ESTIMATING OF CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER IN BABYLON GOVERNORATE-IRAQ BY USING DIFFERENT METHODS

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 2, February 2018, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_09_02_077 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed ESTIMATING OF CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER IN BABYLON GOVERNORATE-IRAQ BY USING DIFFERENT METHODS Kadhim Naief Kadhim College of Engineering/ Babylon University ABSTRACT This study deals with estimating of consumptive use of plants in Babylon govranate by using three empirical methods namely Blaney-Criddle, Thorenthwaite, and Penmans. These methods are used to calculate consumptive use in Babylon govranate for twelve months for period from 2000 to The results of magnitude of consumptive use of three methods are different. The maximum values of consumptive use are (350.08, , ) mm/month and the minimum values are (44.59, 3.73, ) mm/month based on Blaney-Criddle, Thorenthwaite, and Penmans methods respectively. The main aim of this study is to show the expected variations of values of consumptive use calculated by these three methods rather than studying the magnitude of consumptive use values of others Iraqis governorates. Blaney-Criddle is the best suitable method to calculate consumptive use in the study area (Babylon govranate) and the Penman methods is not suitable for the study area. The maximum values of consumptive use established by Blaney-Criddle, Thorenthwaite, methods are upper than that collected from General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, 2014 about 4.60% and 13.70% respectively. Key words: Consumptive Use, Babylon, Govranate, Estimation. Cite this Article: Kadhim Naief Kadhim, Estimating of Consumptive Use of Water in Babylon Governorate-Iraq By Using Different Methods, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(2), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION As previously stated, various methods have been used to measure the amount of water consumed by plants. It has been used these methods on monthly consumptive use. And in general monthly consumptive use do not vary too widely from month to month and from day to day. Many factors influence the amount of water consumed by plants. The more important natural influences are climate, water supply, soil, and topography. The climatic factors believed

2 Kadhim Naief Kadhim to have the greatest effect on consumptive use on which data are generally available are temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind movement t, and growing season (Harry and Wayne, 1962, Nandalal, 2004). Many studies had been conducted on plants to evaluate the quantity of consumptive use. hristiansen and Hargreaves (1969) developed a series of regression equations for estimating monthly grass ET based on pan evaporation,air temperature and humidity. Phelan (1962) developed a procedure for adjusting monthly K values as a function of air temperature which latter became part of SCS population on the B-C method. Frank et. al.(1970) used Blaney Criddle method of estimating consumptive use to provide guidelines of water use throughout Wyoming.They concluded that Blaney Criddle is easy to use and utilizes readily available data. Harry and Wayne (1959) developed an empirical formula showing the relationship between temperature, length of growing season, monthly percentage of annual day time hours, and consumptive use of water. 2. STUDY AREA The study area is situated in Iraq- Babel governorate district at ( ) latitudes and ( ) longitudes by UTM system as shown in figure (1). Its far 100Km south of Baghdad. The area covers geographical area of about 5,603 Km². The study area is almost flat. In general study area has a desert climate which is characterized by a lack of rainfall ranging between (50-200mm) annually. With high temperatures in summer of up to 50 cº. (Kadhim Naief Kadhim and ahmed A.2015, Kadhim Naief Kadhim and Ghufran A Figure (1) Babil Governorate Map Shows Cities and Districts (Directorate of Municipalities for Babil Governorate, 2014). 3. ESTIMATION METHODS In this study, used three commonly methods are to estimate consumptive use.these include: Blaney Criddle, Thorenthwaite and Penmens methods. The brief description of these three methods as follows editor@iaeme.com

3 Estimating of Consumptive Use of Water in Babylon Governorate-Iraq By Using Different Methods A. Blaney-Criddle Method In investigation evapotranspiration, the spatial variability of surface vegetation properties is important. The formula addresses this need by including a seasonal crop coefficient in the formula that depends on sowing data, rate of crop development, growing season length and climatic conditions. Blaney-Criddle method was initially used for estimating consumptive use of irrigated crops in the United States and the respective equation is applied to estimate potential evapotranspiration in agricultural fields of catchments with fairly uniform vegetation.the formula of Blaney- Criddle is as follow: (Dr. K D W Nandalal, 2004) Eto=K.P. (0.46 T+8.13) (1) Where: Eto the evapotranspiration (mm). K is the correction factor (0.03 T+0.24), P is the ratio of mean daily daytime hours for a given month to the total daytime hours in the year as a percent, T the mean monthly temperature (C ). B. Thornthwaite Method This method applicable to the arid west of the USA was presented by Thornthwaite in Monthly potential evapotranspiration of a short crop (e.g. grass) is estimated from monthly average daily temperatures, Tn. Use is made of a monthly heat index j, defined as j=[ ] (2) where Tn is the average temperature (C ) in month n, based on 24 hour means. The yearly heat index J is then computed from J= jn - (3) The potential evapotranspiration EP (mm/month) in a standard month of 30 days and a day length of 12 hours follows from EP=16[ ] a (4) where T is the mean monthly temperature in any month. The coefficient a is estimated from a= [675*10-9 ]J 3 -[771*10-7 ]J 2 +[179*10-4 ]J (5) The potential evapotranspiration according to Thornthwaite for a month with Dn number of days and an average day length Nn then follows from ET=EP - (6) C. Penman Method Penman method is considered to be one of the most accurate method which has been used of estimating potential evapotranspiration because it depends on the most of weather parameters. Nowadays used in wet and dry regions. The advantages of Penman method that it can be used to estimate evapotranspiration for short periods and can be written as as follows (Svehlik, 977) Engineering Hydrology Dr. K D W Nandalal, 2004 ET Δ γ = R n + 2 a Δ + γ Δ + γ + ( 0.35) ( W ) ( e e ) d (7) editor@iaeme.com

4 Kadhim Naief Kadhim Where; ET is the potential evapotranspiration (mm/day) is a slope of saturation vapor pressure versus temperature curve. γ the psychometric constant; a relation between vapor pressure deficit and wet bulb depression. Rn is the net radiation (mm/day) W2 a wind speed at 2 m from ground (km/day) ea vapor pressure at saturation which corresponded to air temperature (mm mercury) ed the actual vapor pressure of air (mm mercury) 4. CONSUMPTIVE USE CALCULATIONS This paragraph showing the calculation of consumptive use by using three methods (Blaney Criddle, Thorenthwaite and Penmens). The climatic data that to be necessary for using methods adopted in the present study haven collected from General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, 2014 (GOMSM 2014) for a period 2000 to 2014 as shown in table (1) and due to missing some of climatic parameters then it has been taken from previous studies which has been conducted on the same region of Iraq. (Maha M. AL-Zubaidi, 2016). The calculation methods as follows: month High T(C ) Low T(C ) P(hr) Precipitation mm Humidity% ET (mm) Table (1) Values of the annual averages of the climate components of the study area for the period (GOMSM 2014) Jan Feb March April May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec a-blaney Criddle Eto=K.P. (0.46 T+8.13), K= (0.03 T+0.24), For Janewary month T= C, P=5.91 hr K=0.03* =0.57 Eto=0.57*5.91 (0.46* ) =44.59 mm/month For August month T= C, P=11.02 hr K=0.03* =1.30 Eto=1.30*11.02 (0.46* ) = mm/month By the same above manner for January and august months, the results of other months are presented in Table (2) editor@iaeme.com

5 Estimating of Consumptive Use of Water in Babylon Governorate-Iraq By Using Different Methods Table (1) consumptive use values (Blany-Criddle method) month T K P Eto Jan Feb March April May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec b-thorenthwaite Method For Janewary month j=[ ]1.514, J= jn, EP=16[ ]a a=[675*10-9 ]J 3 -[771*10-7 ]J 2 +[179*10-4 ]J ET=EP j=3.34, J= , a= 3.23, Ep=8.14 ET= 3.73 mm/month By the same above manner for July month, the results of other months are presented in Table (3). Table (3) consumptive use values (Thorenthwaite method) month T j Ep Dn Nn ET Jan Feb March April May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec c-penmans Method For July month / +γ=0.819 Rn,MJ/m 2.day=13.37=0.408 mm/day γ/ +γ=0.181 W 2, m/s=4.2=4.2*3600*24/1000 km/day e a, kpa=1.394=7.5 mmhg RH, %=29.7 e a+e d=e a(1+rh/100) ET=0.819*13.37* *0.35( *4.2*3600*24/1000)*1.394(1+29.7/100)*7.5 =225.3 mm/month editor@iaeme.com

6 Kadhim Naief Kadhim By the same above manner for July month, the results of other months are presented in Table (4). Table (4) consumptive use values (Penmans method) month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec / +γ Rn,MJ/m 2.day γ/ +γ W 2, m/s e a, kpa RH, % ET,mm/month RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The climatic data that to be necessary for using methods adopted in the present paper haven collected for meteorological stations in Babylon governorate is shown in figure(2), and due to missing some of climatic parameters then it has been taken from previous studies. The results of this study are presented in the form of plots and also in form of histograms to clearly show the variation of results of methods used in terms of months. Blany-Criddle calculating is shown in figure (3), from this figure, the maximum value of consumptive use is mm/month at August month and the minimum value is mm/month at January month. The maximum value of consumptive use is upper than the maximum value that collected from General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, by 4.60%. Thorenthwaite Method, calculating is shown in figure (4), from this figure, the maximum value of consumptive use is mm/month at July month and the minimum value is 3.73 mm/month at January month. The maximum value of consumptive use is upper than the maximum value that collected from General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, by 13.70%. Penmans Method, calculating is shown in figure (5), from this figure, the maximum value of consumptive use is mm/month at July month and the minimum value is mm/month at November month. The maximum value of consumptive use is lower than the maximum value that collected from General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, by %. To compare the values of consumptive use estimated by three methods with the consumptive use collected from General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, figure (6) shows that. From this figure that the two methods Blany-Criddle and Thorenthwaite have the same behavior and the same tendency and similar to tendency of curve collected from General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring. But the Penmans method is different in tendency. Thorenthwaite Method gives the maximum and minimum values of consumptive use. The results and behavior in this study are in acceptable agreement with other studies (Huang et al. 1993). Finally, from figure(6), its important to note Blany Criddle could be considered is the best or more suitable method to estimate the consumptive use in Babylon govranate but the Penmans method is not suitable to estimate the consumptive use in the study area. The results of Blany- Criddle and Thorenthwaite methods are more Relastic and logic editor@iaeme.com

7 Estimating of Consumptive Use of Water in Babylon Governorate-Iraq By Using Different Methods (a) (b) Figure 2 (a) Consumptive use by GOMSM 2014, (b) Histogram of Consumptive use by GOMSM (a) editor@iaeme.com

8 Kadhim Naief Kadhim (b) Figure 3 (a) Consumptive use by Blany-Criddle (b) Histogram of Consumptive use by Blany-Criddle (a) (b) Figure 4 (a) Consumptive use by Thorenthwaite (b) Histogram of Consumptive use by Thorenthwaite editor@iaeme.com

9 Estimating of Consumptive Use of Water in Babylon Governorate-Iraq By Using Different Methods Figure 5 (a) Consumptive use by Penman (b) Histogram of Consumptive use by Penman Figure 6 Comparison between Consumptive use values by three methods and GOMSM editor@iaeme.com

10 Kadhim Naief Kadhim 6. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the present study, there are many conclusions from this paper. Blany-Criddle method is the best method or most suitable use in Babylon govranate to estimate consumptive use, Thorenthwaite method is also suitable. Penmans method is not suitable to estimate the consumptive use in the study area. The maximum value of consumptive use estimated by Blany-Criddle and Thorenthwaite methods is upper than the maximum value that collected from General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, by 4.60% and 13.70% respectively. The maximum value of consumptive use estimated by. Penmans method is lower than the maximum value that collected from General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, by %. REFERENCES [1] Blanney, H.F., and W.D. Criddle 1962"Determining Consumptive Use and Water Requirements "USDA, Technical Bull, No.1275, 63p. [2] Christiansen, J.E.,and G.H.Hargreaves,1969"irrigation requirements for evaporation "Trans. Int. Comm. On Irrig. And Drain.Vol III, 23: [3] Dr. K D W Nandalal, 2004 Engineering Hydrology, Book [4] Environmental Hydrology /Evapotranspiration, BAE 450, University of Idaho, Module 4. [5] Frank J. Trelease, 1970 "Consumptive Use of Irrigation Water in Wyoming" University of Wyoming, Water Resources Research Institute. [6] General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, 2014, Iraq. [7] Hanson, R.L.1991,"Evapotranspiration and Droughts" U.S.Geological Survey Water Supply Paper [8] Harry F. Blaney and Wayne D. Criddle 1962 "Determing Cosumptive Use and Irrigation Water Requirements" USDA, Technical Bull, No.1275, 63 p. [9] Huang J.,van den Dool H.,and Georgakakos K.,1993"Analysis of Model-Calculated Soil Moisture over the united States (19-93) and Application to long-range Temperature Forcasts",in :http :// /paper. html. [10] Kadhim Naief Kadhim and ahmed A.( The Geotechnical Maps for bearing capacity by using GIS and quality of groundwater for AL_Imam District(Babil-IRAQ).IJCIET, vol.6, issue 10, Oct. 2015, pp [11] Kadhim Naief Kadhim and Ghufran A.( The Geotechnical Maps For Gypsum By Using Gis For Najaf City (Najaf - Iraq). (IJCIET), Volume 7, Issue 4, July-August 2016, pp [12] Phelan,J.T." Estimating monthly k values for the Blaney-Criddle formula ARS-SCS workshop on consumptive use, March [13] 13-Svehlik Z.J, 1977 "Estimation of Irrigation Requirements, in irrigation Development Irrigation Development Planning, Rydzewski, J.R. (Ed), University of Southampton UK. [14] 14-Thornthwaite C.W. 1948, "An Approach towards A National Classification of Climate, Geor Rev, V [15] Maha M. AL-Zubaidi, 2016,Msc thesis College of science, University of Babylon (Study the Effect of high and low groundwater level on the basis of Engineering facilities in the city of Hilla) editor@iaeme.com