Traditional sustainable management and challenges of the world cultural heritage of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces. Yunnan Normal University

Transcription

1 International SATOYAMA Seminar in Hyogo, Nov. 12 th, 2016 Traditional sustainable management and challenges of the world cultural heritage of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces Dr. Yuanmei JIAO Yunnan Normal University

2 Outline Introduction Study Area and methodology Ecological wisdoms of landscape pattern and water cycle Ecological wisdoms of landscape elements management Effective water storage systems and irrigation-drainage network systems Wood water allocation and ditch-chief managing system of the Yakou ditch

3 Introduction:Definition of cultural landscape heritage Cultural landscapes are cultural properties and represent the "combined works of nature and of man" designated in Article 1 of the Convention. They are illustrative of the evolution of human society and settlement over time, under the influence of the physical constraints and/or opportunities presented by their natural environment and of successive social, economic and cultural forces, both external and internal.

4 Global distribution of WCLH

5 Trend of WCLH 1.8% 2.2% 0.7% 1.2% During the 20years, number of the WCLH increased from 1 in 1993 to 85 in 2013, and the increasing ratio is different in continent. And the annual increasing rate of Europe and Asia is different between the former and the latter 10 years

6 WCLH of Asia-Pacific Region in 2013 Nation Name of World Heritage of Cultural landscape in Asia-Pacific Region Focus Item Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley Buddhist art China Mount Wutai Sacred Buddhist mountain 2009 China West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou West Lake 2011 India Rock shelters of Bhimbetka Rock paintings 2003 Afghanistan Date of inscription 2003 (in Danger) Japan Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Sacred sites Yoshino and Omine, Mountain Range Kumano Sanzan, Koyasan 2004 Kazakhstan Petroglyphs within the Archaeological landscape of Tamgaly Petroglyphs (rock carvings) 2004 Kyrgyzstan Sulaiman-Too Sacred Mountain Sacred Mountain 2009 Laos Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlement within the Champasak Cultural landscpae Vat Phou Temple complex 2001 Mongolia Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape Pastureland 2004 Mongolia Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai Petroglyphic Complexes 2011 Philippines Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras Rice Terraces 1995 (in Danger) Turkmennistan Parthian Fortresses of Nisa Fortresses 2007 China. Honghe Hani Rice Terraces. Integrated agriculture, forestry and water management

7 WCLH of China in 2013 Chinese name English name Year Criteria Category Mixed Associate Mixed Organically evolved: continuing landscape

8 Study Area Distribution of Hani terrace Yuanyang County is famous for its tremendous terrace landscape Kunming

9 Landscape pattern and water cycle of Hani Rice Terraces

10 Hani's traditional sustainable management of landscape elements Elements Forests Villages Rice terraces Water systems Traditional managing knowledge Based on the ecological knowledge of soil and water conservation, windproof of forest, the Hani classified forests into four types with different protection strategies. Village location, mushroom-like house construction and different utility of three floors, festivals reflected rice production. Terrace cultivation reduce soil erosion, different altitudes planting different rice landraces, cross-planting and pest control, complex agrecosystem of rice-fish-duck in rice terraces and soybean in rice paddy levee. Effective water storage and drainage systems, network water systems, multiple water power utilities, ditch wood water allocation and ditchchief management systems.

11 Forest classification and management Natural water (National) forest: forest protective staff Secondary (Collective) forest : mountain guard man Secondary (Private) forest: harvest timber for housing and firewood for heating Sacred (Collective) forest: protected by everyone Garden (Private) forest: windproof, beautification

12 Natural water (National) forest Hilltop covered with green hat ; hillside tied with green belts ; streams wore with green trousers ; and field edges pressed with green buttons. Forest Chief and safeguard protetion

13 Sacred forests

14 Village siting and mushroom-like house construction Hani village located at the buffer zone between forest and rice terraces on a sunny slope at an elevation of 1,800-1,900 meters Hani mushroom-like houses are generally divided into three floors

15 Why settle in the middle mountain Hani people locate their villages in the middle mountain around m for a number of advantages: Mild climate, not hot and vulnerable to malaria as in the valley, and not cold and vulnerable to frost as in the high mountain. Good access to fuel-wood and bush-meat in the high mountain. Good access to rice terraces in the low mountain. Hani Proverb: collect fuel-wood in the high mountain, farm rice terraces in the low mountain, and deliver a baby in the middle mountain.

16 Terraces construction, rice landraces preservation Soil conservation techniques of terraces and its levee Preservation of rice landraces: 48 local rice landraces have been recorded in 2008 Pest regulation Plant different rice varieties within a small areas Main rice varieties have pest-resisting characteristics Put fish and duck into the rice terraces during rice growing season

17 Effective water storage systems and irrigation-drainage network systems Water forest, ponds systems, inundated rice terraces, springs and wetlands, River-ditch network Woodcut of Water Assignment "and Raceway Chief managing strategy Natural fertilization and manmade fertilization (Irrigating fertilizer)

18 Ponds for water reservation and lavee fishery, river-ditch network

19 Water ponds below villages to store and treat waste water for re-use in rice terraces

20 Spring water for drinking and irrigation

21 Irrigation water management The Hani rice terraces irrigation management system shows dual layer structure, the core is management system and the extension is the water culture from the management system. Irrigation water management Water management

22 Effective managing system of water rights and water allocation Community ownership of water rights and the irrigation systems encourages a harmonious partnership among the villagers. Managing rules and regulations was used to govern canal construction, maintenance and water distribution. Traditional carved wooden barriers of different heights, called ede in the Hani dialect, are positioned so farmers can allocate the proper flow of water to each terrace. The manager of the water, the otoutou in the Hani dialect, is elected by the head of each household and is responsible for the allocation of water to each household s terraces, and then get the canal rice for his service each year.

23 Wood water allocation and ditch-chief managing system of the Yakou ditch The wood water allocation systems reflect the Hani s ecological wisdoms of water level-water flow (quantity)-water demand of rice terraces relationships

24 River, Ditch, Water-allocating woods water-allocating woods:a piece of wood, Carving out different grooves, according to different water discharge

25 Characteristics of irrigation system Yakou ditch the water of river is flowing to ridge line by the ditch.and along the ridge line, controlled by the water-allocating, irrigate the terraces. Spatial distribution: Solve the problem of the good light and heat conditions but the less water of hillside and Ridgeline. Spatial planning and design is unique.

26 Totallly 16 water-allocating woods, among them, 12 have 2 carving-gates, 3 has 3 carving-gates. 1 has 4 carving-gates

27 Tab.1 Characteristics of the water allocation wood (WAW) of Yakou ditch Min (Dou) kg About the length of water-allocating woods, the longest is 254cm, the shortest is 57cm and the average is 141cm. The speed of water flow is cm s -1, the maximum, minimum and average water flow is cm 3 s -1, cm 3 s -1 and cm 3 s -1 respectively. Max

28 Scale effect of irrigation

29 Ditch leader management Dredge ditch and fix the broken ditch. Manage and maintain the water-allocating. Supervise the production of water-allocating. Adjust water dispute. Sacrifice to the ditch god.

30 Election process of ditch leader Yakou villagers and zodiac must be dragon or snake

31 Warship of irrigation systems Date:The annual Lunar March Members:Ditch leader some venerable old man(the invited number must be even) Oblation:a pig, a duck, two chickens(a rooster and a hen)

32 Management of water power Water grind( 碾 ), water mill ( 磨 ), waterpowered trip-hammer

33 Challenges and conservation policies Challenges Poverty, population migration VS. labourcosting farming Drought and water shortage Landslides Alien species Impacts of Tourism Current conservation policies

34 Poverty, population migration VS. conservation and labour-costing farming One of the Most Impoverished County 1995, net income per farmer is 395 ($61); 2006, net income per farmer is 1564 ($240) in Yuanyang and 3587($552) in China.

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36 Droughts March to May 2005, a 37-year return drought" occurred, about 1200 ha of terraces suffered from the drought (Zuo 2005). April 2010, the Hani terraces suffered another 100-year drought, and about 3300 ha of terraces were damaged (Ren 2010)

37 Small Landslides in QFZH village All were relatively small landslides, averaging 30 m in width, 20 m in length, and 3 to 5 m in depth.

38 Impacts of tourism 2014 Tab.2 Residents Perceptions and Attitudes Impacted by Tourism in the World Heritage of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces (Unit:%) Enhanced a lot Enhanced a little No obvious change Decreased Economic income of household Difference of Economic income among households Harmony among households Infrastructure within village Self confidence and pride of Hani people Willingness toprotect traditional culture Perceptions and actions to protect terraces and environment

39 Current conservation policies 1. Establishing the system of laws and regulations; 2. Perfecting the conservation and management mechanism; 3. Carrying out monitoring and management in accordance with laws; 4. Promoting and passing on the terrace culture; 5. Fostering sustainable development of terraces.

40 Conclusions and discussions Cultural landscapes have been formally acknowledged as world heritage by UNESCO in Since then to 2013, the amount of cultural landscape heritage sites keep increasing steadily and 86 of them have been inscribed in world cultural heritage list.

41 Honghe Hani Rice Terraces was listed in world cultural heritage in 22 June Components of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces include upper forest, middle villages, down-slope rice terraces and the water systems. All the four elements are interacted closely and formed an integrated agricultural-forestry-water social economical system, and the Hani people has a set of managing wisdoms of each subsystem.

42 As a continuing cultural landscape, the evolution of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces will affected by both the natural (ecological) and the social-economical factors. It s a challenge to protect it for future. The conservation should be an integrated serial strategies of agriculture production, natural resources such as water, forests protection, eco-tourism development and poverty elimination.

43 Thank for your attention!

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