HIGH (Siamese crocodile) dry season, early wet season Amphibians generally medium rising to high with other threats Reptiles medium except for soft shell turtles and crocodiles which are highly vulnerable 5

6 21 Fish Migratory fish generally high to medium vulnerablility Non-migratory fish highly vulnerable Adaptive Fish Climate Change threat Exposure sitivity capacity Species Site Name Description of key CC threats Rank (High, Medium, Low) Migratory fish (white fish) Delayed arrival of floods in river. Larger Bagarius bagarius (Pakhe) Xe Champhone MEDIUM LOW LOW HIGH extent of flooding 1) Increased extent of flooding; 2) Lower Stung Cyprinids Duration and timing of flooding; 3) MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM More sedimenation 1) Increased dry seasons flow; 2) Cirrhinus microlepis (Pruol) Stung Treng Changed flood pulse; 3) More MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW HIGH sediment associted with intense rainfall; Hemibagrus Wyckioides Delayed arrival of floods in river. Larger Xe Champhone MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW HIGH (Pakheung) extent of flooding Water level does not always reach Tonle Siphandone Sap in its spawn-ing time, possibly a MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM Henicorhynchus spp.(pasoi, 3 bottle-neck sps.) (Trey Riel) 1) Increased flow, esp in the wet season; Stung Treng MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW 2) Change in timing of flood pulse; Delayed arrival of floods in river. Larger Labio chrysophekadion (Paphia) Xe Champhone MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM extent of flooding Songkhram Increase in rainfall and rainfall intensity Micronema bleekeri (Gunther) river and in wet season. Increase in HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH Sheatfish throughout the year. Longer hot period. Pangasius sanitwongsei (Pa Migratory pathway via Khone Falls Siphandone leuam) Chao Praya Giant catfish, unlikely to be affected by CC.. Migratory pathway of concern when Pangasianodon gigas (pa beuk), Siphandone water level remains low in its migrat-ory MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM Giant catfish. season Probarbus jullieni (Pa eun ta Migratory pathway unlikely to be affectted and has some adapt-ive capacity Siphandone deng), Golden carp, 1) Increased flow in both seasons; 2) Changed flood pulse and timing; 3) Probabus jullieni (Trasak) Stung Treng MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW HIGH Changed rainfall; 4) Increased ; Migratory pathway of concern when Wallago leerii (Pa khoun) Siphandone water level remains low in its migratory LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW season Non-migratory fish (generalist + black fish) Lower Stung 1) Increased extent of flooding; 2) Channa spp. Snakehead fish Increased Increase in daytime and Clarias batrachus (Walking number of hot days. Increase in rainfall Kaeng La Wa HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH catfish ) and rainfall intensity.longer & more severe droughts Increase in daytime and number of hot days. Increase in rainfall Hampala dispar (Eye Spot Barb) Kaeng La Wa HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH and rainfall intensity.longer & more severe droughts Wetland category Freshwater wetland Ecological Zone High Mid Low Mid Low Climate elevation elevation elevation Case study Overall elevation moist moist of dry wetland elevation dry Floodplain or moist types Swamp zone broadleaf broadleaf lake broadleaf broadleaf broadleaf Freshwater wetland from the case studies Woody scrub Lower Stung 2,2 Flooded Siphandone 2,3 Stung Treng 2,2 Lower Songkhram 2,1 B Xe Champhone 3,2 Lower Stung 2,2 Tram Chim 2,1A Flooded Marsh and swamp Kaeng La Wa 3,1 Flooded grassland Lower Stung 2,2 Tram Chim 2,1A Peat land Xe Champhone 3,2 Open Water Lakes >8 ha Kaeng La Wa 3,1 Xe Champhone 3,2 Xe Champhone (oxbows) 3,2 Ponds <8ha Lower Songkhram 2,1B Lower Stung 2,2 Tram Chim 2,1A Saline Lakes > 8ha Riverine wetlands Riverine - natural channels Lower Songkhram 2,1B Xe Champhone 3,2 Siphandone 2,3 Stung Treng 2,2 Lower Stung sen 2,2 Estuarine and marine Watercourse (estuarine and marine) Mui Ca Mau 2,1A Estuarine & marine - non-vegetated Mui Ca Mau 2,1A Mangrove or delta Osteochilus hasselti Fish Songkhram river and Tram Chim Increase in rainfall and rainfall intensity in wet season. Increase in throughout the year. Longer hot period. Increased Temperature Low flood peaks Increased erratic rainfall Late start of flood season HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH LOW HIGH Mangrove (estuarine and marine) Mui Ca Mau 2,1A Saltmarsh Intertidal lagoon 22 Wetland type not represented in ecozone Wetland type small area in ecozone High Medium Wetland type in ecozone, but not represented in case study site Low 23 Process for applying vulnerabilities to wetlands throughout the LMB 24 Findings of applying to all wetland types 1. Completing the vulnerabilities for the different wetland types as found in the case studies for the same eco-zones and climate zones 2. Where no direct case study findings can be applied, attributing similar vulnerabilities to the same wetland types in adjacent climate zones or ecozones 3. Grading the threat of increased and rainfall observed in each zone Wetland type Total area Vulnerable areas High % Medium % Low % Freshwater wetlands Freshwater wetland 43,600-43, Flooded 7,553 5, , Woody scrub 3,939,937-1,118, ,821, Grassland and marsh 487, , , , Peatland 228, , ,989 1 Open water Lakes>8h 322, , , Ponds <8ha 1, Saline Lakes>8ha 6,626-6, Riverine Riverine - natural channels 397,548 72, , , Estuarine and marine Watercourses estuarine & coastal 55, , Intertidal lagoon Saltmarsh 7,992-7, Estuarine and Marine - non-vegetated 2, , Mangrove 75,299 75,

7 25 Applying the vulnerabilities to the 94 important wetland sites Similar process can be used 1. Apply wetland type vulnerabilities for case study sites 2. Extrapolate for wetland types in important sites in similar climate and eco-zones. 3. Estimate overall based upon mix of vulnerabilities in wetland types represented in each site 4. Consider climate zone shift in each site 5. Tables presented are initial trials and need to be reviewed 26 Cambodia Cambodia has 24 important wetland sites 11 considered high 13 considered medium No. Wetland Site Location Area (ha) Ecozone Climate pattern Stung Treng Mekong 48,000 1 Stung Treng Provincial Town 22 X X X River Flooded Forest Tonle Sekong River 34,750 2 Stung Treng 22 X X System 3 Tonle Sesan River System 35 km from Ratanakiri Provincial Town 146, X Tonle Sre Pok River 30 km from Ratanakiri Provincial Town in 157, X X X X System the South 5 Kratie River System Kratie 142,250 21A X X X Peam Chileang Mekong 10 km from Kampong Cham Provincial 63, A X X X River System Town in the N-E Siem Bok Mekong River 7 Kampong Cham 21A X X System 8 Boeung Veal Sam Nap 10 km in the North-East of Phnom Penh 10,850 21A X X X 9 Boeung Prang 11 km in the North-East of Phnom Penh 12,600 21A X X X X Prey Veng Province about 30 km from 16, Boeung Pring 21A X X X Neak Loeung 11 Boeung Khsach Sor Prey Veng 21A X X X Upper Stung Creek 55 km in the South-West of Preah Vihea 80, X X X System Province Low-elevation moist broadleaf 13 Prek Toal Battambang 21A X X X X 15 km in the South of Siem Reap 14 Moat Peam 45,000 Swamp Forest 21A X X X X Provincial Town 60 km from Pursat Provincial Town in the 15 Stung Daun Try 103,000 Swamp Forest 21A X X X X X North-East 25 km in the North of Pursat Provincial 16 Pursat Great Lake System 55,000 21A X X X X Town 17 Moat Khla Siem Reap 45, X X X X 18 Boeung Chhmar Kampong Thom 33,000 Swamp Forest 21A X X X X X 19 Lower Stung 15 km in the West of Kampong Thom 61,200 Swamp Forest 22 X X X X X Town 20 Boeung Veal Pork 10 km from Kampong Chhnang Provincial Low/mid elevation 56,500 moist broadleaf 22 X X X X X Town 21 Boeung Thom About 5 km in the last of Kampong 72,500 Swamp Forest 21A X X X X X Chhnang Provincial Town Flooded Forest Marsh Rice Field Lake Lotus Field River/ Creek Stream Overall 22 Boeung Sam Rong Kandal 23 Boeung Ta Mouk Kandal 21A X X X X X 21A X X X X X 24 Prasat Tuyav Lake South-East of Phnom Penh about 57 km (Kandal Province) 72,000 21A X X X X X Laos Vietnam 27 Laos 13 important wetlands 2 considered High 7 Medium 4 Low Areas No Location/ Province (km 2 ) Vientiane & 1 Nam Ngum Reservoir 250 Vientiane Prefecture 2 That Luang Swamp Vientiane Prefecture 20 3 Nong Chanh Vientiane Prefecture 23 4 Nam Theun Khammuane 50 5 Nongluang Wetland Savannakhet Group 6 Xe Champhon Savannakhet Dong Hua Sao Champasack 300 Bung Nong Ngom Wetland 8 Champasack 8 Group 9 Seephandon Wetland Champasack 60 Champasack, 10 Xe Kong Plain 350 Attapeu 11 Xe pian-xe hampho Attapeu Nong FA Attapeu 1 13 Vang Tat Wetland Sekong-Attapeu 1 Climate Ecozone pattern Flooded Pasture/grass Marsh/Swamp Rice fields Permanent lakes Dam/reservoir Permanet ponds Perrennial river Seasonal river Large pools in river Riverine Overall Low/ moist broadleaf 32 x x x x x x Mid, wetland, lake (Vte 32 x x x x to Pakse) Mid, wetland, lake (Vte 32 x x x to Pakse) Low/ moist broadleaf 13 x x x x 32 x x x x x 32 x x x x x x x x x x x Lower, wetland,lake 23 x x x x x dry 23 x x x x x Lower, wetland,lake 23 x x x x x 23 x x x dry 23 x x x dry 13 x High elevation moist broadleaf 13 x x x 28 Vietnam has 17 No important wetland sites including 7 in Central Highlands 7 with High 4 with Medium 6 with Low Wetland site Location/ Province Area (ha) Ecozone Climate pattern 1 U Minh Thuong Kien Giang 8154 Mangrove/Delta 21A x x x x x x 2 Tram Chim Dong Thap 7588 Mangrove/Delta 21A x x x x 3 Lang Long An 3280 Lower (Kratie - Delta) Melaleuca Peat land Swamp Lotus swamp Grassland Rice field Open water Natural lake Reservoir Waterways 21A x x x x x 4 Thanh Phu Ben Tre 4800 Mangrove/Delta 21A x x x x x x 5 Tra Su An Giang 860 Mangrove/Delta 21A x x x 6 Lam truong Tinh Doi An Giang 2053 Mangrove/Delta 21A x x x 7 Ha Tien grass plain Kien Giang 16,000 Mangrove/Delta 21A x x x 8 Lung Ngoc Hoang Can Tho 2800 Mangrove/Delta 21A x x x 9 Vo Doi Ca Mau 3724 Mangrove/Delta 21A x x x x x 10 Mui Ca Mau Ca Mau ` 24,000 Mangrove/Delta 21A x x x x 11 Yaly Lake Kon Tum 6, Bien Ho Lake Gia Lai Ayun Ha Lake Gia Lai Nam Ka Lake Dak Lak 1, Lak Lake Dak Lak Ea Ral Lake Dak Lak Trap K Sor Lake Dak Lak x x 22 x x 22 x x 22 x x x 22 x x 22 x x x 22 x x x Inland wetlands Estuary wetlands Sub-tidal and coastal wetlands Mangrove Mudflat Sandy beach Shrimp ponds Overall 7

8 29 This process allows us to identify: the priority (highly vulnerable) wetland types and the priority (highly vulnerable) important wetland sites Thank You 8