RE2103, Ci+es and Planning 2: Contemporary planning modern urban development and challenges

Transcription

1 RE2103, Ci+es and Planning 2: Contemporary planning modern urban development and challenges 18 Aug 2011 Eric Markus

2 Last week and this week 11 August: Tracing the roots of urbanisa+on and urban (town) planning From Jericho to Ebeneezer Howard Which ideas and ideals can be seen? 18 August: Modern planning (WW1 à ) Le Corbusier onwards Some great thinkers Urbanisa+on causes and trends

3 Summary of last lecture (1) Urbanisa+on and ci+es contributed to development: Agricultural roots à urban setlements Division of labour, surplus of wealth Government structures, administra+on Examples: Jericho, Indus valley, China Sanita+on and public ameni+es Water, sewage Roads, transport

4 Summary of last lecture (2) Industrialisa+on & industrial revolu+on Rapid urbanisa+on à urban problems Sanita+on, water, public health Social concerns Welfare of workers Ideal of the Garden City E. Howard! Dense ci+es seen as unhealthy, dangerous, dirty Garden city combining benefits of city and country Similar concerns for urban planning over +me! Ra+onal ideals as the solu+on Managing urbanity à urban planning

5 GENTLE REMINDER! Where to find more informa+on? Reading list: E.g. books by Peter Hall Search online Use terms and names provided in lectures DO read more!

6 Ques+ons to students Is a sense of community important? Why? How can it be achieved?

7 Howard s legacy: the satellite town Change in scale Neighbourhoods rather than ci+es Change in func+on Commuter suburbs rather than self- contained areas w jobs etc Raymond Unwin GC as a satellite town Hampstead Garden Suburb (London) Hampstead Garden Suburb. Unwin & Parker ca 1909

8 Howard s legacy: traffic separa+on Radburn (NJ, USA; 1929) Traffic segrega+on- pedestrians separate from vehicles Clarence Stein (architect) Barry Parker Parkway idea (landscaped roads) Func+onal and aesthe+c

9 Howard s legacy: the neighbourhood unit principle Clarence Perry Crea+ng clear local iden++es Catchment areas of schools, shops local services Clear boundaries Later cri+cism: lack of choice no/few overlapping services

10 The private car! Rapid growth in car ownership Star+ng already in the 1930s, accelerates ajer WWII Conges+on, noise Pollu+on/environment = a much later concern Old urban structures Narrow streets Housing on heavy- traffic routes Solu+ons? An urgent urban planning dilemma

11 Le Corbusier Swiss architect, Charles- Édouard Jeanneret- Gris The City of Tomorrow (1922) La Ville Radieuse (1933) Grand French thinker, European visionary Corbusier does not translate or summarize easily. The words pour out in no par?cular logical order, accompanied by diagrams which oaen contain the real sense of what is being said; [ ] the style is oaen highly rhetorical, and oaen even declamatory. - Hall & Tewdwr- Jones (2011, p. 49)

12 Corbusian diagrams and plans Plan Voisin, Paris

13 Cartesian towers La Ville Contemporaine

14 as a Garden City? La Ville Radieuse

15 Unite d habita+on Cité Radieuse, Marseille, France (built )

16 Corbusian ideals Ra+onality, order Green spaces, air, light Garden City ideals! Ordered transport system roads Very high densi+es Self- contained housing units (services etc), community neighbourhood principle! The New Architecture Technical advances tall buildings new materials

17 Corbusier s legacy in Western Europe Gorbalds, Glasgow (demolished) Alton West (Roehampton, London)

18 Corbusier s legacy in Western Europe Bijlmelmeer (Netherlands) Hammarkullen (Göteborg, Sweden)

19 Corbusier in Western Europe Housing style ojen discredited High- rise housing ojen seen as impersonal, For the poor and transient groups; social problems Blighted suburbs with few services, ameni+es Lack of sense of community Corbusier s urban plan ideals Few realised, litle comprehensive redevelopment of urban cores Examples: Birmingham (UK), Coventry (UK) post- war reconstruc+on

20 Corbusian legacy outside Europe Chandigarh Secretariat (Parliament), India. Architect: Le Corbusier Photo by Duncid

21 Chandigarh plan, by Corbusier Ca 1953

22 Corbusian legacy outside Europe Brasilia (Brazil) Oscar Niemeyer & Lucio Costa (1956)

23 Corbusian legacy outside Europe Influenced by Corbusian unités Neighbourhood units in the sky People s Park Complex, Chinatown, Singapore. Photo by Sengkang

24 Frank Lloyd Wright American architect ( ) Low- density ideal Car transport ubiquitous Vision of planes & helicopters Houses mixed with farm- land self- sufficiency ideal American visionary Fallingwater (1939)

25 Broadacre City, FLW

26 FLW s Quadruple Block Plan

27 Urban visionaries Three groups of visionaries [ajer Reissman]: Those wishing to transform the modern city into a beter one Those aspiring to build small communi+es connected to larger ci+es with modern infrastructure Those wan+ng to abolish the industrial city completely (- utopian?) Differing views on the role of planning, the role of planners and on society.

28 Neighbourhood & Community Assump+on that planning and design of areas: Can create a social system and structure Neighbourhoods can be constructed physically Ci+es are largely sta+c, they stay the same even if they grow in size Especially if they are ra+onally planned and designed! Planning is used to shape new social structures but: structures change and develop!

29 Chicago School Robert E. Park & Ernest Burgess, 1920s- 30s Urban sociologists Analysed urban social problems by area Classified areas theore+cally and empirically Emphasised urban change & urban dynamics Social factors determining

30 Patrick Geddes Sco{sh biologist ( ) Focused on the rela+onship between people and places Planning should be based on empirical study rather than architectural vision: Survey Analysis Plan Suburbanisa+on meant that town planning should be town and country planning The city in the wider region

31 The city in a wider context Two concerns emerge: Regional planning & development Origins in Geddes thinking Strongest in 1950s mid- 1970s Planning as a tool for economic growth Re- emerging as a cross- border issue (EU, US ) Inner city redevelopment/regenera+on From late 1970s: liberalisa+on of planning to atract private investment Strong government support (financial) Public- private partnerships

32 Early regional planning Sir Patrick Abercrombie Greater London Plan 1944 City at the core of a larger area Integrated planning Transport infrastructure Employment Resources GREEN BELT!

33 Early regional planning Copenhagen Finger Plan (1947) A Green Plan? Transporta+on links at the core A living plan principles s+ll in force

34 From regional balance to urban focus areas Na+onal- level planning 1950s 1970s Loca+on of industries, offices, housing determined by detailed planning Ojen centralised planning (1950s - mid- 70s) LiTle success of industrial loca+on policy (e.g. in the UK) LiTle considera+on of changes in economic development Increased suburbanisa+on Inner- city plight and problems Late 1970s move towards liberalisa+on of planning: Urban development corpora+ons (UK)

35 London Docklands Development Corpora+on From derelict wharf areas to a new business district

36 The liberal turn in planning, 1980s Relaxa+on of planning rules Simplified planning procedures, building permits Private company leading development, making plans and deciding on them Heavy government investment into infrastructure and ameni+es Eg. London Docklands, Boston Compare: JTC in Singapore

37 Future developments Challenges include: Economic growth, urban compe++on Basic ameni+es provision (incl transport) Sustainability Control of urban development (sprawl) Chicago, sprawl

38 Summary 1 Modern town planning Influences from Garden City, neighbourhood principles Car and transport core ques+ons since 1930s Different solu+ons: Corbusier: high density ideal F L Wright: low density ideal Strong Corbusian influences on housing provision (high- rise)

39 Summary 2 Expansion of planning since WW2: Survey Analysis Plan (Geddes) From neighbourhood to city From city to regional planning (city in the region) Industrial loca+on and economic development planned centrally Economic development concerns, 1980s Urban Development Corpora+ons Liberalizing planning, relaxing rules Future challenges Sustainability Compe++on Limits of planning?