Self-healing Recovery of Community in Kricak Kampung, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Use 12 Point Text, Arial, Bold)

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1 UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress P (See your Acceptance e- Self-healing Recovery of Community in Kricak Kampung, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Use 12 Point Text, Arial, Bold) Aflakha, Filly Khusna *1, Shalihah, Azka 2 and Saptorini, Hastuti 3 (Last Name, First Name / 11point, Times New Roman, Use an asterisk (*) to identify the presenting author.) 1 Student, Department of Architecture, Islamic University of Indonesia, Indonesia 2 Student, Department of Architecture, Islamic University of Indonesia, Indonesia 3 Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Islamic University of Indonesia, Indonesia (Job title, Affiliation/Organization, Country: Use 9 point, Times New Roman) Abstract The majority of Kricak Kampung residents depend on physical and rough works. Most of the youth are unemployed and built the habit for gambling and drunk. Lots of immigrants from outside the city come to venture in the kampung. Nowadays, Kricak Kampung develops into a populous slum area occupied by both the locals and immigrants. Most of them live in a small house made of plywood or bamboo wall without windows and toilet. A house of size 25m 2 could make up for three families where most of the house located on the banks of Winongo river. However the kampung has prospective on the community diversion and activities based to the diversity of the residents background. This strength is the core strategy for the kampung development concept where co-design method used as an approach. The method emphasizes collaboration with residents participation through the supervision of the architect. The resident will put into responsibility as people's agents. Thus the community independently redevelops their informal space, disassembles, and rebuilt the region collectively. They will be the developer based on guidelines specified by the architect. The residents are expected to be competent on determine their own requisite to create a sustainable region. Keywords Self-healing, Recovery, Community, Kampung, Co-design (Use 9 Point Text, Arial) 1. Introduction Subheading (Should be in 10.5 Point Text, Title Case, Bold) Kricak is a village located in District Tegalrejo, RW 13, RT 61 Yogyakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta. One of the borders of the village is the Winongo river, one of the three major rivers in the city of Yogyakarta. Based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics, the population in Kricak reached 12,996 people. It is the most densely populated village in Tegalrejo with the area of 0.82 km². Kricak is indicated as slum settlements. This is based on some reasons such as the living conditions or shelter, the area of the house is not * Contact Author: Filly Khusna Aflakha, student, Ms., Warungboto UH IV no. 751 Umbulharjo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Tel: fillykhusna@gmail.com (The publisher will insert here: received, accepted) UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress 1

2 proportional to the number of occupants. The house only serves as temporary place to rest and heat, cold or rain protection, irregular settlement arrangements, temporary buildings, poor infrastructure (public bathroom, clean water, sewerage, electricity, aisles, dirty and source of diseases environments), poor facilities (schools, houses of worship, medical centers), occupant livelihoods are not fixed, informal income, living in illegal land, prone to fire, flood and prone to disease (Komarudin, 1999). Majority of Kricak resident have educational background of no education or elementary school graduated. There is no significant activity, thus they have the habit of gambling and drinking. The area becomes known as black area which is prone to crime. Most of them work in the informal sector and some are unemployed. It reflects on the physical condition of the kampung where the infrastructure and the buildings arrangement are unfit. The limited access to decent shelter has provided some people with the opportunity to infiltrate the inexpensive suburbs, including on the banks of the Winongo River. On the other hand, they have potential in community activities. Most of them are immigrant thus the diversity of the background and the diversion of the community. They are active in both social and environment communities such as the Winongo Asri Forum that is active in cleaning up the Winongo River, moms community, dads community, study groups and often holding positive actions and activities such as hydroponic planting, green area promotion, riverside clean-up routine. They are also learning how to manage clean water and dirty water. This is done on request from the government and the Environment Agency of Yogyakarta. In addition, there is a community-based river management program that has been run by community Kali Jawi Circle (which focus on Gajah Wong and Winongo Rivers) and Arkom (Community Architect) Jogja. They brought the concept of development of the Winongo river banks from the results of their own mapping and submitted to the government. The program character is bottom-up (initiated from the lower community to the higher level) (Suminar, 2011). However the program brought by Arkom Jogja eventually only applied on some part of Winongo river planning. Whereas the program not yet able to improve the people standard of living due to the lack of people awareness to improve the economy and quality of living standards while utilize and manage the public space. Thus, what is needed by the community is the motivation to increase group awareness and build cooperation among the people. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to outline the problem. So that will be assembled a riverbanks resident community regulation scheme strategy design to be implemented in physical form with the community and society needs as the major consideration. The implementation will be applied to the physical environment, including the dwelling. Besides, it is complemented by residents and communities responsible as major stakeholders so that the arrangement of the area and enviroment can support their economy. Kricak will be designed using cooperative design (Co-Design) approach which is part of a regional design process in collaboration with citizen participation to support sustainable regional development through architect s supervision. This approach is implemented in two ways, which is literature study and site survey. Literature study was conducted to find the solution parameters suitable to the Kricak community. This parameter then formulated as community aspirations supporting material through interviews and site observations 2. Background (Should be in 10.5 Point Text, Title Case, Bold) Nardian (2006) claim that in resident development, community described as key elements: (1) exist within 2 UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress

3 certain geographical boundaries, (2) society (3) social interaction development, and (4) with psychological ties to each other and with their place of residence. This element is produced into seven elements of development: (1) community leaders; (2) community funds; (3) community materials; (4) community knowledge; (5) community technology; (6) community decision making; (7) community organizations. Indonesia has local governance known as neighborhood association. The community organization collects money contribution, and village meeting held on annually. Despite on the poverty resident and located in slum area, Kricak community has a strong community bond. Whereas residents have a minimum knowledge on community knowledge and technology thus architects need to interface on this matter. Here are the efforts that have been done by the government and communities in overcoming problems in kampung: 2.1 HBE (Home Based Enterprises) As said by Marsoyo (2012), HBE can be indicated as a practice in the informal sector. Furthermore, HBE may be defined as a small, joint, residential, and adjacent economic activity managed by a family member living in that house, where workers are family members, or other workers, or both. Poverty in urban areas is more dependent on cash income than people living in rural area, this cause by the limited available resources than in rural areas. Furthermore, HBE activities in the village can absorb significant urban labor without leaving the surrounding environment. The basic characteristics of HBE are family, occupation, and residence, where it is not only a small business in small structures but also family operations in residence said Strassmann (1987). The strength of HBE is the ease with shifting labor time, funds, equipment, materials, and space move from making one product or service to another, from the market to the family and the expansion of one's own home (Strassmann, 1986). Implementation of HBE is easy to find in all Indonesian villages. Its application aims to improve small-scale economy but effective in improving the economy and the surrounding environment. 2.2 CBHD (Community Based Housing Development) CBHD is a program with development based on resident community. CHBD has been implemented by Arkom Jogja. They organize the residents communities in the riverbanks of Winongo and Gadjah Wong rivers. Those riverbanks located in slump area and full of informal dwellings thus threatened to be evicted by the government. One of their projects is 'Rumah Renteng', expected to reduce the construction costs by sharing at least one side wall in new dwellings. However they does not met some of the main qualifications of CBHD such as lack of funds and the lack of residents sincerity of accepting the program due on more influenced by the persuasion of the leader. Successful example of CBHD that can be emulated is located in Baan Mankong, Thailand. Baan Mankong's physical condition is similar to Kricak due to the nature of the slum urban riverside location. Baan Mankong is supported by CODI (Community Organizations Development Institute), a public organization in Thailand. There are two important points that makes the program strong: funding and coordination. Funds provided by the government and subsidized loans managed by the community are stable. Residents and communities have freedom in the decision-making process. They also share and learn with other communities. But the most important thing of all is the strong coordination with the government. Because the government provides secure land tenure assistance and combines the project with other urban development projects. 2.3 KIP (Kampung Improvement Program) KIP is the world's first slum upgrade, which was initialized in 1969 under the first five-year development UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress 3

4 plan in Indonesia. This program is intended to solve problems related to the lack of infrastructure and basic services in Kampung (Prihutami, 2016). While later on Comprehensive Kampung Improvement Programme (C-KIP) has been implemented since 2000 in most kampungs in Indonesian cities. The programme includes housing, infrastructure and economy improvement, in the attempt of poverty reduction (Septanti, 2004). The result of the study showed that the physical conditions of the kampungs were improved and the people income was increased during the execution of the programmes. However, as the programmes ended, some kampung inhabitants could not keep the improvement of their income (Santosa, 2010). 3. Analysis (Should be in 10.5 Point Text, Title Case, Bold Based on the practices in the previous chapter, there are some points that underlie community-based planning. HBE is at the core of community economic development in the informal sector. Its implementation is widely executed and is highly possible to be developed in Kricak. This is based on the way in which the management is primarily sourced from the family members, and the worker is the member of the family, or other worker, or both. So the management does not require mobilizing "outsiders". Based on the data, most of the resident has not yet implement the small business merge function. Whereas the community of moms has great potential to implement it as most of them are housewives. This makes the potential for HBE application in settlements at Kricak is high. From the view of CBFD, the program's success is mostly affected from funding and coordination. Funds provided by the government and subsidized loans managed by the community are stable. Communities and resident have freedom in the decision-making process. They also share and learn with other communities. But the most important thing of all is the strong coordination with the government since they provides secure land tenure assistance and combines the project with other urban development projects. So the integration between architects, government and society in planning could go hand in hand. Architects have the role as mentor and mediator. Architects will guide directly at the planning site, meet the residents around the cultivated land, and consider appropriate designs to the environmental context. Architects also directly interact with resident and government as a mediator, as well as in regarding the behalf of residents and government policies, especially about regulations. Furthermore, the architect simply gives revisions or technical recommendations. Meanwhile the responsibility for the sustainability of the design is implemented the community and the residents. On the other hand from KIP based practice, the planning targets are applied in relation to infrastructure and basic services in Kampung. This is implemented in the sector of housing, infrastructure and economic improvement, in an effort to eradicate poverty. The implementation of KIP has proven to increase the income of the community during its implementation. However, the community is incapable to sustain the income after the program ends. Thus the implementation at Kricak will have the assistance accompanied by architects and specialists in non-architectural fields. There will be accompany architect and accompany expertise" in a particular field. By establishing intense and sustained communication, Kricak is expected to maintain the program and eradicate poverty gradually. The residents and communities will be remaining accompanied to achieve targets such as institutional capacity building and bonding strategy, bridging strategy, enhancement, community capacity and inter-stakeholder (creating srategy) networks. This resulted in the formulation of competent community governance patterns, with a form of participatory training and mentoring activities (Dra Sri Suminar, 2011). Thus non-architectural assistance strategy is applied to the community to achieve the target by a) increasing group awareness and building cooperation among citizens; b) optimizing community functions, through training in institutional capacity building and social capital c) assistance in developing networks with various parties. 4 UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress

5 These strategies used to improve the environment quality as well as "healing environment which is realized with "intensive mentoring "and " participatory development ". Development based on participation is applied to the physical construction of the settlement environment. Based on KIP, those physical improvements are: 1) infrastructure improvement; 2) housing repair 3) sanitation repair 4) improvement of public facilities. Based on the problem, the program planned on as the implementation of problem-solving activities. This can be seen as: Fig.1. Recovery Community Planning Based on Healing Environment 4. Conclusion ( It can be concluded that the implementation of self-healing recovery of community in Kricak Kampung is mainly by taking the principles on previous successful programs. They are 1) HBE program by applying small-scale business in residential area; 2) CBHD which is implemented by incorporation of the government, architects and community through fund transparency and coordination; 3) KIP through physical improvement and non-physical with mentoring. The residents and communities will be accompanied to achieve targets such as institutional capacity building and bonding strategy, bridging strategy, enhancement, community capacity and inter-stakeholder (creating srategy) networks. This will lead on the preparation of a competent community pattern, with a form of participatory training and mentoring activities. From these strategies, it is hoped that the formation of a building environment as well as "healing environment is realized with "intensive mentoring" and "participatory development". Development based on participation is applied to the physical construction of the settlement environment where KIP used as the main concept for the implementation of Kricak s development. UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress 5

6 References 1) Komarudin. (1999) Pembangunan Perkotaan Berwawasan Lingkungan. Deputi Bidang Pengkajian Kebijaksanaan Teknologi Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi: Jakarta 2) Marsoyo, A. (2012) Constructing Spatial Capital Household Adaptation Strategies in Home-Based Enterprises in Yogyakarta. University of Newcastle upon Tyne: Newcastle 3) Nardian, F. T. (2006) Pengembangan Masyarakat dan Kelembagaan.Bogor. Penerbit IPB: Bogor 4) Prihutami, D. (2016) Social Housing Development in Indonesia - Challenges and Opportunities in the Practice of Community-Based Housing for the Low-Income Residents. Kyoto University: Kyoto 5) Santosa, H.R., Faqih, M., Cahyadini, S. (2004) Comprehensive Kampung Improvement Programme to Support Better Settlement and Poverty Reduction. Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology: Surabaya 6) Septanti. (2004) Micro Credit System for Housing Finance in Comprehensive KIP and Social Rehabilitation of Slums Area Program in Surabaya. Journal of Architecture and Environment, volume 3 no 2 October 2004, Department of Architecture ITS: Surabaya 7) Strassmann, W. (1986). Types of Neighbourhood and Home-Based Enterprises: Evidence from Lima, Peru. Urban Studies. Michigan State University: Michigan 8) Strassmann, W. (1987) Home-based Enterprises in Cities of Developing Countries. Economic Development & Cultural Change. Michigan State University: Michigan 9) Suminar, S.(2011) Strategi Penyusunan Pola Tata Komunitas Berbasis Partisipasi (Studi Kasus di Kelurahan Wirobrajan dan Notoprajan Kota Yogyakarta. Jurnal Penelitian Bappeda: Yogyakarta 10) UnHabitat (2008). State of the world's cities UnHabitat:London 6 UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress