Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe

Transcription

1 International LCLUC Regional Science Meeting in Central Europe Sopron, Hungary Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe Thomas WRBKA University of Vienna Div..Conservation Biology, Vegetation- & Landscape ecology, Oct.2014

2 Content Landuse and landscapes in Central Europe a (very) long story of change Landscapes under pressure accelerated changes in the anthropocene Quantity or quality? - how to document landuse and landscape changes Outlook: the supportive role of RS & GIS in land evaluation, landscape planning and mitigation

3 Landuse and landscapes in Central Europe a (very) long story of change Landscapes under pressure accelerated changes in the anthropocene Quantity or quality? - how to document landuse and landscape changes Outlook: the supportive role of RS & GIS in land evaluation, landscape planning and mitigation Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron /

4 Das Bild kann zurzeit nicht angezeigt werden. Palaeolithic Hunters & Gatherers: European Megafauna was partly driven to extinction Galgenberg bei Stratzing BC Willendorf / Wachau BC

5 Neolithic Revolution Animal husbandry, selection of varities and crop production; permanent settlement in forest clearings and on lakeshores Rock engravings, Val camonica Südalpen (IT)

6 Bronze age: colonisation of European mountains Alpine pastures, mining Bronzezeit Römer MA

7 Middle Ages: taming of the wild, large-scale clearance of large forests Franziszeischer Kataster: 1:2.880 Neu Ruppersdorf (Weinviertel); 1820 Brüder v.limburg (1416) Stundenbuch des Herzogs von Berry - November

8 European landscapes: centuries of change! ~ 1500 to1800: pre-industrial agriculture reaches maximum extent, traffic network, fragmentation and attrition of forests; ~ 5000 bis 1800 BC: clearances, first permanent settlements, fenced cropfields, outfields with large pastures with transition-zones to forests; Ca 1800 v.chr. bis 1500 BC: foundation of new settlements, drawback of forests, large scale forestpastures, enlargement of cropland,

9 Remnants of historic forest usage Slash and burn, forest-pastures Coppices and Pollarding, Charcoal production

10 One positive result: increase of regional biodiversity Transition zones, forest open landscape; Gradient of land-use intensity; Diversity of niches; Novel species: synanthropic species, weeds, ground-breeding birds;

11 Another one: novel landscape elements and landscapes Terraced cropfields and vineyards; orchards; Refugial habitats for light-demanding, thermophilous species;

12 Finally: steady state or over-use and degradation? Watered meadows: an example for optimized resource utilization Carstic landscapes: Examples for temporal over-use, followed by a new steady-state

13 Wrbka / univie Landscape types with different nature value in Austria Percentage of the whole territory Alpine and Subalpine Landscapes Forested Landscapes Agricultural Landscapes Urbanized Total Landscapes Very high High Medium Low Very low Total Coincidence between high nature value and high percentage of persistent landscape elements

14 Landuse and landscapes in Central Europe a (very) long story of change Landscapes under pressure accelerated changes in the anthropocene Quantity or quality? - how to document landuse and landscape changes Outlook: the supportive role of RS & GIS in land evaluation, landscape planning and mitigation Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron /

15 100yrs of Landcover change in the Morava floodplain (Šeffer, J. & Stanová V. 1999)

16 Landcover change in the Machland region / Upper Austria (Hohensinner., 2002)

17 Loss of inundation-areas southern Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2009)

18 Landuse change in lowland region of Eastern Austria: Perforation, attrition Fragmentation of meadows ( ) Wr.Becken

19 Recent Changes in Austrian Agricultural Landscapes 1998 to 2003: ongoing decrease of landscape diversity! Veränderung des Shannon Diversity Index in der "Maßnahmenlandschaft" Nutztypenvielfalt Kulturartenvielfalt Karlhof Saudorf Post Edlitz an der Thaya Zeiserlberg Annatsberg Teichhof Unterlangenberg Niederhofer Irdning Diversity of Landuse and croptypes has decreased in all landscape samples (N=40), despite AgriEnv-payments Ergebnisse einer österreichweiten ÖPUL-Evaluation Wrbka et.al. 2005

20 Ongoing development: fragmentation, sealing Figures from Austria: Daily loss by sealing ~ 20ha: (equals 25 Soccerfields) Road-Network: km (~ 3 x longer than rivercourses) River dis-continuum : an obstacle every 3km Unfragmented, remote wilderness areas: less than 2%

21 Landuse and landscapes in Central Europe a (very) long story of change Landscapes under pressure accelerated changes in the anthropocene Quantity or quality? - how to document landuse and landscape changes Outlook: the supportive role of RS & GIS in land evaluation, landscape planning and mitigation Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron /

22 Landscape Ecology: detecting & monitoring changes / univie-cvl Th.WRBKA / UNIVIE-CVL The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe may 2005 NASA-Wks Sopron / Trend analysis 1994 Acker Grünland Obstgärten Wald = 1ha Gewässer Brachflächen geh.freie Kleinstr. Kleinstr.m.Geh. Siedlung Sonderflächen Verkehr 1 Verkehr 2 Sonderbiotope % 60% 3% 21% 59% 35% 69% 3% 0,2% 32% 54% 81% 2% 6% 86% 10% 36% 59% 43% 0,5% 44% 91% Transformation matrix 49% 37% 8% 67% 92% 20% 1% 30% 48% 28% 7% 97% 70% 15% 9% 80% 35% 91% 10% 2% 6% 100% 5% 48% 69% 11% 11% Beispiel Naturräumliche Einheit 1 - Pinkaboden Abb. Südburgenland - Transformation der Landnutzung im Zeitraum von Auswertung auf Basis des Franz. Katasters (2.Landesaufnahme (1857), historischen Luftbildern ( ) sowie einer aktuellen Landnutzungskartierung (2002). Transformationsmatrix Auflösung der Basis-Grids10x10m.? 2000 Konservative L.

23 / univie-cvl Th.WRBKA / UNIVIE-CVL The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe may 2005 NASA-Wks Sopron / Input for change-detection analysis Time series at two different scales: Microscale (~ 1: 3.000) Historical cadastral map (~1840s) > aerial fotos (1950s 1990s) > landsc.ecolog.field survey (2000) Macroscale (~ 1: ) First Land Survey (~1770) > Third Land Survey (~1870) > medium resolution Satelliteimage (30 x 30 [m]; ~1990) low resolution satellite images: MSS (~1970) > LandsatTM5 (~1990) > Landsat TM7 (60 x 80 [m]; ~2000)

24 / univie-cvl Th.WRBKA / UNIVIE-CVL The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe may 2005 NASA-Wks Sopron / Landscape change: Micro- vs. Macrostructure Macroscale (Satellite,..) Microscale (Airfotos,..) Forest: conservative landscape structure Small biotopes / microstructure: gains and losses!

25 Acker Grünland Obstgärten Wald = 1ha Gewässer Brachflächen geh.freie Kleinstr. Kleinstr.m.Geh. Siedlung Sonderflächen Verkehr 1 Verkehr 2 Sonderbiotope Transformation = directional land-use change Landscape Unit: Pinka Valley Bottom % 60% 3% 21% 59% 35% 69% 3% 0,2% 81% 32% 54% 2% 6% 36% 86% 10% 43% 59% 0,5% 44% 91% 49% 37% 8% 67% 92% 20% 1% 30% 48% 28% 7% 97% 70% 15% 9% 80% 35% 91% 10% 2% 6% 100% 5% 48% 69% 11% 11% Beispiel Naturräumliche Einheit 1 - Pinkaboden Abb. Südburgenland - Transformation der Landnutzung im Zeitraum von Auswertung auf Basis des Franz. Katasters (2.Landesaufnahme (1857), historischen Luftbildern ( ) sowie einer aktuellen Landnutzungskartierung (2002). Transformationsmatrix Auflösung der Basis-Grids 10x10m.

26 10 Acker Oscillation= non-linear landuse change Landscape Unit: Hilly areas Riedelland % 31% 35% 37% 35% 20 Grünland 11% 22% 10% 9% 6% 31 Obstgärten 31 Weingärten 40 Wald 60 Brachflächen 81 Siedlung 70 = 1ha 82 Sonderflächen geh.freie Kleinstr. 71 Kleinstr.m.Geh. 50 Gewässer 91 Verkehr 1 8% 15% 10% 10% 10% 9% 8% 9% 11% 11% 16% 19% 20% 23% 23% 10% 20% 35% 9% 4% 6% Beispiel Brachflächen in der Naturräumliche Einheit 3 - Riedelflanke Abb. Südburgenland - Transformation der Landnutzung im Zeitraum von Auswertung auf Basis des Franz. Katasters (2.Landesaufnahme (1857), historischen Luftbildern ( ) sowie einer aktuellen Landnutzungskartierung (2002). Transformationsmatrix Auflösung der Basis-Grids 10x10m Verkehr 2 Sonderbiotope

27 Planetary boundaries (Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2009). Defining planetary boundaries establishes a safe operating space for humanity, where we have the best chance of continuing to develop and thrive for many generations to come (Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2009).

28 Land use intensity is correlated with Biodiversity! R 2 = 0.57 Vascular plants Bryophytes R 2 = Gradient of land-use intensity Quelle: BD1 Grundlagen der Biodiversität in der Kulturlandschaft

29 Land use intensity is correlated with landscape structure! Relationship between land use intensity / hemerobiotic state and boundary complexity (Moser et al 2002): Boundary complexity (SUM-NSCP) 5000 R 2 = alpine pasture Land use intensity (Avg-Hemeroby) conserved landscape structure but intensive land use Negative corelation between boundary complexity and degree of naturalness can be assessed Cropland and vineyards: rectangular, low NPSC Natural inland salt marshes: irregular, high NPSC Scatterdiagramm of land use intensity (Hemerobiotic state) and landscape complexity (NSCP = Number of Shape Characterstic Points) ; r²=0,51, p<0,01

30 Landscape structure - linking pattern & process / univie-cvl Th.WRBKA / UNIVIE-CVL The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe may 2005 NASA-Wks Sopron / increasing human influence semi-natural landscape Landscape structure captures frozen energycascades and matterflows ( landscape ecology ) The excessive use of fossil energy creates simple geometry in agricultural landscapes ( fractal geometry ) Landscape elements, landscape types, regions, etc. are part of a hierarchical system ( hierarchy theory ) intensive agriculture

31 Modelling land-use intensity (regression model)

32 Landuse and landscapes in Central Europe a (very) long story of change Landscapes under pressure accelerated changes in the anthropocene Quantity or quality? - how to document landuse and landscape changes Outlook: the supportive role of RS & GIS in land evaluation, landscape planning and mitigation Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron /

33 Protecting old-fashioned slowly changing agricultural landscapes >>> RS can help to detect and monitor

34 Constructing and maintaining ecological infrastructure, eg.migration corridors >>> RS can help to optimally situate EI

35 Bringing it down to earth And don t forget: it s done by them the people out there!