Appendix. Aboriginal heritage assessment

Transcription

1 Appendix V Aboriginal heritage assessment

2

3 WestConnex M4 East September 2015 Prepared for Prepared by AECOM Australia WestConnext Delivery Authority The concepts and information contained in this document are the property of WestConnex Delivery Authority. You must not reproduce any part of this document without the prior written approval of.

4 Document controls Title WestConnex M4 East Approval and authorisation Prepared by: AECOM Australia Pty Ltd Authorised by, Jay Stricker AECOM Australia Pty Industry Director Transport Limited: Signed: Date 3 September 2015 Location AECOM Project Folder File name M4 East_Aboriginal Heritage Report_Final_V2 Rev 3_Tracked_ docx Document status Date Final for Exhibition 3 September 2015 WestConnex M4 East

5 Contents Glossary of terms and abbreviations...iii Executive summary... v 1 Introduction Overview of the project Project location Secretary s environmental assessment requirements Study area and investigation areas Purpose of this report Project team Proposed project Project features Construction activities Legislative considerations NSW legislation Commonwealth legislation Assessment methodology Aboriginal community consultation Archaeological survey Landscape context Landform and topography Hydrology Geology and soils Flora and fauna Land use Key observations Ethnographic and archaeological context Regional archaeological context Key observations Ethnohistoric context Local context Aboriginal site predictions Investigation areas Results Constraints Summary of findings and recommendations Summary of findings Management recommendations Stage 3 PACHCI assessment References Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C PACHCI Process...A Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council Heritage Report...B AHIMS Search Results... C WestConnex M4 East i

6 Appendix D Appendix E Site Photos... D Rating Schemes...E Figures Figure 1.1 Project location... 2 Figure 1.2 WestConnex... 3 Figure 2.1 Overview of the project... 8 Figure 2.2 Overview of the construction footprint Figure 6.1 Aboriginal language group boundaries in the Sydney area (from Kohen 1993:241, Fig. 1) Figure 6.2 Study area and AHIMS sites Figure 8.1 Constraints map Tables Table 1-1 SEARs Aboriginal heritage... 4 Table 2.1 Indicative construction program overview... 9 Table 5-1 Likely plant resources prior to vegetation clearance Table 6-1 McCarthy s (1967) Eastern Regional Sequence of stone artefact assemblages Table 6-2 Aboriginal site distribution and occupation models for the Cumberland Plain Table 6-3 AHIMS search results Table 6-4 Previous archaeological investigations within 5 km of the study area Table 7-1 Investigation area results Plates Plate 1 Channelised and concrete/brick banked section of Saleyards Creek.... D Plate 2 Highly modified, channelised and concrete-lined section of Powells Creek.... D Plate 3 Highly modified, channelised and concrete-lined section of Powells Creek.... D Plate 4 Channelised section of St Lukes Park Canal which discharges to Canada Bay.... D Plate 5 Highly modified, channelised and concrete-lined section of Dobroyd Canal (Iron Cove Creek). D Plate 6 Highly modified, channelised and concrete-lined section of Dobroyd Canal (Iron Cove Creek). D Plate 7 Recorded site location for AHIMS # within Phillips Park in Lidcombe.... D Plate 8 Shell material and non-artefactual quartz located at registered AHIMS site # D Plate 9 Wetland area within Mason Park, off Underwood Road, Homebush.... D Plate 10 Wetland area within Mason Park, off Underwood Road, Homebush.... D Plate 11 Remnant Turpentine Forest within Queen Elizabeth Park, Concord.... D Plate 12 Remnant Turpentine Forest within Queen Elizabeth Park, Concord.... D WestConnex M4 East ii

7 Glossary of terms and abbreviations Term Meaning ADI Australian Defence Industries AHIMS Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System AHIP Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit Archaeological potential The likelihood of undetected surface and/or subsurface archaeological materials existing at a location. Aboriginal archaeological site The present spatial extent of visible Aboriginal archaeological material(s) at a given location. Artefact Any object which has been physically modified by humans. ATSIHP Act Commonwealth Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 BP Before present CBD Central business district CCTV Closed circuit television CRA Colebee Release Area DECCW (Former) NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (replaced in 2011 by the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH)) ERS Eastern Regional Sequence EP&A Act NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 EPBC Act Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 Exposure An area of land surface where the ground surface is visible, usually as the result of thinner vegetation cover, erosive forces or human-caused disturbance. In archaeological surveys, the percentage of ground surface that is visible is recorded. These percentages of exposure are then used to calculate effective coverage. GI Ground integrity GIS Geographic information system GPS Global positioning system GSV Ground surface visibility. A term used to describe the area of the ground s surface that is visible during archaeological field surveys. In situ In the natural or original position. Applied to a rock, soil, or fossil when occurring in the situation in which it was originally formed or deposited. ITS Intelligent transport systems LALC Local Aboriginal Land Council LGA Local Government Area M4 M4 Western Motorway MLALC Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council MNES Matter of National Environmental Significance NPW Act NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 OEH NSW Office of Environment and Heritage PACHCI Procedure for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation and Investigation (Roads and Maritime Services) PAD Potential Archaeological Deposit. The hypothesised presence of archaeological deposit where there is uncertainty due to a lack of visibly eroding artefacts, lack of test excavation either locally or in analogous landforms in the region. RNE Register of the National Estate Roads and Maritime NSW Roads and Maritime Services RHDA Rouse Hill Development Area SEARs Secretary s Environmental Assessment Requirements SSI State significant infrastructure Stone artefact Any piece of rock modified by human agency VMS Variable message sign WDA WestConnex M4 East iii

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9 Executive summary AECOM Australia Pty Ltd (AECOM) was commissioned by NSW Roads and Maritime Services (Roads and Maritime) to undertake an Aboriginal due diligence assessment in accordance with Stage 2 of the Roads and Maritime Services procedure for Aboriginal cultural heritage consultation and investigation (PACHCI) (Roads and Maritime 2011). The assessment was for potential areas of impact associated with the WestConnex M4 East project (the project) between Homebush and Haberfield. The PACHCI procedure was developed by Roads and Maritime to guide consultation and investigation of Aboriginal cultural heritage. It sets out a consultation process that is generally consistent with the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW 2010a). The assessment also considered the environmental assessment requirements for the project issued by the Secretary of the NSW Department of Planning and Environment (Secretary's Environmental Assessment Requirements or SEARs) and other guidelines including: Draft Guidelines for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment and Community Consultation ((NSW Department of Environment and Conservation 2004 DEC, 2005) Interim Community Consultation Requirements for Applicants (NSW Department of Environment and Conservation 2004) Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Standards and Guidelines Kit (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 1997) Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents (DECCW 2010) Code of Practice for Archaeological Investigation of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales (DECCW 2010b); and Guide to Investigating, Assessing and Reporting on Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in NSW NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH 2011). The SEARs for the project requires that "impacts to Aboriginal heritage (including cultural and archaeological significance), in particular impacts to Aboriginal objects and potential archaeological deposits (PAD), should be assessed". This assessment was to be "undertaken by a suitably qualified heritage consultant" with "effective consultation with Aboriginal communities in determining and assessing impacts and developing and selecting options and mitigation measures". The SEARs are set out in more detail in Table 1.1. All Aboriginal consultation was undertaken by the Roads and Maritime Services Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Officer, Mark Lester. The Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council (MLALC) was identified by Roads and Maritime as the relevant Local Aboriginal Land Council (LALC) for this project. No native title applicants or owners were identified. Lee Davison, a representative from MLALC, was engaged and attended the survey, along with AECOM representatives, Dr Darran Jordan and Luke Atkinson. The targeted archaeological survey was undertaken over two days on 8 and 9 April Following the survey these key observations were made: Areas of grossly disturbed terrain are unlikely to retain Aboriginal archaeological materials in surface or subsurface contexts No surface expressions of Aboriginal objects or places were identified Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System (AHIMS) registered site # , located at Phillips Park in Lidcombe, 1.6 kilometres to the west of the project corridor, was reidentified during the current survey. The site card for # lists 10 artefacts and shell fragments. Shell fragments in a disturbed context were present but no artefacts were identified during this inspection Two areas of potential Aboriginal heritage sensitivity were identified: WestConnex M4 East v

10 Mason Park, off Underwood Road, Homebush Queen Elizabeth Park, between Broughton Street and Addison Avenue, Concord Neither of the potential areas of sensitivity would be impacted either directly or indirectly by the construction or operation of the project. Based on the above key findings, the following recommendations are made: As the areas of potential Aboriginal heritage sensitivity are outside the project corridor, no further assessment (eg PACHCI Stage 3) is required Should additional project areas be proposed that are outside the curtilage of the study area defined for this assessment, then these areas should also be subject to a PACHCI Stage 2 assessment Should any unexpected finds of Aboriginal places, objects or deposits be identified during the proposed works, then the Roads and Maritime Standard Management Procedure for Unexpected Heritage Items should be followed (Roads and Maritime 2015). WestConnex M4 East vi

11 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview of the project NSW Roads and Maritime Services (Roads and Maritime) is seeking approval to upgrade and extend the M4 Motorway from Homebush Bay Drive at Homebush to Parramatta Road and City West Link (Wattle Street) at Haberfield. This includes twin tunnels about 5.5 kilometres long and associated surface works to connect to the existing road network. These proposed works are described as the M4 East project (the project). The location of the project is shown in Figure 1.1. Approval is being sought under Part 5.1 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) (EP&A Act). The project was declared by the Minister for Planning to be State significant infrastructure and critical State significant infrastructure and an environmental impact statement (EIS) is therefore required. The project is a component of WestConnex, which is a proposal to provide a 33 kilometre motorway linking Sydney s west and south-west with Sydney Airport and the Port Botany precinct. The location of WestConnex is shown in Figure 1.2. The individual components of WestConnex are: M4 Widening Pitt Street at Parramatta to Homebush Bay Drive at Homebush (planning approval granted and under construction) M4 East (the subject of this report) New M5 King Georges Road at Beverly Hills to St Peters (planning application lodged and subject to planning approval) King Georges Road Interchange Upgrade (planning approval granted and work has commenced) M4 M5 Link Haberfield to St Peters, including the Southern Gateway and Southern Extension (undergoing concept development and subject to planning approval). Separate planning applications will be lodged for each individual component project. Each project will be assessed separately, but the impacts of each project will also be considered in the context of the wider WestConnex. The NSW Government has established the (WDA) to deliver WestConnex. WDA has been established as an independent public subsidiary corporation of Roads and Maritime. Its role and functions are set out in Part 4A of the Transport Administration (General) Regulation 2013 (NSW). WDA is project managing the planning approval process for the project on behalf of Roads and Maritime. However, for the purpose of the planning application for the project, Roads and Maritime is the proponent. 1.2 Project location The project is generally located in the inner west region of Sydney within the Auburn, Strathfield, Canada Bay, Burwood and Ashfield local government areas (LGAs). The project travels through 10 suburbs: Sydney Olympic Park, Homebush West, Homebush, North Strathfield, Strathfield, Concord, Burwood, Croydon, Ashfield and Haberfield. The project is generally located within the M4 and Parramatta Road corridor, which links Broadway at the southern end of the Sydney central business district (CBD) and Parramatta in Sydney s west, about 20 kilometres to the west of the Sydney CBD. This corridor also provides the key link between the Sydney CBD and areas further west of Parramatta (such as Penrith and western NSW). The western end of the project is located at the interchange between Homebush Bay Drive and the M4, about 13 kilometres west of the Sydney CBD. The project at this location would tie in with the M4 Widening project in the vicinity of Homebush Bay Drive. WestConnex M4 East 1

12 Figure 1.1 Local context of the project

13 Figure 1.2 WestConnex The tunnel dive structures would start at the centre of the M4, west of the existing pedestrian footbridge over the M4 at Pomeroy Street, and would continue underground to the north of the existing M4 and Parramatta Road, before crossing beneath Parramatta Road at Broughton Street at Burwood. The tunnels would continue underground to the south of Parramatta Road until the intersection of Parramatta Road and Wattle Street at Haberfield. Ramps would connect the tunnels to Parramatta Road and Wattle Street (City West Link) at the eastern end of the project. The tunnels would end in a stub connection to the possible future M4 M5 Link (M4 M5 Link), near Alt Street at Haberfield. The project would include interchanges between the tunnels and the above ground road network, along with other surface road works, at the following locations: M4 and Homebush Bay Drive interchange at Sydney Olympic Park and Homebush (Homebush Bay Drive interchange) Powells Creek, near George Street at North Strathfield (Powells Creek M4 on-ramp) Queen Street, near Parramatta Road at North Strathfield (Queen Street cycleway westbound onramp) M4 and Sydney Street, Concord Road and Parramatta Road interchange at North Strathfield (Concord Road interchange) Wattle Street (City West Link), between Parramatta Road and Waratah Street at Haberfield (Wattle Street (City West Link) interchange) Parramatta Road, between Bland Street and Orpington Street at Ashfield and Haberfield (Parramatta Road interchange). WestConnex M4 East 3

14 1.3 Secretary s environmental assessment requirements The Secretary of the NSW Department of Planning and Environment has issued a set of environmental assessment requirements for the project; these are referred to as Secretary s Environmental Assessment Requirements (SEARs). Table 1-1 sets out these requirements, and identifies where requirements related to Aboriginal heritage have been addressed in this report. Table 1-1 SEARs Aboriginal heritage Secretary s Environmental Assessment Requirements mpacts to Aboriginal heritage (including cultural and archaeological significance), in particular impacts to Aboriginal objects and potential archaeological deposits (PAD), should be assessed. Where impacts are identified, the assessment shall: outline the proposed mitigation and management measures (including measures to avoid significant impacts and an evaluation of the effectiveness of the measures) generally consistent with the Draft Guidelines for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment and Community Consultation (Department of Environment and Conservation 2005), Where addressed in EIS Section 7 Section 9.2 be undertaken by a suitably qualified heritage consultant(s), Section 1.6 demonstrate effective consultation with Aboriginal communities in Section 4.1 determining and assessing impacts and developing and selecting options and mitigation measures (including the final proposed measures), assess and document the archaeological and cultural significance of Sections 6, 7 and 8 cultural heritage values of affected sites, and develop an appropriate assessment methodology, including research Not applicable no design, in consultation with the Department and the Office of Environment physical excavations and Heritage, to guide physical archaeological test excavations of the are recommended sites and areas of PAD identified in a manner that establishes the full spatial extent and significance of any archaeological evidence across each site/area of PAD, and include the results of these excavations. 1.4 Study area and investigation areas The study area for this assessment was based on the proposed project footprint including the tunnels, interchanges, surface roads and ancillary facilities such as ventilation facilities, motorway operations complex and associated infrastructure for the project. The study area also includes the construction footprint including the 10 proposed locations for the construction ancillary facilities. The study area also conservatively included a wider area that was located to the north and south of the existing M4 and Parramatta Road corridor in the area between Homebush and Haberfield/Ashfield. The study area is shown on Figure 6.2. Within the study area, areas of possible disturbance associated with the project were identified through desktop review in order to direct the field survey. WestConnex M4 East 4

15 1.5 Purpose of this report AECOM Australia Pty Ltd (AECOM) was commissioned to undertake an Aboriginal due diligence assessment in accordance with Stage 2 of the Roads and Maritime Services procedure for Aboriginal cultural heritage consultation and investigation (PACHCI) (NSW Roads and Maritime Services 2011). This assessment was undertaken to assess potential areas of impact associated with the project between Homebush and Haberfield/Ashfield, NSW to support the preparation of an EIS. A PACHCI Stage 1 Aboriginal heritage assessment was undertaken by AECOM in March This concluded that the project had the potential to harm items of Aboriginal cultural heritage. As a result, it was concluded that a survey of the proposed project corridor was necessary to determine the likely extent of any potential impact, and to identify appropriate mitigation measures (AECOM 2015). This PACHCI Stage 2 Aboriginal heritage assessment aims to identify potential Aboriginal cultural heritage values within the study area, using an approach of desktop research, field survey and limited consultation with Aboriginal stakeholders. The results of this assessment determined that further investigation was not required (eg under PACHCI Stage 3). Further discussion on the assessment methodology is provided in section Project team This project was led by Dr Darran Jordan, who has a doctorate in archaeology from the University of Sydney and ten years experience with consultant archaeology. The project team for this assessment also included AECOM archaeologist Luke Atkinson, who undertook fieldwork with Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council (MLALC) sites officer, Lee Davison. Dr Darran Jordan was the primary author of this report, which was reviewed by AECOM s Technical Director, Andrew Cook. Figures were produced by AECOM s geographic information system (GIS) analyst, Dmitriy Nikolaev. WestConnex M4 East 5

16 2 Proposed project 2.1 Project features The project would comprise the construction and operation of the following key features: Widening, realignment and resurfacing of the M4 between Homebush Bay Drive and Underwood Road at Homebush Upgrade of the existing Homebush Bay Drive interchange to connect the western end of the new tunnels to the existing M4 and Homebush Bay Drive, while maintaining all current surface connections Two new three-lane tunnels (the mainline tunnels), one eastbound and one westbound, extending from west of Pomeroy Street at Homebush to near Alt Street at Haberfield, where they would terminate until the completion of the M4 M5 Link. Each tunnel would be about 5.5 kilometres long and would have a minimum internal clearance (height) to in-tunnel services of 5.3 metres A new westbound on-ramp from Parramatta Road to the M4 at Powells Creek, west of George Street at North Strathfield An interchange at Concord Road, North Strathfield/Concord with on-ramps to the eastbound tunnel and off-ramps from the westbound tunnel. Access from the existing M4 to Concord Road would be maintained via Sydney Street. A new on-ramp would be provided from Concord Road southbound to the existing M4 westbound, and the existing on-ramp from Concord Road northbound to the existing M4 westbound would be removed Modification of the intersection of the existing M4 and Parramatta Road, to remove the left turn movement from Parramatta Road eastbound to the existing M4 westbound An interchange at Wattle Street (City West Link) at Haberfield with an on-ramp to the westbound tunnel and an off-ramp from the eastbound tunnel. The project also includes on- and off-ramps at this interchange that would provide access to the M4 M5 Link. In addition, the westbound lanes of Wattle Street would be realigned An interchange at Parramatta Road at Ashfield/Haberfield, with an on-ramp to the westbound tunnel and an off-ramp from the eastbound tunnel. In addition, the westbound lanes of Parramatta Road would be realigned Installation of tunnel ventilation systems, including ventilation facilities within the existing M4 road reserve near Underwood Road at Homebush (western ventilation facility) and at the corner of Parramatta Road and Wattle Street at Haberfield (eastern ventilation facility). The eastern ventilation facility would serve both the project and the M4 M5 Link project. Provision has also been made for a fresh air supply facility at Cintra Park at Concord Associated surface road work on the arterial and local road network, including reconfiguration of lanes, changes to traffic signalling and phasing, and permanent road closures at a small number of local roads Pedestrian and cycle facilities, including permanently re-routing a portion of the existing eastbound cycleway on the northern side of the M4 from west of Homebush Bay Drive to near Pomeroy Street, and a new westbound cycleway on-ramp connection from Queen Street at North Strathfield to the existing M4 Tunnel support systems and services such as electricity substations, fire pump rooms and tanks, water treatment facilities, and fire and life safety systems including emergency evacuation infrastructure Motorway operations complex on the northern side of the existing M4, east of the Homebush Bay Drive interchange Provision of road infrastructure and services to support the future implementation of smart motorway operations (subject to separate planning approval) WestConnex M4 East 6

17 Installation of tolling gantries and traffic control systems along the length of the project Provision of new and modified noise walls Provision of low noise pavement for new and modified sections of the existing M4 Temporary construction ancillary facilities and temporary works to facilitate the construction of the project. An overview of the project at completion is shown in Figure 2.1. The project does not include work required for reconfiguring Parramatta Road as part of the urban transformation program. The project does not include ongoing motorway maintenance activities during operation. These would be subject to separate assessment and approval as appropriate. 2.2 Construction activities Overview Construction activities associated with the project would generally include: Enabling and temporary works, including construction power, water supply, ancillary site establishment, demolition works, property adjustments and public transport modifications (if required) Construction of the road tunnels, interchanges, intersections and roadside infrastructure Haulage of spoil generated during tunnelling and excavation activities Fitout of the road tunnels and support infrastructure, including ventilation and emergency response systems Construction and fitout of the motorway operations complex and other ancillary operations buildings Realignment, modification or replacement of surface roads, bridges and underpasses Implementation of environmental management and pollution control facilities for the project. The project assessed in this report does not include surveys, sampling or investigation to inform the design or assessment, such as test drilling, test excavations, geotechnical investigations, or other tests. It also does not include adjustments to, or relocation of, existing utilities infrastructure undertaken prior to commencement of construction. These would be subject to separate assessment and approval as appropriate Construction footprint The total area required for construction of the project, including construction ancillary facilities, is referred to as the construction footprint. The construction footprint would be about 65 hectares in total, comprising about 48 hectares at the surface and about 17 hectares below ground. In addition to below ground works, surface works would be required to support tunnelling activities and to construct surface infrastructure such as interchanges, tunnel portals, ventilation facilities, ancillary operations buildings and facilities, and new cycleway facilities near the Homebush Bay Drive interchange and Queen Street at North Strathfield. The overall surface construction footprint generally aligns with the operational footprint, with the locations of future operational ancillary facilities being used to support construction work. Some additional areas adjacent to the operational footprint (around the portals and on- and off-ramps, and also at the tunnel mid-point) would also be required during the construction stage only to facilitate construction. WestConnex M4 East 7

18 Figure 2.1 Overview of the proejct

19 Construction ancillary facilities currently proposed would be required at the following 10 locations: Homebush Bay Drive civil site (C1) Pomeroy Street civil site (C2) Underwood Road civil and tunnel site (C3) Powells Creek civil site (C4) Concord Road civil and tunnel site (C5) Cintra Park tunnel site (C6) Northcote Street tunnel site (C7) Eastern ventilation facility site (C8) Wattle Street and Walker Avenue civil site (C9) Parramatta Road civil site (C10). An overview of the construction footprint is shown in Figure 2.2. The final size and configuration of construction ancillary facilities would be further developed during detailed design Construction program Subject to planning approval, construction of the project is planned to start in the second quarter of 2016, with completion planned for the first quarter of The total period of construction works is expected to be around three years, including nine months of commissioning occurring concurrently with the final stages of construction. The indicative construction program is shown in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 Construction activity Indicative construction program overview Construction access excavation (all sites) Tunnelling (excavation) Tunnel drainage and pavement works Tunnel mechanical and electrical fitout works Tunnel completion works Homebush Bay Drive interchange M4 surface works Western ventilation facility Powells Creek on-ramp Concord Road interchange Wattle Street interchange Parramatta Road interchange Eastern ventilation facility Cintra Park fresh air supply facility Cintra Park water treatment facility Motorway operations complex Mechanical and electrical fitout works Site rehabilitation and landscaping Indicative construction timeframe WestConnex M4 East 9

20 Figure 2.2 Overview of construction footprint and construction ancillary facilities

21 3 Legislative considerations A number of planning and legislative documents govern how Aboriginal objects, areas and places are managed in NSW. The following section provides an overview of the requirements under each as they apply to the project. 3.1 NSW legislation Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 The EP&A Act and the Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000 (NSW) (EP&A Regulation) provides the framework for environmental planning and assessment in NSW. The EP&A Act and EP&A Regulation also provide opportunity for public involvement in the environmental impact assessment process in most circumstances. In NSW, environmental impacts are interpreted as including impacts on Aboriginal cultural heritage. On 5 December 2014, the project was declared by the then Minister for Planning to be State significant infrastructure and critical State significant infrastructure, under sections 115U(4) and 115V of the EP&A Act and clause 16 of the State Environmental Planning Policy (State and Regional Development) In accordance with section 115Z of the EP&A Act, an EIS is required. An application under section 115X of the EP&A Act to carry out the project was lodged with the then Director General of NSW Planning and Infrastructure (the Director General) in November An application report describing the project aimed to assist the formulation of environmental assessment requirements by the then Director General under section 115Y of the EP&A Act. On 16 June 2015, SEARs for the project were provided to Roads and Maritime. Aboriginal cultural heritage assessments are to be conducted in accordance with the Interim Community Consultation Requirements for Applicants (NSW Department of Environment & Conservation 2004) and the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Standards and Guidelines Kit (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 1997). It is noted that the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) s Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents (DECCW 2010a), Code of Practice for Archaeological Investigation of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales (DECCW 2010b) and Guide to Investigating, Assessing and Reporting on Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in NSW (OEH 2011) have effectively replaced these earlier policies and currently represent best practice guidelines for the assessment of Aboriginal cultural heritage in NSW. These OEH guidelines have been followed in undertaking this assessment. The PACHCI procedure was developed by Roads and Maritime to guide consultation and investigation of Aboriginal cultural heritage. It sets out a consultation process that is generally consistent with the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents (DECCW 2010a). The procedure provides a consistent means of effective consultation with Aboriginal communities regarding activities that may impact on Aboriginal cultural heritage. For this assessment consultation was undertaken with the Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council (MLALC), with a representative attending inspections and providing cultural input and preparing a Cultural Heritage Survey report (refer Appendix B). This consultation was undertaken with reference to the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents (DECCW, 2010b) as required by the SEARs. Further detail regarding the methodology for this assessment is provided in Section National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NSW) (NPW Act), administered by OEH, is the primary legislation for the protection of Aboriginal cultural heritage in NSW. The NPW Act gives the Director- General of OEH responsibility for the proper care, preservation and protection of Aboriginal objects and Aboriginal places, defined under the Act as follows: WestConnex M4 East 11

22 An Aboriginal object is any deposit, object or material evidence (that is not a handicraft made for sale) relating to the Aboriginal habitation of the area that comprises NSW, being habitation before or concurrent with the occupation of that area by persons of non-aboriginal extraction (and includes Aboriginal remains) An Aboriginal place is a place declared so by the Minister administering the NPW Act because the place is or was of special significance to Aboriginal culture. It may or may not contain Aboriginal objects. Under Part 6 of the NPW Act it is an offence to harm or desecrate Aboriginal objects or places. It is a defence to prosecution for such an offence if the harm was authorised by an Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit (AHIP). AHIPs are issued under section 90 of the NPW Act. Consultation with Aboriginal communities is required under OEH policy when an application for an AHIP is considered and is an integral part of the permit process. AHIPs may be issued in relation to a specified Aboriginal object, place, land, activity or person, or to specified types or classes of Aboriginal objects, places, land, activities or persons. Under section 115ZG of the EP&A Act, an AHIP is not required if the development is approved under Part 5.1 of the EP&A Act. However, a commensurate level of assessment as would otherwise be required for an AHIP is nonetheless typically required for assessment under Part 5.1 of the EP&A Act. Section 89A of the NPW Act requires notification to the Director General of the location of identified Aboriginal objects within a reasonable time, with penalties for non-notification. It should be noted that the NPW Act includes a strict liability offence (under section 86) whereby it is an offence to harm an Aboriginal object or place even when the person was not aware that the object or place was an Aboriginal object or place, and when the Aboriginal object or place may have been harmed unknowingly. 3.2 Commonwealth legislation Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 (Commonwealth) (the ATSIHP Act) provides for the preservation and protection of places, areas and objects of particular significance to Indigenous Australians. The stated purpose of the ATSIHP Act is the preservation and protection from injury or desecration of areas and objects in Australia and in Australian waters, being areas and objects that are of particular significance to Aboriginals in accordance with Aboriginal tradition (section 4). Under the Act, Aboriginal tradition is defined as the body of traditions, observances, customs and beliefs of Aboriginals generally or of a particular community or group of Aboriginals, and includes any such traditions, observances, customs or beliefs relating to particular persons, areas, objects or relationships (Section 3). A significant Aboriginal area is an area of land or water in Australia, or Australian waters that is of particular significance to Aboriginals in accordance with Aboriginal tradition (Section 3). A significant Aboriginal object refers to an object (including Aboriginal remains) of particular significance to Aboriginals in accordance with Aboriginal tradition. For the purposes of the ATSIHP Act, an area or object is considered to have been injured or desecrated if: In the case of an area it is used or treated in a manner inconsistent with Aboriginal tradition the use or significance of the area in accordance with Aboriginal tradition is adversely affected passage through, or over, or entry upon, the area by any person occurs in a manner inconsistent with Aboriginal tradition in the case of an object it is used or treated in a manner inconsistent with Aboriginal tradition. WestConnex M4 East 12

23 Under the ATSIHP Act, the Australian Government Minister for the Environment may make a declaration to protect an Aboriginal area or object. However, the Minister can only make a decision after receiving a legally valid application under the ATSIHP Act and, in the case of long term protection, after considering a report on the matter. Before making a declaration to protect an area or object in a state or territory, the Australian Government Minister for the Environment must consult the appropriate Minister of that state or territory (section 13) Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) (EPBC Act) took effect on 16 July Under the EPBC Act, proposed actions that have or are likely to have a significant impact on a Matter of National Environmental Significance (MNES) must be referred to the Australian Government Minister for the Environment. An action is defined as a project, development, undertaking, activity, series of activities or alteration. An action must also be referred if: It is undertaken on Commonwealth land and will have or is likely to have a significant impact on the environment It is undertaken outside Commonwealth land and will have or is likely to have a significant impact on the environment on Commonwealth land It is undertaken by the Commonwealth and will have or is likely to have a significant impact on the environment. The EPBC Act defines environment as including both natural and cultural environments, and therefore includes Aboriginal and non-aboriginal heritage items. Under the Act protected heritage items are listed on the National Heritage List (items of significance to the nation) or the Commonwealth Heritage List (items belonging to the Commonwealth or its agencies). These two lists replaced the Register of the National Estate (RNE). The RNE has been suspended and is no longer a statutory list; however, it remains available as an archive. The heritage registers mandated by the EPBC Act were consulted in relation to this project. No registered Aboriginal heritage items have been located within the study area. WestConnex M4 East 13

24 4 Assessment methodology The methodology adopted for this assessment was developed in accordance with the requirements of the Roads and Maritime Stage 2 PACHCI process. Key components of the methodology included: Archaeological survey of identified investigation areas within the study area Aboriginal consultation with the MLALC administered by Roads and Maritime Desktop assessment Targeted archaeological survey Preparation of a Stage 2 PACHCI assessment report. The desktop assessment comprised: A search of OEH s Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System (AHIMS) database A review of the landscape context of the study area A review of relevant archaeological and ethnohistoric information for the study area Development of a predictive model for Aboriginal site type and distribution within the study area Identification of areas of Aboriginal archaeological sensitivity within the study area On the basis of potential disturbance areas and identified areas of archaeological sensitivity, development of investigation areas for the archaeological survey. 4.1 Aboriginal community consultation In accordance with the Roads and Maritime Stage 2 PACHCI process (see PACHCI Process), the following Aboriginal community consultation process was adopted by Roads and Maritime s Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Officer, Mark Lester: Identification of key Aboriginal stakeholders and the relevant Local Aboriginal Land Council (LALC) through searches of the National Native Title Register and Registrar of Aboriginal Owners Engagement of identified Aboriginal stakeholders to participate in the archaeological survey Preparation (by identified Aboriginal stakeholders) of a cultural heritage survey report. Searches of the National Native Title Register and Register of Aboriginal Owners did not identify any Aboriginal stakeholders. The MLALC was identified as the relevant LALC for the project. Lee Davison, a representative from MLALC, participated in the archaeological survey. MLALC also prepared a cultural heritage survey report for the project, which is provided in Appendix B. In its report, MLALC concluded that because "no features of Aboriginal cultural heritage were identified during this assessment, MLALC has no objection to the project proceeding". 4.2 Archaeological survey The aim of the archaeological survey was to identify and record any existing surface evidence of past Aboriginal activity within the study area, as well as areas with subsurface archaeological potential, and to develop strategies for avoiding and/or mitigating potential harm. To achieve these aims, targeted archaeological survey of the study area was undertaken by AECOM archaeologists Dr Darran Jordan and Luke Atkinson, accompanied by MLALC Aboriginal Sites Officer, Lee Davison. The study area for this assessment was based on the proposed project footprint including the tunnels, interchanges, surface roads and ancillary facilities such as ventilation facilities, motorway operations complex and associated infrastructure for the project. The study area also included the construction footprint including the 10 proposed locations for the construction ancillary facilities. WestConnex M4 East 14

25 The study area conservatively included a wider area that was located to the north and south of the existing M4 and Parramatta Road corridor in the area between Homebush and Haberfield/Ashfield. The study area is shown on Figure 6.2. During the archaeological survey, one previously recorded AHIMS site was visited within the study area (approximately 1.6 kilometres to the west of the Homebush Bay Drive and the M4 interchange) in Phillips Park at Lidcombe. The survey was undertaken on foot and by vehicle, during which notes regarding the ground surface visibility, integrity (land condition) and archaeological sensitivity were taken. All data was recorded on a hand-held differential global positioning system (GPS). Digital photographs were also taken. All Aboriginal archaeological sites/objects identified during the survey were recorded to a standard required by the Code of Practice for Archaeological Investigation of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales (DECCW 2010b). The results of the archaeological survey are discussed in section 7 of this report. WestConnex M4 East 15

26 5 Landscape context Environmental variables such as topography, geology, hydrology and vegetation will have played a critical role in influencing how Aboriginal people moved within and utilised their respective Country. Accordingly, any attempt to predict or interpret the character and distribution of Aboriginal sites in a given area must consider such environmental factors. 5.1 Landform and topography The study area is located on the Cumberland Plain, a large topographic feature that lies at relatively low elevation within the Sydney Basin. A review of Soil Landscapes of the Penrith 1:100,000 (Chapman & Murphy 1989:30-31) indicates that the topography of the study area is characterised by broad crests and ridges, rounded with convex upper slopes grading into concave lower slopes. Waterways in the study area have largely been channelised or directed to subsurface drainage infrastructure to accommodate a largely urbanised and industrialised environment. The study area is dominated by extensive residential and commercial development, which has modified the natural land surfaces with asphaltic and concrete-paved hardstand, buildings and portions of urban green space. 5.2 Hydrology The study area is located within the bounds of the Parramatta River Catchment, with rain and runoff water eventually draining into the groundwater system or towards the Parramatta River. The Parramatta River is a waterway that runs in a roughly east west alignment from Blacktown Creek to the Lane Cove River. The lower reaches of the Parramatta River flow adjacent to the study area on its northern side, joined to a variety of tributaries, which continue south into the study area. These tributaries include Powells Creek, Saleyards Creek, Dobroyd Canal (Iron Cove Creek), St Lukes Park Canal and several unnamed drainage channels. All of these creeks and drainage channels are highly modified, having been channelised with concrete (Upper Parramatta River Catchment Trust 2002). 5.3 Geology and soils The study area is underlain by the Triassic period Wianamatta Group, with the majority of the study area characterised by basal deposits of Ashfield Shale, and one small section of upper deposits of Bringelly Shale. The Wianamatta Group occupies much of the centre of the Sydney Basin. It was deposited in a single regressive marine episode due to a continuous supply of sediment during the Triassic period. This resulted in shallow marine deposits at the base, being the Ashfield Shale, building up to the alluvial sediments of Bringelly Shale. The Ashfield Shale formation contains sideritic claystone-siltstone, a fine sandstone-siltstone laminite, and the erosional remains of plateaus (Jones & Clark 1991:17). Quaternary alluvium has also accumulated within the study area, consisting of lower Parramatta River bedload composition mixed with tributary creek transported clay and silt derived from the Wianamatta Group units. The resulting deposit consists of silty sand with interbedded clay lenses. These deposits are predominantly located within the channels of rivers and creeks. They are also deposited on their adjacent terraces during times of flood (Jones & Clark 1991:17). The majority of the study area is within the bounds of the Blacktown soil landscape (Chapman & Murphy 1989). This consists of a friable loam of a black to brown colour, underlain by a hard setting brown clay loam, underlain by a mottled brown light clay, underlain by a light grey plastic mottled clay directly above shale bedrock. Inclusions in the upper soil layers include rounded iron indurated fine gravel-sized shale and platy ironstone gravel sized shale fragments. Although the top two stratigraphic units are generally slightly acidic, the mottled brown light clay can reach levels of strongly acidic. Those sections of the study area that are not within the Blacktown soil landscape consist of disturbed terrain. There are no known stone deposits with materials suitable for flaked stone artefact manufacture within the study area (Chapman & Murphy 1989:30-31). WestConnex M4 East 16

27 5.4 Flora and fauna The area has been predominantly cleared, with past residential and industrial activity having significantly altered the previous flora and fauna of the area. Plant species present across the study area include remnants of wet sclerophyll forest and dry sclerophyll woodland. Prior to the extensive vegetation clearance that altered the character of the area it is likely that the area would have contained vegetation species such as Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), blackbutt (E. pilularis), forest red gum (E. tereticornis), narrow leaved ironbark (E. crebra) and grey box (E. moluccana). Remnants of these can still be found in isolated sections of the study area. Table 5-1 provides examples of plant resources and their likely use before vegetation clearance and land modification. Table 5-1 Likely plant resources prior to vegetation clearance Vegetation type Forest red gum (E. tereticornis) Grey box (E. moluccana) Narrow leaved ironbark (E. crebra) Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna) Aboriginal plant use Bark and wood were utilised for tools, shelter and canoes (Clarke 2012: ). The wood could be used in tool manufacture (Clarke 2012: ). The sap was used for medicinal purposes to treat diarrhoea (Lassak & McCarthy 2001). Oil bearing leaves could be used medicinally for headaches, colds and fevers. Gum could be applied to sores and abrasions. Bark was used as a product for various manufacture purposes (Stewart & Percival 1997:8). According to the Atlas of Living Australia (Australian Government 2015), a search area centred on the study area and covering a five kilometre radius identified 926 animal species. Many of these were introduced species, indicating the developed urban nature of the contemporary area, including domestic goose, sheep, brown hare, rabbit, fox, budgerigar, cockatiel, cat and dog, as well as insects like the compost worm and European garden spider. Among the identified species were some that were indicative of the past environment and the types of faunal species Aboriginal people may have utilised. These included species like the common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus), the grey-headed flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus), Australian magpie (Cracticus tibicen), laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae), eastern brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis) and eastern bluetongue (Tiliqua scincoides). During the period when the study area was utilised by Aboriginal people it would have been well resourced with creek, marsh and coastal resources accessible from this area. 5.5 Land use Land use has been extensive throughout the study area. The centre of it is defined by Parramatta Road and the M4, either side of which are areas that have been extensively developed for residential and commercial/industrial use. The less developed sections consist of parks and road reserves located within larger suburban areas. Major waterways within the study area have been channelised by concrete. 5.6 Key observations Key observations from the background review of the landscape context of the study area are as follows: The study area was predominantly coastal marshland prior to historical reclamation works. While a highly attractive resource zone for Aboriginal people occupying the study area pre- and post- European settlement, areas of marshland would not have been conducive for sustained occupation. Prior to historical disturbances, archaeological evidence in these areas is expected to have been reflective of transient or short-term occupation events associated with resource procurement WestConnex M4 East 17

28 The study area has been heavily modified by urban development, including roads and parks, as well as industrial and housing areas. Aboriginal archaeological materials are unlikely to have survived in grossly disturbed areas The study area includes Saleyards Creek, Powells Creek, Dobroyd Canal (Iron Cove Creek), St Lukes Park Canal and several unnamed drainage channels. All of these creeks and drainage channels are highly modified, having been channelised and surfaced with concrete. WestConnex M4 East 18

29 6 Ethnographic and archaeological context 6.1 Regional archaeological context The Sydney region Available archaeological data indicates that Aboriginal people have occupied the Sydney region for at least 36,000 years (Jo McDonald CHM 2005a; Kohen et al. 1984; A. N. Williams, Atkinson, Lau & Toms 2014). Late Pleistocene/early Holocene occupation of the region is evidenced by radiometric dates from both coastal and hinterland sites (see Attenbrow 2010:18, Table 3.1). Excavated material culture assemblages from these periods have been interpreted as evidence of relatively small populations of Aboriginal people employing settlement patterns of high residential and low logistical mobility (Attenbrow 2010: ; McDonald 2008:39). Late Pleistocene/early Holocene chipped stone assemblages attest to a preference for silicified tuff sourced from the Hawkesbury/Nepean River gravels (McDonald 2008). However, they also indicate the exploitation of other raw material types such as silcrete, quartzite and quartz, particularly at greater distances from the Hawkesbury/Nepean. Direct freehand percussion appears to have been the dominant reduction technique employed by late Pleistocene/early Holocene Aboriginal knappers, with bipolar flaking comparatively poorly represented in available assemblages. Miscellaneous retouched flakes dominate the retouched components of most assemblages, although flaked pebble tools, dentated saws and thumbnail scrapers also occur. Chipped stone tools such as these will have been complemented by a range of organic implements such as wooden digging sticks, spears and boomerangs. However, these do not survive archaeologically (Attenbrow 2010:154). Compared with the late Pleistocene/early Holocene, archaeological evidence for mid-to-late Holocene Aboriginal occupation of the Sydney Region abounds (for recent syntheses see Attenbrow 2010; McDonald 2008). In keeping with developments across the broader Australian landscape (eg Allen and O Connell 1995; Beaton 1985; Brumm and Moore 2005; Attenbrow et al. 2009; Lourandos 1983, 1997; Lourandos and Ross 1994), the social and economic systems of Aboriginal groups living in the region during this period appear to have become increasingly complex. Available archaeological data, for example, suggest a significant increase in site establishment and population densities over time, as well as a concomitant growth in the size and complexity of social aggregation (but see Attenbrow (2012) and Hiscock (2008) for cautionary notes on the interpretive significance of radiometric date graphs). Growing economic specialisation is indicated by the emergence and proliferation of complex fishing and stone-working technologies, with the latter linked variously to increased foraging risk associated with greater climatic variability as well as other variables such as redefinition of social space, reduction of resources and increased logistical pre-equipping (Attenbrow et al. 2009; McDonald 2008:40). Complex, long distance exchange networks are also attested archaeologically (eg Attenbrow et al. 2012; Grave et al. 2012), as are important developments in artistic activities (McDonald 2008). Higher levels of stylistic heterogeneity in pigment and engraved art across the region, for example, have been linked to increasing territoriality (McDonald 2008:42). With some modification, McCarthy s (1967) Eastern Regional Sequence (ERS) of stone artefact assemblages remains the dominant chronological framework for Aboriginal occupation of the region. Based on appreciable changes in the composition of chipped stone artefact assemblages over time, the ERS hypothesises a three-phase sequence of Capertian (earliest), Bondaian and Eloueran (most recent) assemblages and was developed on the basis of McCarthy s (1948, 1964) pioneering analyses of stratified chipped stone assemblages from Lapstone Creek rockshelter, on the lower slopes of the Blue Mountains eastern escarpment, and Capertee 3 rockshelter in the Capertee Valley north of Lithgow. At present, the most widely cited characterisation of the ERS in the Sydney region is that of a four-phase sequence beginning with the pre-bondaian (McCarthy s Capertian) and moving successively through the early, middle and late phases of the Bondaian, the last of which equates to McCarthy s (1967) Eloueran phase (Table 6-1). The tripartite division of the Bondaian is based principally on the absence or presence, and relative abundance, of backed artefacts (Attenbrow 2010:101). However, other factors, such as changes in the abundance of bipolar artefacts and different stone materials, and the absence or presence of edge-ground hatchet heads are also relevant. WestConnex M4 East 19

30 Table 6-1 McCarthy s (1967) Eastern Regional Sequence of stone artefact assemblages Current phasing McCarthy s (1967) phasing Approximate date range Backed artefact frequency Bipolar artefacts Edgeground hatchet heads Pre-Bondaian Capertian 15,000-8,000 BP Absent Rare Absent Early Bondaian Middle Bondaian Late Bondaian Bondaian Eloueran The Cumberland Plain 8,000-4,000 BP 4,000-1,000 BP 1,000 BP to European contact Very low Rare Absent Very high Increasingly common Present Low Very common Present The study area falls within the defined region known as the Cumberland Plain. This region is within the Sydney Basin and extends from the north of Windsor, to Picton, to the Nepean-Hawkesbury River and to the inner west of Sydney s city, covering a large portion of the Sydney metropolitan area. Concentrated archaeological investigation of the Aboriginal archaeological record of Sydney s Cumberland Plain can be traced to the early-to-mid 1980s, a period marked by a rapid growth in residential and other forms of development across the Plain. Intensive development activities since this time have secured the Cumberland Plain s place as one of the most intensively investigated archaeological regions in Australia, with hundreds, if not thousands, of Aboriginal archaeological investigations involving survey and/or excavation having been undertaken, the majority as part of larger Environmental Impact Assessments. Unsurprisingly, these investigations have varied significantly in scale and scope, ranging from targeted small-scale surveys to complex, multi-phase survey and excavation projects over large areas. Nonetheless, together, they have revealed a rich and diverse record of past Aboriginal occupation, with thousands of Aboriginal archaeological sites now registered on OEH s AHIMS database. To date, useful regional and sub-regional syntheses of this record have been compiled by Attenbrow (2010), Jo McDonald CHM (1997a), McDonald (2008) and Przywolnik (2007). Key investigation themes are detailed in brief in the following sections Open artefact sites: distribution, contents and definition Surface and subsurface distributions of stone artefacts, variously referred to as open artefact sites, open sites and open camp sites, are the most common and widely distributed form of Aboriginal archaeological site on the Cumberland Plain (see Attenbrow 2010:Plate 12; Przywolnik 2007:46 Table 4.2). Other site types, such as scarred trees, quarries, grinding grooves and rock shelters with deposits, art or PAD, have also been identified but are comparatively rare. Accordingly, open artefact sites remain the most intensively investigated component of the Aboriginal archaeological record of the Cumberland Plain, with site distribution and the technology of associated flaked stone artefact assemblages, in particular, comprising key research topics (eg AMBS 2000; Jo McDonald CHM 2001, 2005a, 2006b; Kohen 1986; Smith 1989; White & McDonald 2010). Existing archaeological survey data for the Cumberland Plain indicates a strong trend for the presence of open artefact sites along watercourses, specifically on creek banks and flats (ie flood/drainage plains), terraces and bordering lower slopes (Kohen 1986; Smith 1989). Although this distribution pattern can be attributed in part to geomorphic dynamics and archaeological sampling bias, with extensive fluvial erosion activity along watercourses resulting in higher levels of surface visibility and, by extension, concentrated survey effort, an occupational emphasis on watercourses is supported by the results of several large scale subsurface salvage projects (eg AMBS 2000; Jo McDonald CHM 2001, 2005a, 2006b). Collectively, these projects have demonstrated that assemblage size and complexity tend to vary significantly in relation to both the proximity and permanency of potable water sources as well as landform, with larger, more complex 1 assemblages 1 Those containing a wider variety of raw materials and technological types and/or higher mean artefact densities and features, such as knapping floors. WestConnex M4 East 20

31 concentrated on elevated, low gradient landform elements adjacent to higher order watercourses. Outside of these contexts, surface and subsurface artefact distributions have typically been found to be sparse and discontinuous and are often referred to as background scatter. Flaked stone artefacts dominate archaeological assemblages from recorded open artefact sites on the Cumberland Plain, with heat-shattered rock also well represented. Items such as complete and broken grindstones, hammerstones and edge-ground hatchet heads have also been recorded, though comparatively infrequently. With the notable exception of knapping floors, associated archaeological features (eg hearths and heat treatment pits) are likewise uncommon (eg McDonald and Rich 1994). Investigated knapping floors across the plain have varied considerably in size and complexity, with some of the largest and most complex examples identified through excavation as opposed to surface survey (eg Jo McDonald CHM 2001; 2005a; 2006b). Backed artefacts (ie Bondi points and geometric microliths) are a common feature of knapping floors and most of these features were likely specifically associated with their production. As in other NSW contexts, most notably the Hunter Valley (eg (Hiscock 1993; Moore 2000) available evidence supports the suggestion that backed artefact manufacture on the Cumberland Plain was a highly structured or systematic activity. Although relevant to a variety of site types, geomorphic processes such as soil erosion and colluvial/fluvial aggradation are of particular relevance to the identification and definition of open artefact sites. As in other archaeological contexts (eg Dean-Jones & Mitchell 1993; Fanning & Holdaway 2004; Fanning et al. 2009; Holdaway et al. 2000), it is now widely accepted by archaeologists working on the Cumberland Plain that the visibility and preservation of open artefact sites across the Plain are, for the most part, products of contemporary, historic and prehistoric geomorphic processes which have variously exposed, obscured and destroyed them. As demonstrated by numerous large scale salvage projects across the Cumberland Plain, surface artefacts invariably represent only a fraction of the total number of artefacts present within recorded surface open artefact sites, with a typical surface to subsurface artefact ratio of 1:50 (Jo McDonald CHM 2011: 7). Artefact exposure, unsurprisingly, is highest on erosional surfaces and lowest on depositional ones. At the same time, in many areas, surface artefacts have been shown through dispersed testing to form part of fairly continuous subsurface distributions of artefacts, albeit with highly variable artefact densities linked to environmental variables such as distance to water, stream order and landform (eg White & McDonald 2010). Critically, the presence or absence of surface artefacts on the Cumberland Plain is not a reliable indicator of Aboriginal archaeological sensitivity Flaked stone artefact technology Virtually indestructible, flaked stone artefacts are a ubiquitous element of the Aboriginal archaeological record of the Cumberland Plain and have assumed a prominent position in archaeological reconstructions of past Aboriginal land use across the region. To date, large numbers (potentially in the thousands) of surface-collected and excavated flaked stone assemblages from across the Cumberland Plain have been analysed, with significant variations in assemblage sizes, research questions, aims, analytical methodologies and terminological schemes between researchers and projects. Studies have ranged from basic descriptive accounts of assemblage composition in typological terms to detailed technological analyses and reconstructions of past stone reduction and quarrying behaviours. Particularly informative analyses in the context of the Cumberland Plain include those conducted by Jo McDonald CHM (2001, 2002a, 2002b, 2004, 2005a, 2006a, 2006b, 2006c, 2007, 2008) as part of archaeological salvage projects associated with development activities within the Rouse Hill Development Area (RHDA), the former Australian Defence Industries (ADI) site and the Colebee Release Area (CRA). Available technological and typological data for surface collected and excavated chipped stone artefact assemblages from the Cumberland Plain suggest that the majority of these assemblages belong to what is known as the Australian small-tool tradition, a term coined by Gould (1969) to describe what was then thought to be the first appearance, in the mid-holocene 2, of a new suite of flaked stone tool forms in the Aboriginal archaeological record of Australia, including backed artefacts (ie Bondi points and geometric microliths), adzes and points, both unifacially and bifacially flaked. 2 More recent research into the chronology of backed artefacts and points in Australia (eg Hiscock & Attenbrow, 1998, 2004; Hiscock, 1993b) has demonstrated a long history of production and use for these implement types, with both now known to have been produced, albeit in small numbers, in the early Holocene and likely in the late Pleistocene as well. WestConnex M4 East 21

32 Complex, hierarchically organised reduction sequences associated with the production of these tools contrast markedly with the simple sequences of earlier periods (Moore 2011). Tools of the Australian small-tool tradition, it has been suggested, formed part of a portable, standardised and multifunctional tool kit aimed specifically at risk reduction (Hiscock 1994, 2006). Stone artefact assemblages from late Pleistocene and early Holocene contexts, in contrast, are described by archaeologists as belonging to the Australian core tool and scraper tradition, a term first used by Bowler et al. (1970) to describe the Pleistocene assemblages recovered from Lake Mungo in western New South Wales. Bowler et al. (1970) saw the main components of these assemblages (core tools, steep-edged scrapers and flat scrapers) as characteristic of early Australian Aboriginal assemblages and as being of a distinctly different character to those associated with the preceding small-tool tradition. In southeastern Australia, including the Cumberland Plain, the Australian small-tool and core tool and scraper traditions are most commonly described in terms of McCarthy s (1967) ERS, with Capertian assemblages typically assigned to the latter tradition and Bondaian assemblages assigned to the former. Flaked stone artefact assemblages from excavated and surface collected open artefact sites on the Cumberland Plain attest to the exploitation of a diverse range of lithic raw materials (Corkill 1999, 2005). However, two rock types silcrete and silicified tuff (also known as indurated mudstone) dominate the region s existing stone artefact record. Other, less commonly exploited raw materials represented in excavated and surface collected assemblages include quartz, quartzite, petrified wood, chert and various fine-grained volcanics. Alongside silcrete and silicified tuff, these materials occur variously in a number of geological formations and units across the Cumberland Plain (for a detailed review see Corkill 1999). Oft-cited sources, for example, include the Tertiary St Marys (Ts) and Rickabys Creek (Tr) formations, as well as the various unconsolidated Pleistocene units that line as terraces the present day and abandoned channels of the Nepean/Hawkesbury River (eg Agnes Bank Sand (Qpa) and Cranebrook Formation (Qpc)). In common with the Sydney region as a whole (Attenbrow 2010: ), various excavated assemblages from the body and peripheries of the Cumberland Plain (eg Jo McDonald CHM 2001a, 2005a; Williams et al. 2012) attest to a shift, over time, in the relative significance of particular raw materials for flaked stone artefact manufacture, principally silcrete and silicified tuff but also quartz. An early (ie Pre-Bondaian) emphasis on the procurement and reduction of silicified tuff, for example, appears to have given way to a later (ie Bondaian) emphasis on silcrete. Quartz use, meanwhile, appears to have peaked in the late Holocene. For the Cumberland Plain, these changes have been linked, in particular, to broader changes in settlement organisation, with a decline in levels of residential mobility over time prompting more intensive use of locally available stone (Jo McDonald CHM 2005a). In the north-western portion of the Cumberland Plain, the Tertiary St Marys Formation has been singled out as a particularly important source of silcrete for stone artefact manufacture. Mapped at various localities across the Mulgoa Creek, South Creek and Eastern Creek catchments, the best known and most intensively investigated outcrops of this formation occur on Plumpton Ridge, a low but prominent ridgeline separating the floodplains of Eastern and Bells Creek between the suburbs of Plumpton and Riverstone. The subject of numerous archaeological investigations since the early 1980s (eg AMBS 2002b; Baker 1996; Jo McDonald CHM 2006b; McDonald 1986), recent large-scale archaeological salvage works across what is now Stonecutters Ridge Golf Club have unequivocally identified Plumpton Ridge as a major Aboriginal quarry site (Jo McDonald CHM 2006). At the same time, they have highlighted a number of important trends in relation to the procurement and reduction of silcrete obtained from this source. Trends in the relative frequencies of raw material types, artefact types and the size of silcrete artefacts in local excavated assemblages, for example, have been attributed to a process of distance-decay. As one of only three systematically investigated Aboriginal quarry sites on the Cumberland Plain, the other two being the ADI-EP1 and ADI-FF22 sites within the former ADI site at St Marys (Jo McDonald CHM, 2006d, 2008a), Plumpton Ridge is widely regarded as a feature of high scientific and cultural significance. Backed artefacts (ie geometric microliths Bondi points) dominate the retouched components of the majority of dated and undated Bondaian assemblages from the Plain and, as such, the technology of their manufacture has received considerable analytical and interpretive attention. Studies by Jo McDonald CHM (2001, 2005a, 2006b), in particular, have demonstrated that backed artefact manufacture on the Cumberland Plain was a highly structured or systematic activity involving a complex system of raw material procurement, transportation, preparation and reduction. Differences in the technological character of recovered cores across the region attest to a significant degree of variability in the methods used by Aboriginal knappers to produce flakes for backed artefact WestConnex M4 East 22

33 manufacture. However, certain techniques (eg asymmetric alternating flaking and Hiscock s (1993) tranchet technique ) are particularly well represented. Evidence for the deliberate heat treatment of silcrete blanks, both as part of systematic backed artefact manufacture activities and other reduction activities, is abundant and widespread, with excavated and surface collected assemblages attesting to the use of heat at various points in the reduction process (McDonald & Rich 1994; Corkill 1997). As in other contexts (eg Hiscock 1993), the thermal alteration of Cumberland Plain silcrete appears to have significantly improved the flaking quality of the stone, increasing the lustre and smoothness of fracture surfaces Chronology In common with the broader Sydney region, evidence for late Pleistocene/early Holocene (ie Pre- Bondaian/Early Bondaian) Aboriginal occupation of the Cumberland Plain is rare, with dated and undated evidence from these periods obtained from only eleven sites: Rouse Hill sites RH/CC2 (Jo McDonald CHM 2001), RH/SC5 (Jo McDonald CHM 2002b) and RH/CD12 (Jo McDonald CHM 2002a); Richmond site RMI (Jo McDonald CHM 1997); SA23 in the CRA (Jo McDonald CHM 2006b); PT12 near Pitt Town (Williams et al. 2012); Jamisons Creek, Emu Plains (Kohen et al. 1984); Power Street Bridge 2, Doonside (McDonald 1993), Regentville RS1, Regentville (Koettig & Hughes 1995; McDonald et al. 1996), RTA-GI at Parramatta (JMcD CHM 2005) and the Windsor Museum site (Austral Archaeology 2011; Williams et al., 2012:87). Claims of a c.40,000 year old date for five flaked pebbles recovered from a gravel pit associated with the Cranebrook Terrace near Penrith (Nanson et al. 1987) have been widely rejected, with legitimate concerns raised over the artefactual status of these pebbles, their provenance and association with available dates. In stark contrast to the late Pleistocene/early Holocene, evidence for mid-to-late Holocene (ie Middle to Late Bondaian) Aboriginal occupation of the Cumberland Plain abounds, with numerous excavated sites producing assemblages that can be confidently assigned to these periods based on radiometric dates and/or their typological/technological profiles. Available radiocarbon determinations indicate a steady increase in the number of sites occupied over the course of the Holocene, with a peak in the second millennium BP (see, for example, Przywolnik 2007: 53, Figure 4.6). Taken at face value, these data suggest a progressive increase in the Aboriginal population of the Cumberland Plain over the course of the Holocene. However, as argued by Hiscock (2008), albeit on a national scale, it seems likely that the directional population growth suggested by such data is, to a certain extent at least, a product of differential site preservation, with younger sites better preserved than older ones. Other factors, such as the burial of older sites through sediment deposition and bias in the location of archaeological surveys and excavations, may also be relevant Site distribution and occupation models A number of Aboriginal site distribution and occupation models have been proposed for the Cumberland Plain over the past three decades, with early models (eg Kohen 1986; Smith 1989) based almost exclusively on surface evidence and more recent models (eg AMBS 2000; JMcD CHM 1997b) taking into account both surface and excavated evidence. As indicated in Table 6-2, Aboriginal site distribution on the Cumberland Plain has been linked to a variety of environmental factors, with proximity to water, stream order, landform and geology (including proximity to known stone sources) variously highlighted as key determinants. WestConnex M4 East 23

34 Table 6-2 Aboriginal site distribution and occupation models for the Cumberland Plain Researcher(s) Year Key Predictions/Findings Dallas and Witter 1983 Sites closer to silcrete and other raw material sources will tend to contain more cores and waste chips and less utilised material than sites, which are located further away. They will also contain more block fractured pieces, a higher frequency of cortex, and the artefacts will generally be larger than those at sites not associated with raw material sources. In areas of raw material abundance, artefacts will be discarded earlier in the reduction sequence and will generally be larger and occur in a variety of forms. Raw material abundance, quality and size will influence assemblage variability. Sites located away from raw material sources will exhibit a wider variety of activities and a higher number of utilised pieces than those closer to them. Kohen 1986 Proximity to water and geological context are key determinants for site location. Sites can be categorised as one of three types according to their function: Camping sites, which have a wide range of activities represented in the archaeological record Woodworking sites, where there is a high proportion of implements to debitage present Hunting sites, which contain a relatively small number of unworked flakes and are sometimes associated with backed blades. Greatest proportion of sites located on Wianamatta Shale substrates. Number of artefacts found at a site and site size more closely correlated to the nature and degree of disturbance at a site than any behavioural factors. The more disturbed the site, the greater the visibility and hence the greater quantity of artefacts recorded. Sites with high artefact densities tend to be found within 100 metres of permanent water sources. Smith 1989 Sites are most likely to occur in association with water sources. Permanency of the water source, however, is not a determining factor for site location, with a significant quantity of sites found along temporary creek lines. Sites on the Londonderry Clay/Rickabys Creek Formation are likely to be found in association with gravel exposures. Sites dominated by silcrete are less likely to be found west of Marsden Park and South Creek than east of those areas. Isolated finds in these areas are also less likely to be made from silcrete. Sites east of South Creek are likely to be principally stone tool and silcrete manufacturing and processing sites. Sites in the northern Cumberland Plain are expected to have a lower frequency of implements than those in the south. Woodland areas will typically contain sites at lower densities than open forest areas. Surface sites appear to be more common than subsurface sites, and undisturbed stratified sites are rare due to the degree of disturbance. Sites with over 50 artefacts are rare, although very large sites (500+ artefacts) do occur. There is no apparent patterning to the occurrence of these large sites. The pattern of distribution of site size appears to be determined predominantly by visibility. Sites cannot be divided neatly into single use categories, as most sites were the location of numerous activities. WestConnex M4 East 24

35 Researcher(s) Year Key Predictions/Findings Jo McDonald CHM 1997b Open sites with subsurface archaeological deposits are the most commonly occurring sites. Sites cannot be adequately characterised on the basis of surface evidence alone. Where open sites are found in stable and aggrading landscapes, many will be intact and have the potential for internal structural integrity, with sites in alluvium and other depositional environments containing the best potential for intact archaeological remains and stratification. Many sites contain extremely high artefact densities, with variability depending on the range of activity areas and site types present. Artefacts are not evenly distributed across the landscape. Site patterning can be related to gross environmental factors, with sites on permanent water being more complex than those situated on ephemeral or temporary water lines. However, there is not always a direct correlation between site location and the environment. Major confluences, particularly along major creeks, are prime site locations. Proximity to water and underlying geological units are key factors in site distribution. However, distribution can be further measured according to stream order, with sites located in close proximity to established, permanent, and resource rich drainage channels (eg third and fourth order creeks) are more likely to have higher artefact densities and a greater diversity of tools than sites associated with lower order water courses. Temporary water sources and minor gullies tend to have single-use or occasionally repeated visits and hence lower density sites. Locations between creeks, such as ridge-tops and spurs, may possibly contain archaeological evidence, which may vary according to proximity to water sources. Sites close to an identified stone source will contain a range of size and cortex characteristics in their assemblages. As distance increases from the source, artefact size and percentage of cortex in the assemblage will decrease. AMBS 2000 Spatial patterning in chipped stone artefact distributions adjacent to major creek lines can in certain instances be accommodated under a three-tiered model of Activity Overprint Zones incorporating complex, dispersed and sparse zones. Complex zones will exhibit overlapping knapping floors and high density concentrations of artefacts indicative of repeated, long-term occupation events. Dispersed zones may include knapping floors. However, these are typically spatially discrete due to less frequent occupation. Sparse zones will exhibit consistently low frequencies/densities of artefacts. Artefact discard in these zones is likely to have resulted from discard in the context of use or loss rather than manufacture. Chipped stone artefact production and maintenance will leave a more obtrusive archaeological signature than resource extraction (eg food collection and processing). These activities will also occur closer to the residential core while resource extraction will typically occur away from it. WestConnex M4 East 25

36 White and McDonald s (2010) recently published analysis of lithic artefact distribution in the RHDA provides a suitably robust dataset for assessing the validity of some of the key predictions of the models outlined above. Based on the results of over a decade of intensive test excavation in the RHDA, White and McDonald s (2010) study remains the most comprehensive of its type currently available for the Cumberland Plain. As indicated, Aboriginal site distribution on the Cumberland Plain has been linked to a variety of environmental factors, with distance to water, stream order, landform and geology (including proximity to known stone sources) variously highlighted as important influences. White and McDonald s (2010) analysis both supports and negates various aspects of the postulated relationships between these factors and Aboriginal site patterning on the Cumberland Plain. Key findings can be summarised as follows: Artefact distributions do not, as implied by the models of Kohen (1986) and Smith (1989), form bounded sites but rather landscapes Artefact distribution does, as variably expressed by AMBS (2000), Kohen (1986), Jo McDonald CHM (1997b) and Smith (1989), appear to vary with proximity to water, albeit to different extents based on stream order Artefact density does, as suggested by Jo McDonald CHM (1997b), appear to vary significantly with stream order Artefact density does, as suggested by Jo McDonald CHM (1997b), appear to vary significantly with landform Aboriginal archaeological sites on the Cumberland Plain cannot, as proposed by Jo McDonald CHM (1997b), be adequately characterised on the basis of surface evidence alone. Most areas, regardless of surface indications, contain subsurface archaeological deposit(s) The orientation of open land surfaces appears to have influenced the selection of artefact discard locations in the lower portions of valleys, with generally higher densities on lower slopes facing north and north-east Distance from known silcrete sources does not, on present evidence at least, appear to have influenced intensity of artefact discard (cf. Dallas & Witter 1983) Trends in artefact density and distribution indicate long-term, large-scale patterns. Short-term models of settlement organisation are insufficient to account for these artefact distributions Social and symbolic factors may have influenced site selection along with the distributions of economic and other resources. 6.2 Key observations Key observations to be drawn from a review of the regional and local archaeological context of the study area are as follows: Available radiocarbon determinations indicate that Aboriginal people have occupied the Cumberland Plain for at least 36,000 years Compared with that available for the late Pleistocene/early Holocene, evidence for mid-to-late Holocene Aboriginal occupation of the Plain abounds, with the majority of previously recorded sites likely dating to these periods Aboriginal site distribution on the Cumberland Plain has been linked to a variety of environmental factors, with proximity to water, stream order, landform and geology variously highlighted as key determinants Most surface sites will occur on landform elements within 200 metres of watercourses, with larger, more complex artefact assemblages associated with higher order streams Existing AHIMS data suggests that artefact scatters and isolated artefacts are the dominant site type for this area, with middens present in the coastal areas further north Artefact distributions across the Cumberland Plain do not form bounded sites but rather landscapes WestConnex M4 East 26

37 Most areas, irrespective of the presence or absence of associated surface evidence, can contain subsurface archaeological deposits, albeit of highly variable character and extent Subsurface artefact distributions across the northern Cumberland Plain tend to vary significantly in relation to landform and stream order There are no previously recorded Aboriginal sites within the project area Previously recorded stone artefact assemblages attest to an emphasis on the procurement and reduction of silcrete. Other, less commonly exploited raw materials include silicified tuff and petrified wood Inter-site variation in the composition of stone artefact assemblages across the larger region can be attributed to factors such as the frequency, intensity and duration of settlement events, distance to lithic raw material sources and differing reduction strategies (eg specialised versus non-specialised manufacture) Sites that may have been present within the study area are likely to have been destroyed within areas of gross disturbance, including along creek lines where reclamation, landscaping and concrete channelisation have occurred. 6.3 Ethnohistoric context Information regarding the ways in which Aboriginal people likely used pre-contact landscapes is available to archaeologists through two primary sources: archaeological data (ie survey and excavation) and historical records. Section 6.1 summarised the Aboriginal archaeological context of the study area on both a regional and local scale. This section builds on this foundation by summarising relevant ethnohistoric information for the study area and environs. As in other parts of Australia, non-aboriginal people occupying the Sydney region began to document Aboriginal culture from first contact, with explorers, missionaries, settlers and the like recording their observations of Aboriginal people and/or their material culture in letters, journals and official reports. Most of these accounts are overtly Eurocentric in tone and the content and the veracity of some is, at best, questionable. Nonetheless, taken together, they form an important source of information on Aboriginal lifeways at the time of British colonisation and can, in conjunction with available archaeological data, be used to generate working predictive models of prehistoric Aboriginal land use The Darug people The study area falls within the boundaries of the Darug (also spelt Dhaŕ-rook, Dharrook, Dhaŕook, Dharruk and Dharug) linguistic group, which are known to have stretched from the Hawkesbury River in the north, to Appin in the south, and from the coast west across the Cumberland Plain into the Blue Mountains (Kohen 1993). Surrounding language groups comprised the Kuring-gai (to the northeast), Darkinung (to the north), Tharawal (to the southeast), Gundungurra (to the south) and Wiradjuri (to the west). Key published sources, both primary and secondary, for the Darug language and people include Attenbrow (2010), Barrallier (1802), Capell (1970), Collins (1798, 1802), Dawes (1790), Hunter (1793), Kohen (1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1993), Kohen and Downing (1992), Kohen and Lampert (1987), Matthews (1901, 1903), Matthews and Everitt (1900), Tench (1793), Troy (1993), White (1790) and Worgan (1788). Although a detailed review of these sources is beyond the scope of this report, a summary of some key aspects of Darug society is provided below. Available sources indicate that two distinct dialects of Darug were spoken at the time of European contact (eg Collins 1802). These comprised a coastal dialect, spoken on the Sydney peninsula and the country to the north of Port Jackson, and a hinterland dialect, spoken on the Cumberland Plain from Appin in the south to the Hawkesbury River in the north (Attenbrow 2010:34). This linguistic division is thought to correspond to a broader economic division between coastal and hinterland Darug-speaking peoples, with several early sources drawing a distinction between the diets, subsistence patterns and material culture repertoires of coastal and hinterland peoples (eg Collins 1798; Tench 1793; Phillip 1788 in Attenbrow 2010:63). The accounts of early observers such as Collins (1798) and Tench (1793), for example, suggest that the diets of those living along the coast were heavily biased towards marine resources while those of hinterland groups were based chiefly on the exploitation of land mammals and plant foods. Notably, early sources (eg Collins 1798, 1802; Tench 1793) suggest little contact between coastal and hinterland groups. WestConnex M4 East 27

38 Some idea of population size for the coastal Darug at contact is provided by Attenbrow (2010), who suggests that the area around Port Jackson likely supported a minimum population density of 0.75 persons per square kilometre (ie one person per 1.3 square kilometre). Attenbrow s estimate is based on Governor Phillip s own estimate of the Aboriginal population of this area, made in Phillip, reporting to Lord Sydney on 15 May 1788, estimated a total population of not less than one thousand five hundred (Phillip 1788 in Attenbrow 2010:17). Population densities for the hinterland Darug were perceived by early colonial observers to have been lower than along the coast. More recently, Kohen (1995) has estimated a minimum overall density of around 0.5 persons per square kilometre for the hinterland zone. According to Kohen (1993:15), the primary unit of social organisation amongst the Darug was the clan typically referred to by early European observers as a tribe with each clan consisting of around 50 to 60 people and taking its name from the place where its members resided. Unlike many Australian Aboriginal groups, social organisation among the Darug did not comprise a class system based on moieties or sections, but rather was based on clan membership attained through patrilineal descent (Attenbrow 2010:57; Kohen 1993:35). Totemic affiliations were inherited from a person s father and, along with clan membership, were the basis upon which marriages were arranged and initiations carried out. Kohen (1993:15) equates the term clan with band, defining both as groups of people who lived together and hunted together. Attenbrow (2010:22), in contrast, draws a distinction between the two, characterising the former as local descent groups and the latter as land-using groups who, though not necessarily all of the same clan, came together on a daily basis to hunt, fish and gather their food resources. The size of individual bands, Attenbrow (2010:29) suggests, will have varied considerably, being season and activity-dependent and ranging from the immediate nuclear family to up to 50 people. Individual band sizes notwithstanding, much larger groups, consisting of up to several bands, are known to have come together for events such as initiations, funerals and ritual combats. WestConnex M4 East 28

39 Figure 6.1 Aboriginal language group boundaries in the Sydney area (from Kohen 1993:241, Fig. 1) Available historic records indicate that a wide range of marine, freshwater, terrestrial and avian fauna were exploited by Darug-speaking peoples for food (for a detailed discussion see Attenbrow (2010)). In coastal areas, an emphasis on the exploitation of marine resources, principally fish and shellfish, is attested in the writings of several early observers (eg Collins 1798: 461-2; Phillip 1788 in Attenbrow 2010: 63; Tench 1793). Further inland, available records suggest an emphasis on the hunting of land mammals, with kangaroos, wallabies, possums, gliders, fruit bats, kangaroo-rats, dingos, koalas and wombats variously reported as having been either hunted and/or eaten. Possums, in particular, appear to have been a major food source in the hinterland, with a number of early accounts remarking on the tree climbing skills of the woods people (Barrallier 1802; Collins 1798; Hunter 1793; Tench 1793) and detailing procurement techniques. Fish, shellfish and eels are also known to have been exploited by hinterland groups as are platypus, lizards and grubs. The honey of native bees is likewise known to have been collected and eaten (Collins 1798 [1975:456]; Tench 1793:28). Compared with their faunal counterparts, the plant food resources of coastal and hinterland Darugspeaking peoples are poorly represented in the writings of early colonial observers. Nonetheless, available descriptions do suggest that plants formed a regular part of the diets of groups in both areas (see Attenbrow 2010:77-8). Away from the coast, a vegetable catalogue consisting of a few berries, the yam and fern root, the flowers of the different Banksia, and at times some honey has been reported (Collins 1798 [1975]:461-2). Kohen (1988:239), citing Hunter (1793), has suggested that plant foods were particularly important along the Nepean and Hawkesbury Rivers, where yams provided the staple diet, at least seasonally. WestConnex M4 East 29

40 A wide range of hunting and gathering gear was employed by Darug speaking peoples, with distinctive repertoires for men and women (McDonald 2008:24). Men s gear included several different forms of spears (variously barbed), spear throwers, clubs, swords, boomerangs, shields and hafted stone hatchets known as mogo. Women s toolkits, in contrast, included fishing hooks, lines and sinkers, digging sticks and various containers (shell and wood). Net bags made from plaited wood fibre appear to have been used by both men and women (see Attenbrow 2010:91). Bark canoes were also widely used (Attenbrow 2010:87). Two major forms of shelter appear to have been utilised by Darug speaking peoples at the time of European contact: rockshelters and small huts built from sheets of bark, branches and bushes (Barrington 1802; Collins 1798, 1802; Tench 1793). In keeping with the linguistic division of the Darug language into coastal and hinterland dialects, differences in the nature of huts built along the coast and in the hinterland are attested in early colonial writings, with the former reportedly larger and formed of pieces of bark from several trees put together in the form of an oven with an entrance large enough to hold six to eight people (eg Collins 1798 [1975]:460). Unlike those living along the coast, Darug-speaking peoples occupying the Cumberland Plain appear to have relied heavily on bark huts. Regarding settlement duration, as Attenbrow (2010:54) has observed, there is little direct historical evidence for the length of time people stayed at any one campsite (be it a rockshelter or bark hut), how often they moved, or what motivated them to move to another campsite. Kohen and Lampert (1987), for their part, have argued that some bands probably lived at one campsite for months of each year and regularly returned to it. However, this argument is not universally accepted (eg Attenbrow 2010:55; McDonald 2008). Evidence for ceremonial or ritual behaviour among Darug-speaking peoples can be found in the writings of a number early observers (eg Collins 1798; Phillip 1788 in Hunter 1793 [1968]: 500; Tench 1793), with documented ceremonial activities including corroborees, male initiation ceremonies, ritual combats and various burial, body adornment and personal decoration practices. Although very little information on the subject exists, spiritual authority among Aboriginal language groups in the Sydney region, including the Darug, appears to have been vested in a number of supernatural beings, chief among which was Baiame (see Attenbrow 2010:127). In common with other parts of NSW and Australia more generally, the post-contact history of the Darug-speaking peoples of the Sydney region is primarily one of dispossession and loss, with traditional hunting and camping grounds rapidly claimed and settled by Europeans and populations significantly reduced by introduced diseases such as tuberculosis and small pox (Attenbrow 2010:14-15, 21-22). However, active resistance and friendly relations are also attested in available records. 6.4 Local context Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System A search of the AHIMS database for previously recorded Aboriginal sites within study area was lodged with OEH on 29 July 2014 (search # ). Two further updated searches were lodged: on 5 May 2015 (search #171856), and on 6 May (search #172069).The total search area covered the study area and a wider region beyond the study area. The results of the AHIMS searches are detailed in Appendix C. The location of AHIMS sites within the study area is shown in Figure 6.2. The search identified no registered AHIMS Aboriginal sites within the bounds of the current project corridor. A single AHIMS site was located within the study area, located approximately 1.6 kilometres to the west of the Homebush Bay Drive and the M4 interchange, toward the northern extent of Phillips Park at Lidcombe and outside the project corridor. The identified site (AHIMS # ) was registered as an artefact scatter, consisting of 10 artefacts and some shell fragments in a grossly disturbed area. This site was recorded in 1992 and is listed on the AHIMS register as valid. A total of 155 sites were identified within the total search area. Of these, two had been changed in status in the AHIMS register to Not a Site, making the total number currently valid 153. The most common site type was midden (n=46), following by rockshelter (n=43) and artefact scatter (n=27). Less common site types included art sites (n=14), engravings (n=10), PADs (n=5), burials (n=4), grinding grooves (n=2), an art site with artefact scatter (n=1) and an isolated artefact (n=1). The site types are listed in Table 6-3, along with the percentage for each site type across the whole search area. WestConnex M4 East 30

41 Table 6-3 AHIMS search results Site Type Number Percentage Midden % Rockshelter % Artefact scatter % Art site % Engraving % PAD % Burial % Grinding grooves % Art site; artefact scatter % Isolated artefact % Total % WestConnex M4 East 31

42 32 Figure 6.2 Study area and AHIMS sites

43 6.4.2 Previous Aboriginal heritage investigations Multiple Aboriginal archaeological investigations incorporating survey and/or excavation have been carried out in the region over the past three decades. The results of the most relevant of these investigations are summarised in Table 6-4. Table 6-4 Previous archaeological investigations within 5 km of the study area Author Year Key Findings Location Rich 1985 An archaeological survey was undertaken in the Homebush Bay area as part of the development of conservation measures. A shell midden with an associated artefact scatter was identified at Charity Point. This site was recommended for protective measures. Other isolated artefacts were also identified, which were recommended for destruction under the conditions of a Consent to Destroy permit. Don Godden & Associates NSW Department of Planning 1986 A Conservation Plan was produced for heritage items in the Homebush area, being the State Brickworks and State Abattoir. No Aboriginal cultural heritage items or areas of PAD were identified in association with these items An environmental plan was produced by the NSW Department of Planning in It was designed to manage the Homebush Bay area. The plan did not identify any issues with Aboriginal archaeology within the study area. Newell 1997 An archaeological assessment was undertaken for 95 Ramsay Street in Haberfield, NSW. This study area was located in Lot 1 DP and Lot 1 DP No Aboriginal sites were identified. Brayshaw 1997 A survey was undertaken of the area proposed to be developed into the Olympic Village in Newington. No surface expressions of Aboriginal sites/relics or areas of PAD were identified during the survey. It was concluded that, due to past disturbance in this area, there was no potential for Aboriginal archaeological sites, relics or deposits. Carney & Steele 1997 An Aboriginal heritage survey was undertaken for a study area on Australia Avenue and Fig Tree Avenue Circuit, within the proposed Olympic Park site at Homebush, NSW. Reference to a historic heritage report noted that there were two areas of minimal disturbance that had been flagged as possibly preserving a pre-european ground surface in subsurface deposits. The survey confirmed a lack of disturbance in these two areas, which were recommended for monitoring during the proposed works. Approx. 3.3 km to the north of the study area Immediately adjacent to the study area Within the study area Within the study area Immediately adjacent to the study area Immediately adjacent to the study area WestConnex M4 East 33

44 Author Year Key Findings Location Lee 1998 Emma Lee undertook the research and writing of the history of Homebush Bay in association with the Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council (MLALC). The report highlighted the contemporary urban nature of the current Aboriginal community, and described their fight for recognition in relation to not fitting a stereotyped image expected by the Olympic Coordination Authority during the development of Olympic Park. Lee characterised the Homebush area as one utilised by both coastal and inland groups through a shared system of protocol. Scarred trees marking past territorial areas were noted in the oral history and identified as extant in remnant Cumberland Plain forest at Newington. Stuart 2000 A heritage impact statement was produced for a proposed Telecommunications Facility at Parramatta Road, Haberfield. No Aboriginal sites were identified. McLoughlin 2000 Using available data, McLoughlin produced a study of Estuarine wetlands distribution along the Parramatta River between 1788 and The conclusion was that mangroves were more limited to creek fringes in the past, with saltmarsh communities dominating the inter-tidal zone. From the late 19th century onwards the mangroves had been expanding into the saltmarsh areas, resulting in the landscape being as it is today. Newell 2002 An updated archaeological assessment was undertaken for 95 Ramsay Street in Haberfield (Lot 1 DP & Lot 1 DP ). No Aboriginal sites were identified. Orwell & Peter Phillips Navin Officer Heritage Consultants DCP Heritage Burwood Council 2005 Orwell & Peter Phillips produced a Conservation Management Plan (CMP) for Homebush Railway Station due to its identified heritage value and listing as an item of State significance. It was stated that there was no potential for subsurface archaeological deposits within the curtilage of the station due to extensive ground disturbance associated with development in this area An inspection was undertaken of an area proposed for a turnback with other rail facilities at Homebush Railway Station. No Aboriginal sites areas of PAD were identified. The project was recommended to proceed The Cheltenham Park Former Burwood Brickworks was assessed in order to produce a Heritage Impact Assessment for a Section 140 Excavation Permit Application. The area was identified as containing historic heritage, including in situ flues from the Burwood Brickworks, which had operated at this location between 1912 and It was recommended that an archaeological excavation program be undertaken in this area, including the partial excavation of the flues prior to backfilling them for preservation, with the intention being to leave the features in situ A Plan of Management document was produced for the Wangal Park area. Due to the highly disturbed nature of the site, it was concluded that there was almost no potential for re-establishing self-sustaining vegetation communities, noting that revegetation and ongoing management were required. Contains northwest portion of study area Within the study area Immediately adjacent to the study area Within the study area Within the study area Within the study area Within the study area Within the study area WestConnex M4 East 34

45 6.5 Aboriginal site predictions With regard to the environmental and archaeological context of the study area, the assessment made the following predictions about the Aboriginal archaeological record in the area: Surface evidence of past Aboriginal occupation within the study area is likely to comprise stone artefact sites in surface and subsurface contexts in areas that have not been subject to gross disturbance Aboriginal shell midden sites are most likely to occur in tidal estuarine foreshore zones (that is, within 10 metres of high water level). It is unlikely that any shell midden sites will occur within the study area, because of the gross disturbance of those areas where they may once have occurred. Disturbance has occurred through waterway channelisation, land reclamation and urban development Scarred trees may occur in areas of remnant bushland, if mature native vegetation remains extant Stone artefact sites are likely to comprise flaked stone assemblages, most likely dominated by silcrete, as well as tuff and petrified wood. Where identified, these sites are likely to be located in areas of remnant landscape. Stone artefact sites may occur in surface or sub-surface contexts within the study area Aboriginal archaeological sites are highly unlikely to occur in areas previously subjected to significant levels of landscape modification resulting from waterway channelisation, land reclamation and urban development. 6.6 Investigation areas A review of the environmental and archaeological context of the study area identified of the following key investigation areas for targeted archaeological survey: Sydney Olympic Park Bressington Park Mason Park Ismay Reserve Phillips Park Henley Park Queen Elizabeth Park Goddard Park Concord Oval St Lukes Park Five Dock Leisure Centre/Golf Course Five Dock Park Timbrell Park Reg Coady Reserve Jegorow Reserve Algie Park Bede Spillane Gardens Croydon Public School Park Blair Park Cheltenham Road Park WestConnex M4 East 35

46 Vegetated areas parallel to the M4 Vegetated areas parallel to Parramatta Road Accessible areas parallel to Dobroyd Canal (Iron Cove Creek), Powells Creek, Saleyards Creek, St Lukes Park Canal and other unnamed water channels. The results of the investigation of these areas are provided in Section 7. WestConnex M4 East 36

47 7 Results A site inspection was undertaken over two days on 8 and 9 April 2015 by AECOM archaeologists Dr Darran Jordan and Luke Atkinson. The inspection was also attended by MLALC representative Lee Davison. No native title owners or claimants were identified. Pedestrian transects were walked across those publicly accessible sections of the study area that had not been subject to significant development. These were predominantly park areas and unnamed open areas, including vegetated areas parallel to the M4 and Parramatta Road corridors, and accessible areas parallel to Dobroyd Canal (Iron Cove Creek), Powells Creek, Saleyards Creek, St Lukes Park Canal and other unnamed water channels. All inspected waterways within the study area were generally highly modified from their natural state, currently comprising concrete-lined, channelised open drains and subsurface piped drains. The majority of the parks and other open spaces inspected within the study area were generally highly disturbed by earthworks and ground modification associated with the construction of parks and sporting ovals. No surface expressions of Aboriginal objects or places were identified within the project corridor. A single AHIMS site was located within the study area, located approximately 1.6 kilometres to the west of the Homebush Bay Drive and the M4 interchange, which is outside the project corridor. The site card for # identified the site as containing 10 artefacts and some shell fragments. AECOM identified shell fragments in a highly disturbed urban context but no artefacts were identified during this inspection. The project would not have an impact on this site. Two areas of potential Aboriginal archaeological sensitivity were identified: Mason Park, off Underwood Road, Homebush Queen Elizabeth Park, between Broughton Street and Addison Avenue in Concord. AECOM notes that both of these areas are outside the current project corridor and that the project would not have an impact on them. Cheltenham Road Park (including Wangal Park) in Croydon is 100 metres south of the proposed driven tunnel section of the project. This site was assessed for its potential to contain items of Aboriginal cultural heritage. At the time of inspection, an artificial wetlands area was being constructed within the grounds of Wangal Park. Superficially, the exposed soil appeared to include sand deposits suggestive of a pre-disturbance wetland environment, and suggesting the possibility that similar deposits could be present under Cheltenham Road Park. Background research identified that the location had been used for the historic Burwood Brickworks, which included a clay borrow pit within the Wangal Park footprint. In light of this information, AECOM assessed this area as having no Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity. Results of the archaeological survey of the investigation areas are provided in Table 7-1, with photos in Appendix D. Rating scales used for GSV and ground integrity are provided in Appendix E. WestConnex M4 East 37

48 Table 7-1 Investigation area results Investigation area Sydney Olympic Park Bressington Park Approximate distance from project corridor Description >500 m Developed sports facility areas with roads and car parks. 500 m Southern portion contained developed park area playing field, northern portion was modified upper slope and crest with grasses and weeds up to waist height. Mason Park 500 m Wetland area in eastern portion, playing fields in western portion. Ismay Reserve 200 m Public park area adjacent to concrete drainage channel. Average ground surface visibility (GSV) Average ground integrity (GI) Key disturbance factors Poor Low Native vegetation removal, creek channel modification with concrete drainage channels, roads and development. Poor Low Native vegetation removal and earthworks. Fair High Bike/walking paths around wetlands, developed playing fields in western portion. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, creek channel modification with concrete drainage channel, public park area. Findings No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. No Aboriginal archaeological sites were identified. No areas of PAD were identified. Area identified as possible past cultural resource. NLALC representative identified cultural value. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. WestConnex M4 East 38

49 Investigation area Approximate distance from project corridor Description Average ground surface visibility (GSV) Average ground integrity (GI) Key disturbance factors Phillips Park 1.7 km Public park area. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop playing field and picnic areas. Henley Park 500 m Public park area. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop playing field. Queen Elizabeth Park Goddard Park 500 m Public park area with some remnant old growth native vegetation. Fair High Native vegetation removal in some areas, landscape modification for park development. 200 m Public park area. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop park area. Concord Oval 100 m Public park area. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop oval. Saint Lukes Park Five Dock Leisure Centre/Golf Course 500 m Public park area. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop park area. 400 m Golf course. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop golf course. Findings Registered AHIMS site # is present at this location. It was recorded as consisting of 10 artefacts and some shell fragments in a grossly disturbed area. This inspection identified shell fragments and some non-artefactual quartz. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. No Aboriginal archaeological sites were identified. The section of the park with limited ground disturbance impacts and retention of mature native vegetation was identified as an area of PAD. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. WestConnex M4 East 39

50 Investigation area Five Dock Park Approximate distance from project corridor Description Average ground surface visibility (GSV) Average ground integrity (GI) Key disturbance factors 700 m Public park area. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop park area. Timbrell Park 300 m Public park area. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop park area. Reg Coady Reserve Within project corridor Public park area. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop park area. Findings No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. Jegorow Reserve 300 m Public park area. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop park area. Algie Park 300 m Public park area. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop park area. Bede Spillane Gardens Croydon Public School Park 250 m Public park area. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop park area. 800 m Park area attached to the adjacent public school. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop park area. Blair Park 400 m Public park area. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks to develop park area. Cheltenham Road Park 100 m Public park area. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, installation of play equipment. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. WestConnex M4 East 40

51 Investigation area Approximate distance from project corridor Description Average ground surface visibility (GSV) Average ground integrity (GI) Key disturbance factors Findings Vegetated areas parallel to the M4 Within project corridor Grossly disturbed earthwork areas covered by regrowth vegetation. Poor Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks associated with road development. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. Vegetated areas parallel to Parramatta Road Within project corridor Grossly disturbed earthwork areas covered by regrowth vegetation. Poor Low Native vegetation removal, earthworks associated with road development. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. Accessible areas parallel to Dobroyd Canal (Iron Cove Creek) Partially within project corridor Park areas either side of a concrete channelised creek alignment. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, creek channel modification with concrete drainage channels, landscape modification for park development. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. Accessible areas parallel to Powells Creek Partially within project corridor Park and wetland areas either side of a concrete channelised creek alignment. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, creek channel modification with concrete drainage channels, bike/walking paths, wetlands development, landscape modification for park areas. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. Accessible areas parallel to St.Lukes Park Canal and unnamed water channels Partially within project corridor Industrial and suburban development either side of a concrete channelised alignment. Fair Low Native vegetation removal, creek channel modification with concrete drainage channels, industrial and suburban development. No Aboriginal archaeological sites or areas of PAD were identified. WestConnex M4 East 41

52 8 Constraints The assessment identified constraints located within the study area as shown on Figure 8.1. They include: AHIMS registered site # , located approximately 1.6 kilometres to the west of the Homebush Bay Drive and the M4 interchange, toward the northern extent of Phillips Park at Lidcombe and outside the project corridor, was re-identified during the current survey of the study area. The site card for # listed 10 artefacts and shell fragments. Shell fragments in a disturbed context were present but no artefacts were identified during this inspection Two areas of potential Aboriginal archaeological sensitivity: Mason Park, off Underwood Road at Homebush, which contained a section of extant saltmarsh and tidal mangrove swamp, currently called the Mason Park Wetlands. The area was assessed as being an area of potential Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity. MLALC representative Lee Davison identified the area as having cultural value as part of a past Aboriginal resource area Queen Elizabeth Park, between Broughton Street and Addison Avenue at Concord. The park contained remnant Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark forest with mature Ironbark, Blackbutt and White Stringybark species. The presence of this remnant forest indicated a lack of disturbance and that subsurface deposits in this area could contain Aboriginal objects. It was assessed as being an area of potential Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity. WestConnex M4 East 42

53 "!Ã Rhodes Concord Road " " " " "" " "! N # " " " " " Haslams Creek " " " M4 Motorway Olympic Park!Ã Homebush Bay Drive interchange Saleyards Creek!Ã Powells Creek Concord West Main North Rail Line Mason Park!Ã Motorway operations complex North Strathfield CANADA BAY Queen Elizabeth Park Sa lt water Creek St. Luke's Park Gipps Street St Lukes Park Canal " Cintra Park fresh air supply facility Parramatta Road Timbrell Park Dobroyd Canal (Iron Cove Creek) Wattle Street (City West Link) interchange Hawthorne Canal Parramatta Road interchange LEICHHARDT!Ã Lidcombe!Ã AUBURN " Olympic Park Railway Phillips Park Flemington!Ã Western ventilation facility Homebush!Ã STRATHFIELD!Ã Strathfield Powells Creek M4 on-ramp Concord Road interchange Burwood!Ã BURWOOD Main Western Line Cheltenham Road Park Eastern ventilation facility Croydon!Ã Liverpool Road!Ã LEGEND ASHFIELD Ashfield Study Area!Ã " Registered Aboriginal heritage site Summer Hill Lewisham!Ã MARRICKVILLE 0 1 km!ã The project 43 Cooks River CANTERBURY Major road Minor road Railway Waterway Areas of potential Aboriginal archaeological sensitivity!ã Figure 8.1 Constraints map Figure 8.1 Constraints map!ã

54 9 Summary of findings and recommendations 9.1 Summary of findings The following key observations are made: Areas of grossly disturbed terrain are unlikely to retain Aboriginal archaeological materials in surface or subsurface contexts No surface expressions of Aboriginal objects or places were identified AHIMS registered site # , located approximately 1.6 kilometres to the west of the Homebush Bay Drive and the M4 interchange, toward the northern extent of Phillips Park at Lidcombe and outside the project corridor, was re-identified during the current survey of the study area. The site card for # listed 10 artefacts and shell fragments. Shell fragments in a disturbed context were present but no artefacts were identified during this inspection. This site would not be affected by the project Two areas of potential Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity were identified: Mason Park, off Underwood Road, Homebush Queen Elizabeth Park, between Broughton Street and Addison Avenue, Concord Neither of these potential areas of sensitivity will be affected, either directly or indirectly, by the construction or operation of the project. 9.2 Management recommendations Based on the above key findings, the following recommendations are made: As the areas of potential Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity are outside the project corridor, no further assessment (PACHCI Stage 3) is required Should additional project areas be proposed that are outside the curtilage of the study area defined for this assessment (refer Figure 6.2), then these areas should also be subject to a PACHCI Stage 2 assessment Should any unexpected finds of Aboriginal places, objects or deposits be identified during the proposed works, the Roads and Maritime Standard Management Procedure: Unexpected Heritage Items should be followed (Roads and Maritime, 2015). 9.3 Stage 3 PACHCI assessment In the event that potential areas of sensitivity could be directly or indirectly affected by the project, a Stage 3 PACHCI would be required. Roads and Maritime s Stage 3 PACHCI Assessment consists of the following components: 1. Consultation with Aboriginal stakeholders in accordance with OEH s Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents (DECCW 2010b). Consultation consists of several key components including a newspaper advertisement to identify stakeholders, stakeholder review of project methodology (enforced 28 days), participation in field survey and review of the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment (enforced 28 days) 2. Archaeological survey and where required archaeological test excavation 3. Preparation of an Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment report to determine project impacts and appropriate mitigation measures 4. Where required, preparation of an AHIP for submission to OEH. The minimum timeframe for completing a Stage 3 PACHCI Assessment is generally six months but can be longer, depending on project complexity and proposed impacts. WestConnex M4 East 44

55 10 References AECOM Australia Pty Ltd. (2015). WestConnex M4 East PACHCI Stage 1. Allen, J., & O Connell, J. F. (1995). Transitions: Pleistocene to Holocene in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Antiquity, 69(265), ix 862. Attenbrow, V. (2010). Sydney s Aboriginal Past: Investigating the archaeological and historical records. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press Ltd. Attenbrow, V. (2012). The Aboriginal Prehistory and Archaeology of Royal National Park and Environs : A Review. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 134, B39 B64. Attenbrow, V., Graham, I., Kononenko, N., Corkill, T., Byrnes, J., Barron, L., & Grave, P. (2012). Crossing the Great Divide: A Ground-Edge Hatchet-Head from Vaucluse, Sydney. Archaeology in Oceania, 47, Attenbrow, V., Robertson, G., & Hiscock, P. (2009). The changing abundance of backed artefacts in south-eastern Australia: a response to Holocene climate change. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36, Austral Archaeology Pty Ltd. (2011). Windsor Museum, NSW: Aboriginal Archaeological and Cultural Salvage Excavation AHIP #2119. Unpublished report for Hawkesbury City Council. Australian Government. (2015). Atlas of Living Australia. Retrieved July 10, 2014, from Australian Museum Business Services. (2000). Mungerie Park Town Centre: Archaeological Salvage Excavations near Kellyville, Cumberland Plain, NSW. Australian Museum Business Services. (2002). Western Sydney Orbital (WSO) Plumpton Ridge Archaeological Test Excavations. Sydney. Baker, N. (1996). Archaeological Test Excavations at Plumpton Ridge, Proposed Sydney Orbital Road Route EIS. Unpublished report for Robynne Mills and Sinclair Knight Pty Ltd. Barrallier, F. (1802). Journal of the Expedition into the Interior of New South Wales. Melbourne: Marsh Walsh Publishing. Barrington, G. (1802). The History of New South Wales, including Botany Bay, Port Jackson, Parramatta, Sydney and all its Dependents. London: Paternoster Row. Beaton, J. (1985). Evidence for a coastal occupation time-lag at Princess Charlotte Bay (North Queensland) and implications for coastal colonization and population growth theories for Aboriginal Australia. Archaeology in Oceania, 20, Bowler, J., Jones, R., Allen, H., & Thorne, A. (1970). Pleistocene Human Remains From Australia: A Living Site and Human Cremation from Lake Mungo, Western New South Wales. World Archaeology, 2, Brayshaw, H. (1997). Olympic Village Site, Newington Homebush Bay Aboriginal Archaeology. Brumm, A., & Moore, M. W. (2005). Symbolic Revolutions and the Australian Archaeological Record. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 15(02), 157. doi: /s WestConnex M4 East 45

56 Burwood Council. (2013). Wangal Park Plan of Management. Capell, A. (1970). Aboriginal Languages in the South Central Coast, New South Wales: Fresh Discoveries. Oceania, 41, Carney, M., & Steele, D. (1997). Aboriginal Heritage Survey Australia Avenue, Fig Tree Avenue Circuit, 2000 Olympic Site Homebush, NSW. Chapman, G. A., & Murphy, C. L. (1989). Soil Landscapes of the Sydney 1: Sheet. Soil Conservation Service of N.S.W., Sydney. Clarke, P. (2012). Australian Plants as Aboriginal Tools. Rosenberg Publishing Pty Ltd. Collins, D. (1798). An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales. Vol. 1. (B. H. Fletcher, Ed.). The Strand, London: T. Cadell Jun. & W. Davies [ Republished in 1975 by AH & AW Reed in assoc. with the Royal Australian Historical Society, Sydney]. Collins, D. (1802). An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales. Vol. 2. (J. Collier, Ed.). The Strand, London: T. Cadell Jun. & W. Davies [ Republished in 1971 by the Libraries Board of South Australia. Australiana Facsimile Editions No. 76] Sydney]. Corkill, T. (1997). Red, Yellow and Black: Colour and Heat in Archaeological Stone. Australian Archaeology, 45, Corkill, T. (1999). Here and There: Links between Stone Sources and Aboriginal Archaeological Sites in Sydney, Australia. Unpublished thesis to University of Sydney. Corkill, T. (2005). Sourcing stone from the Sydney region: a hatchet job. Australian Archaeology, 60, Dallas, M., & Witter, D. C. (1983). Investigation of an Aboriginal open site at Plumpton, NSW. Dawes, W. (1790). Languages of the Port Jackson Aborigines. Unpublished manuscript. DCP Heritage. (2006). Cheltenham Park Former Burwood Brickworks Heritage Impact Assessment for Section 140 Excavation Permit Application. Don Godden & Associates. (1986). State Brickworks, State Abbatoir, Homebush Conservation Plan. Prepared for Government Archietect, Public Works Department. Fanning, P. C., & Holdaway, S. J. (2004). Artifact Visibility at Open Sites in Western New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Field Archaeology, 29, Fanning, P. C., Holdaway, S. J., Rhodes, E. J., & Bryant, T. G. (2009). The Surface Archaeological Record in Arid Australia: Geomorphic Controls on Preservation, Exposure, and Visibility. Geoarchaeology, 24(2), Gould, R. (1969). Puntutjarpa Rockshelter: A Reply to Messrs Glover and Lampert. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania, 4, Grave, P., Attenbrow, V., Sutherland, L., Pogson, R., & Forster, N. (2012). Non-destructive PXRF of Mafic Stone Tools. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(6), doi: /j.jas Hiscock, P. (1993a). Bondian Technology in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales. Archaeology in Oceania, 28, WestConnex M4 East 46

57 Hiscock, P. (1993b). The Distribution of Points Within Nauwalabila 1. The Beagle, (10), Hiscock, P. (1994). Technological Responses to Risk in Holocene Australia. Journal of World Prehistory, 8(3), Hiscock, P. (2006). Blunt to the Point: Changing Technological Strategies in Holocene Australia. Hiscock, P. (2008). Archaeology of Ancient Australia. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis. doi: / Hiscock, P., & Attenbrow, V. (1998). Early Holocene Backed Artefacts from Australia. Archaeology in Oceania, 33, Hiscock, P., & Attenbrow, V. (2004). A Revised Sequence of Backed Artefact Production at Capertee 3. Archaeology in Oceania, 39(2), Holdaway, S., Fanning, P., & Witter, D. C. (2000). Prehistoric Aboriginal Occupation of the Rangelands: Interpreting the Surface Archaeological Record of Far Western NSW. The Rangeland Journal, 22(1), Hunter, J. (1793). An Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island. London: J.Stockdale. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (1997a). Archaeological Salvage of Site RMI at Richmond, NSW: Test and Salvage Excavation Report. Unpublished report for Restifa & Partners. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (1997b). Interim Heritage Management Report: ADI Site, St Marys. Test Excavation Report. Unpublished report for the ADI Ltd - Lend Lease Joint Venture. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2001). Salvage Excavations of Six Sites along Caddies, Second Ponds, Smalls and Cattai Creeks in the Rouse Hill Development Area, NSW. Unpublished report for Rouse Hill Infrastructure Consortium. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2002a). Archaeological Excavations at Balfour Drive, Kellyville, NSW (Site RH/SC5). Archaeological Salvage Programme Prior to Residential Development. Unpublished report for Mepstead & Associates on behalf of Bake Investments Pty Ltd and Cardno BLH Pty Ltd. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2002b). Archaeological Excavations at Windsor Road, Kellyville, NSW (Site RH/CD12: NPWS # ). Unpublished report for Australand Holdings Pty Ltd. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2004). Archaeological Salvage Excavation at Conrad Road PAD 1 (Site RH/SP 13) Rouse Hill, NSW. Unpublished report for Australand Holdings Ltd. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2005a). Archaeological Salvage Excavation of Eight Archaeological Landscapes in the Second Ponds Creek Valley, Rouse Hill Development Area, NSW, Volume 1 (Vol. I). Unpublished report for Rouse Hill Infrastructure Pty Ltd and Landcom. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2005b). Archaeological Salvage Excavation of Site RTA-GI, George Street, Parramatta, NSW. Sydney: Report to Landcom. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2006a). Archaeological Salvage Excavation at the St Marys Project Eastern Precinct: Site ADI:EPI (NPWS # ). Unpublished report for Lend Lease. WestConnex M4 East 47

58 Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2006b). Archaeological Salvage Excavation at the St Marys Project Eastern Precinct: Site ADI:EPI (NPWS # ). Unpublished report for Lend Lease. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2006c). Archaeological Salvage Excavation of the Colebee Release Area, Schofields, NSW: Volume 1. Unpublished report for Medallist Gold Holdings Pty Ltd. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2006d). Salvage Excavation of Site RH/SP7 (AHIMS # ) Mile End Road, Rouse Hill, NSW. Unpublished report for Bowdens on behalf of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2007). Salvage Excavation of Four Archaeological Sites in the Caddies Creek Precinct, Rouse Hill Regional Centre, NSW. Unpublished report for Lend Lease GPT (Rouse Hill) Pty Ltd. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2008a). Archaeological Salvage at ADI-FF22: The ADI Eastern Precinct Fauna Fence, St Marys. Unpublished report for Delfin Lend Lease. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2008b). Excavation of Two Archaeological Sites in the Second Ponds Creek Parklands Corridor. Unpublished report for Incoll Pty Ltd on behalf of Landcom. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd. (2011). Archaeological Survey for the Stages 2 and 3 PACHCI Assessment of the Northern Road. Unpublished report for Lend Lease. Jo McDonald Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd, Mitchell, P., & Rich, E. (1996). A Further Investigation of site RS1 (# ) at Regentville, Mulgoa Creek, Western Sydney, NSW. Unpublished report for Pacific Power. Jones, D. C., & Clark, N. R. (1991). Geology of the Penrith 1:100,000 Sheet NSW Department of Minerals and Energy. Koettig, M., & Hughes, P. (1995). Test Excavations at RS1 Regentville near Penrith on the Cumberland Plain. Report to Pacific Power by Archaeological Services and Kinhill Engineers Pty. Ltd. Kohen, J. (1985). Aborigines in the West: Prehistory to Present. Sydney: Western Sydney Project. Kohen, J. (1986a). Prehistoric Settlement in the Western Cumberland Plain: Resources, Environment and Technology. Macquarie University, Sydney. Kohen, J. (1986b). Prehistoric settlement in the western Cumberland Plain: resources, environment and technology. Macquarie University. Kohen, J. (1988). The Dharug of the Western Cumberland Plain: Ethnography and Demography. In B. Meehan & R. Jones (Eds.), Archaeology with Ethnography: An Australian Perspective (pp ). Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. Kohen, J. (1990). A Dictionary of the Dharug Language: the Inland Dialect. Blacktown: Blacktown and District Historical Society. Kohen, J. (1993). Darug and their Neighbours: The Traditional Aboriginal Owners of the Sydney Region. Sydney: Darug Link in assoc. with Blacktown and District Historical Society. Kohen, J. (1995). Aboriginal Environmental Impacts. Sydney: UNSW Press. WestConnex M4 East 48

59 Kohen, J., & Downing, A. J. (1992). Aboriginal Use of Plants on the Western Cumberland Plain. Sydney Basin Naturalist, 1, 1 8. Kohen, J., & Lampert, R. (1987). Hunters and Fishers in the Sydney Region. In D. J. Mulvaney & J. P. White (Eds.), Australians to 1788 (1st ed., pp ). Sydney: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates. Kohen, J., Stockton, E. D., & Williams, M. A.. (1984). Shaws Creek KII Rockshelter: a prehistoric occupation site in the Blue Mountains piedmont, eastern New South Wales. Archaeology in Oceania, 19(2), Lassak, E., & McCarthy, T. (2001). Australian Medicinal Plants. Sydney: New Holland. Lee, E. (1998). Histories of Homebush Bay and the Sydney Aboriginal Fight for Recognition, Retrieved from Lourandos, H. (1983). Intensification. A late Pleistocene-Holocene archaeological sequence from southwestern Victoria. Archaeology in Oceania, 18, Lourandos, H. (1997). Continent of hunter-gatherers. New perspectives in Australian prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lourandos, H., & Ross, A. (1994). The great intensification debate : Its history and place in Australian archaeology. Australian Archaeology, 39, Matthews, R. H. (1901). The Thurrawal Language, including the Gundungurra and Dharruk Languages. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 35, Matthews, R. H. (1903). The Dharruk Language. Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 35, Matthews, R. H., & Everitt, M. M. (1900). The Organisation, Language and Initiation Ceremonies of the Aborigines of the South-East Coast of New South Wales. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 34, McCarthy, F. D. (1948). The Lapstone Creek Excavation. Two Culture Periods Revealed in Eastern New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum, 22(1), McCarthy, F. D. (1964). The Archaeology of the Capertee Valley, New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum, 26(6), McCarthy, F. D. (1967). Australian Aboriginal Stone Implements (2nd Ed.). Sydney: The Australian Museum Trust. McDonald, J. (1986). Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Proposed Schofields Regional Depot, Plumpton, N.S.W. Unpublished report for the Metropolitan Waste Disposal Authority. McDonald, J. (1993). Excavation of Two Sites on Eastern Creek (PB1 and PB2), Doonside. Unpublished report for Blacktown City Council. McDonald, J. (2008). Dreamtime Superhighway: Sydney Basin Rock Art and Prehistoric Information Exchange. Canberra: Australian National University Press. McDonald, J., & Rich, E. (1994). The Discovery of a Heat Treatment Pit on the Cumberland Plain, Western Sydney. Australian Archaeology, (38), WestConnex M4 East 49

60 McDonald, J., & Rich, E. (1995). Archaeological Salvage of Site WH3 (# ): Project 12603, Cowpastures Road, West Hoxton, New South Wales. Unpublished report for Lean, Lackenby & Hayward. McLoughlin, L. C. (2000). Estuarine wetlands distribution along the Parramatta River, Sydney, : implications for planning and conservation. Moore, M. W. (2000). Technology of Hunter Valley microlith assemblages, New South Wales. Australian Archaeology, 51, Moore, M. W. (2013). Simple Stone Flaking in Australasia: Patterns and Implications. Quaternary International, 285, Nanson, G. C., Young, R. W., & Stockton, E. (1987). Chronology and palaeoenvironment of the Cranebrook Terrace (near Sydney) containing artefacts more than 40,000 years old. Archaeology in Oceania, 22, Navin Officer Heritage Consultants. (2005). Railway Clearways Program - Homebush Turnback Indigenous Heritage Assessment. Newell, L. (1997). Archaeological Assessment of 95 Ramsay Street, Haberfield Lot 1 DP and Lot 1 DP Newell, L. (2002). Archaeological Assessment of 95 Ramsay Street, Haberfield (Lot 1 DP & Lot 1 DP ). Report for Clayton Utz Lawyers for BP Australia. NSW Department of Environment & Conservation. (2004). Interim Community Consultation Requirements for Applicants. National Parks. Sydney: Department of Environment and Conservation. NSW Department of Environment Climate Change & Water. (2010a). Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents. Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water. NSW Department of Environment Climate Change & Water. (2010b). Code of Practice for Archaeological Investigation of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales. Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water. NSW Department of Planning. (1994). Homebush Bay - Sydney Regional Environmental Plan No Homebush Bay Area. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (1997). Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Standards and Guidelines Kit (First.). Sydney: NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. NSW Office of Environment & Heritage. (2011). Guide to Investigating, Assessing and Reporting on Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in NSW. Office of Environment and Heritage. Orwell & Peter Phillips. (2005). Homebush Conservation Management Plan. Przywolnik, K. (2007). The Western Sydney Regional Aboriginal Heritage Study. Unpublished report to DECCW. Rich, E. (1985). Homebush Bay conservation. RMS. (2011). Roads and Maritime Services procedure for Aboriginal cultural heritage consultation and investigation. National Parks. RMS. Roads and Maritime Services. (2015). Standard Management Procedure: Unexpected Heritage Items. WestConnex M4 East 50

61 Smith, L. (1989). Aboriginal site planning study in the Sydney Basin: the Cumberland Plain. Stage 1. Report to the NPWS. Stewart, K., & Percival, B. (1997). Bush Foods of New South Wales: A Botanic Record and an Aboriginal Oral History (p. 52). Sydney: Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. Stuart, I. M. (2000). Heritage Impact Statement proposed Telecommunications Facilities, , Parramatta Road, Haberfield (Metro Motor Inn). Report to Cellsites International by HLA- Envirosciences Pty. Ltd. Tench, W. (1793). A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson. In T. Flannery (Ed.), Melbourne: The Text Publishing Company. Troy, J. (1993). The Sydney Language. Canberra: Jakelin Troy. Upper Parramatta River Catchment Trust. (2002). Upper Parramatta River Catchment Education Resource Kit. Retrieved October 24, 2013, from Sheets/Subcatchment/S9 - Upper Parramatta River.htm White, E., & McDonald, J. (2010). Lithic Artefact Distribution in the Rouse Hill Development Area, Cumberland Plain, New South Wales. Australian Archaeology, (70), White, J. (1790). Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales. Piccadilly, London: J. Debrett [Republished in 1962 by Angus & Robertson in assoc. with the Royal Australian Historical Society, Sydney]. Williams, A., Mitchell, P., Wright, R., & Toms, P. (2012). A Terminal Pleistocene Open Site on the Hawkesbury River, Pitt Town NSW. Australian Archaeology, Williams, A. N., Atkinson, F., Lau, M., & Toms, P. S. (2014). A Glacial Cryptic Refuge in South-East Australia: Human Occupation and Mobility from 36,000 years ago in the Sydney Basin, New South Wales. Journal of Quaternary Science, 29(8), Worgan, G. B. (1788). Journal of a First Fleet Surgeon. Sydney: The Library Council of Australia in assoc. with the Library of Australian History. WestConnex M4 East 51

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63 Appendix A PACHCI Process WestConnex M4 East

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65 Stage 1 Initial RMS assessment Is the project exempt development? Undertake an AHIMS search (and other heritage searches). Provide results to ACHA and RES ACHA and RES to review project impacts. Are there potential impacts on Aboriginal cultural heritage No further Aboriginal cultural heritage consultation required. Finalise Aboriginal component of PEI/EIS/SEE/REF. Project may proceed in accordance with all other consents or approvals (Part 4, Part 5, SSI or SSD) unless exempt. Exempt activities must meet the relevant standard safeguards outlined in the Routine and Minor Works Procedure. Is cultural mapping with advertising required? PM to consult with SES(H) and ACHA to tailor a consultation and assessment schedule. Stage 2 Further assessment and site survey Specific Aboriginal stakeholders and an archaeologist undertake survey together (or cultural mapping first, if required). Are impacts to objects, places or other cultural features expected? Prepare archaeological methodology, and AHIP application, if required No further Aboriginal cultural heritage consultation required. Finalise Aboriginal component of PEI/EIS/SEE/REF. Project may proceed in accordance with all other consents or approvals (Part 4, Part 5, SSI or SSD) unless exempt. Exempt activities must meet the relevant standard safeguards outlined in the Routine and Minor Works Procedure. Stage 3 Formal consultation and preparation of a cultural heritage assessment report Identify, notify and register Aboriginal parties, Further engage archaeologist. Send archaeological methodology to Aboriginal parties for review and cultural input. Allow 28 days. Allow extra time if a detailed cultural assessment, if required. During the 28 day review period, hold Aboriginal focus group meeting. Are potential impacts to objects or places expected? Can potential impacts to objects or places be avoided? Prepare draft cultural heritage assessment report (CHAR) including input from Aboriginal parties. Send to Aboriginal parties for 28 days review. Hold AFG then finalise. Are additional potential impacts to objects or places identified? No further Aboriginal cultural heritage consultation required. Finalise Aboriginal component of PEI/EIS/SEE/REF. Project may proceed in accordance with all other consents or approvals (Part 4, Part 5, SSI or SSD). Is testing required to assess the significance of the site or the project impact? SSD and SSI projects Part 4 or 5 projects All projects Can testing be done in accordance with the OEH s archaeological code of practice? Prepare draft CHAR including input from Aboriginal parties. Send to Aboriginnal parties for 28 days review. Notify OEH in writing 14 days before commencing investigations Apply for AHIP. Is it approved Reconsider options or archaeological methodology Engage site offices, if required Engage site offices, if required Undertake archaeological testing in accordance with DGRs. Prepare archaeological excavation report. Undertake archaeological testing in accordance with AHIP conditions. Prepare archaeological excavation report. Undertake archaeological testing in accordance with code of practice. Prepare archaeological excavation report. Prepare draft CHAR, or amend existing CHAR. Send to Aboriginal parties for 28 days review. Hold AFG then finalise Finalise Aboriginal component of PEI/EIS/SEE/REF. Project may proceed in accordance with all other consents or approvals (Part 4, Part 5, SSI or SSD). If further impacts/salvage is required, proceed to Stage 4. Stage 4 Implement environmental impact assessment recommendations SSD or SSI projects Part 4 or Part 5 projects Apply to OEH for and AHIP or AHIP variation. Is it approved? Reconsider options or archaeological methodology Implement the cultural heritage assessment report recommendations (such as salvage) in accordance with any heritage construction management sub-plans, any AHIP and any planning approval conditions. Finalise excavation report, if required. Proceed with project in accordance with all approvals The PACHCI process (Roads and Maritime Services, 2011)

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67 Appendix B Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council Heritage Report WestConnex M4 East

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69 ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT ROADS AND MARITIME SERVICES WESTCONNEX M4 EAST APRIL 2015 Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land council Lee Davison Culture and Heritage Officer Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment RMS WestConnex M4 East

70 Purpose The purpose of this assessment is to determine whether features of Aboriginal cultural heritage occur within the study area and whether they would be affected by the project (WestConnex - M4 East). Project details Project title: RMS, WestConnex M4 East Location: Parramatta Road and surrounding area from Haberfield to M4 This assessment was completed for RMS by Lee Davison on Wednesday 8 th and Thursday 9 th April, 2015 on behalf of the Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council. Others present were Darren Jordan (Archaeologist, AECOM) and Luke Atkinson (Geoarchaeologist, AECOM). Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment RMS WestConnex M4 East

71 Project Background RMS proposes to extend the M4 Motorway with a tunnel (about 5km long) from the M4 to Parramatta Road and City West Link, Haberfield. Three lanes in each direction will help remove through traffic from Parramatta Road, including heavy vehicles, and ease congestion for local travel. RMS has concerns for the effect the vibration of tunnelling machinery would have on any rock shelters within and surrounding the study area. Description The study area consists of heavily disturbed land due to the previous construction of roads, residential development, shops and various businesses, recreational parks and the M4. The study area is 7-8 km long and 1-2 km wide and is within close proximity of the Parramatta River. The Parramatta River was a major food source for the local Aboriginal people, the Boromedegal and Wangal clans, before and during early European occupation. Before European arrival and modern residential development, the study area and surrounds would have harboured rock shelters in the hilly landscape and natural watercourses and mud flats from Parramatta River, providing shelter and food sources for the local clans. Methodology Two days were spent walking over the parks, concreted creeks and roadsides to cover the majority of the study area. Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment RMS WestConnex M4 East

72 Results and Conclusion Shell material was found at the water tank in St Lukes Park, Concord, which would most likely be introduced from another location and may have been dredged from a water body and not be part of a midden. Shell material that may be from a midden but from another location, should have protection measures applied where damage may occur. No other features of Aboriginal cultural heritage were identified during this assessment, MLALC have no objection to the project proceeding. Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment RMS WestConnex M4 East

73 Diagram 1 Study area circled in red Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment RMS WestConnex M4 East

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75 Appendix C AHIMS Search Results WestConnex M4 East

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77 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Extensive search - Site list report Purchase Order/Reference : /task 9.0 Client Service ID : SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Northwood Wharf; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden,Michael Guider Griffith Park; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Woolwich Pier; AGD Closed site Valid Artefact : - Shelter with Deposit Lilyfield Cave AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Yerroulbin Cave AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : -, Art (Pigment or Engraved) : - Shelter with Art,Shelter with Midden Walumetta Bay 2;Henley; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Rivendell 2;Concord West; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Glades Bay 1, RYDE 222 GDA Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden 1308,1809, Recorders Val Attenbrow,Elizabeth Rich,Laura-Jane Smith,Miss.Lisa Smith,Aboriginal Heritage Cabarita Park 2;Cabarita Park; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden 1308,2047 Recorders Val Attenbrow,Elizabeth Rich,Laura-Jane Smith,Miss.Lisa Smith Quarantine Park AGD Open site Not a Site Earth Mound : - Not an Aboriginal Site 1308,1809 Recorders Val Attenbrow,Val Attenbrow,Laura-Jane Smith Tarban Ck;RC 4; AGD Closed site Valid Artefact : - Shelter with Deposit Recorders Mary Dallas Consulting Archaeologists,Paul Gorecki France/Exile Bay, Concord. AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden 1809,1911 Recorders Mr.R Taplin Gore Creek Reserve 7 Gore CReek Reserve AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden 1809,1911 Recorders Val Attenbrow Rodd Point;Rodd Park; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden 2047 Recorders Val Attenbrow,Michael Guider Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 05/05/2015 for Darran Jordan for the following area at Lat, Long From : , Lat, Long To : , with a Buffer of 50 meters. Additional Info : Archaeology Report. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 120 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 1 of 9

78 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Extensive search - Site list report Purchase Order/Reference : /task 9.0 Client Service ID : SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Chiswick;Drummoyne; AGD Open site Valid Art (Pigment or Rock Engraving Engraved) : Putney Park 5;PP 5; RYDE 211 AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden ,Aboriginal Heritage Office Iron works cave;dalton's Iron Store;( duplicate copy of ) AGD Closed site Valid Art (Pigment or Engraved) : - Shelter with Art 1809 Recorders Val Attenbrow,Michael Guider,J.F Mann Rozelle Hospital 1;Rozelle Ho5555; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Recorders Val Attenbrow Glade Bay;Gladesville RYDE 223 GDA Open site Valid Art (Pigment or Engraved) : - Rock Engraving Recorders Elizabeth Rich,Aboriginal Heritage Office White Horse Pt. AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Long Nose Point 1.;Birchgrove;9 Numa Street; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Looking Glass PT; RYDE 227 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : -, Shell : - Midden,Open Camp Site ,Aboriginal Heritage Office Looking Glass PT; RYDE 226 GDA Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden ,Aboriginal Heritage Office Bill Mitchell Park 1; RYDE 218 GDA Closed site Valid Art (Pigment or Engraved) : - Shelter with Art ,Aboriginal Heritage Office Bill Mitchell Park 3; RYDE 216 GDA Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden ,Aboriginal Heritage Office Bill Mitchell Park 5; RYDE 220 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : -, Shell : - Midden,Open Camp Site ,Aboriginal Heritage Office Near Woolwich Dock; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : -, Burial : - Burial/s,Shelter with Midden 1390 Recorders Val Attenbrow Sea Street; AGD Closed site Valid Art (Pigment or Engraved) : - Shelter with Art 1390 Recorders Val Attenbrow Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 05/05/2015 for Darran Jordan for the following area at Lat, Long From : , Lat, Long To : , with a Buffer of 50 meters. Additional Info : Archaeology Report. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 120 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 2 of 9

79 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Extensive search - Site list report Purchase Order/Reference : /task 9.0 Client Service ID : SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Villa Floridiana; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : -, Shell : -, Burial/s,Midden,Op 1390 Burial : - en Camp Site Recorders Val Attenbrow Jule`s Pig Pen; AGD Closed site Valid Art (Pigment or Shelter with Art 1390 Engraved) : - Recorders Val Attenbrow Gladesville;(duplicate copy of ) AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden 1390 Recorders ASRSYS Rozelle Hospital 3 AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Recorders Val Attenbrow,Michael Guider Rodd Island AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Rozelle Hospital 2, Rozelle Hospital 1 AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : -, Art (Pigment or Engraved) : - Midden,Rock Engraving Recorders Val Attenbrow,Michael Guider Gladesville;Lane Cove River AGD Closed site Valid Artefact : -, Art (Pigment or Engraved) : - Shelter with Art,Shelter with Deposit Recorders ASRSYS Hunter's Hill; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Recorders Val Attenbrow Kelly's Bush;Hunter's Hill AGD Closed site Valid Artefact : -, Art (Pigment or Engraved) : - Recorders ASRSYS Kelly's Bush;Hunter's Hill AGD Closed site Valid Art (Pigment or Engraved) : -, Shell : -, Artefact : - Recorders Elizabeth Rich Longueville Point;Crows Nest; GDA Open site Valid Art (Pigment or Engraved) : - Recorders W.D Campbell Hen & Chicken Bay, Five Dock.; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Recorders Mr.R Taplin Berowra AGD Open site Valid Art (Pigment or Engraved) : - Recorders ASRSYS Rock Engraving,Shelter with Deposit Rock Engraving,Shelter with Midden 162 Rock Engraving Rock Engraving Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 05/05/2015 for Darran Jordan for the following area at Lat, Long From : , Lat, Long To : , with a Buffer of 50 meters. Additional Info : Archaeology Report. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 120 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 3 of 9

80 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Extensive search - Site list report Purchase Order/Reference : /task 9.0 Client Service ID : SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Kellys Bush 3 AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with 845,1390 Midden Recorders Elizabeth Rich,P Hinton Abbotsford, Five Dock AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : -, Burial/s,Midden 1340 Burial : - Recorders David Bell Fig Tree Bay;Abbotsford;Peppermint Tree Cave; AGD Closed site Valid Art (Pigment or Shelter with Art Engraved) : - Recorders ASRSYS Abbotsford;Kangaroo Feet Cave; AGD Closed site Valid Art (Pigment or Shelter with Art Engraved) : - Recorders ASRSYS Mortdale;Tide Floor Cave; AGD Closed site Valid Art (Pigment or Shelter with Art Engraved) : - Recorders ASRSYS Manhole; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : -, Shell : - Midden,Open Camp 1809 Site Recorders Val Attenbrow Yacht Bay Cave; GDA Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : -, Art (Pigment or Engraved) : Aquatic Park; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Shelter with Art,Shelter with Midden Yacht Bay 2; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Kelly's Bush;Moocaboola;Pulpit Point; AGD Open site Valid Grinding Groove : -, Water Hole : - Axe Grinding Groove,Water Hole/Well Recorders Elizabeth Rich Gladesville Hospital; RYDE 229 GDA Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Recorders Margrit Koettig,Aboriginal Heritage Office Yaralla Bay;Concord West Hospital; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : -, Shell : - Midden Mayfield ave 1; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden 845 Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 05/05/2015 for Darran Jordan for the following area at Lat, Long From : , Lat, Long To : , with a Buffer of 50 meters. Additional Info : Archaeology Report. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 120 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 4 of 9

81 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Extensive search - Site list report Purchase Order/Reference : /task 9.0 Client Service ID : SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Mayfield ave 2; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Mayfield ave 3; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Mayfield ave 4; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Horse paddock cave; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Putney point 4; RYDE 212 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site ,Aboriginal Heritage Office Putney park 3; RYDE 208 GDA Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden,Aboriginal Heritage Office Putney park 2; RYDE 209 GDA Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden,Aboriginal Heritage Office Putney park 1; RYDE 210 GDA Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden,Aboriginal Heritage Office Bill Mitchell Park 4; RYDE 219 GDA Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden,Aboriginal Heritage Office Gladesville Reserve 2; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Gladesville Wharf Cave; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Banjo Patterson Park;Looking Glass Bay; RYDE 228 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : -, Shell : - Midden,Open Camp Site Recorders Val Attenbrow,Michael Guider,Aboriginal Heritage Office Bedlam Point Cave; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Recorders Margrit Koettig,Michael Guider Half Moon Bay Cave; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 05/05/2015 for Darran Jordan for the following area at Lat, Long From : , Lat, Long To : , with a Buffer of 50 meters. Additional Info : Archaeology Report. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 120 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 5 of 9

82 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Extensive search - Site list report Purchase Order/Reference : /task 9.0 Client Service ID : SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Sisters Bay Cave AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Rodd Point Cave; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Rocky Point;Concord West; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : -, Shell : - Midden,Open Camp Site Tarban Creek 1; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Tarban Creek 2; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Tarban Creek 5; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Tarban Creek 7; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : -, Shell : - Midden,Open Camp Site Betts Park Cave 1; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Betts Park 3; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Tarban Creek 3; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : -, Shell : - Midden,Open Camp Site Crows Nest;Greenwich Warf Cave; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : -, Shelter with 1809 Art (Pigment or Art,Shelter with Engraved) : - Midden Recorders ASRSYS Crows Nest;Greenwich Path; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden 1809 Recorders ASRSYS Crows Nest; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Recorders ASRSYS Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 05/05/2015 for Darran Jordan for the following area at Lat, Long From : , Lat, Long To : , with a Buffer of 50 meters. Additional Info : Archaeology Report. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 120 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 6 of 9

83 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Extensive search - Site list report Purchase Order/Reference : /task 9.0 Client Service ID : SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Crows Nest; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Recorders Mr.R Taplin Bay Street Park;Crows Nest; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden 1809 Recorders Val Attenbrow Crows Nest;Wharf Garden Cave;Bay St Wharf Cave; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : -, Burial : - Burial/s,Shelter with Midden Recorders Val Attenbrow,Michael Guider Longueville Reserve; GDA Open site Valid Art (Pigment or Rock Engraving Engraved) : Tarban Creek 4; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Sisters Bay Cave 2 AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Sisters Bay 3; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden 3653, Five Dock Bay Cave AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Kellys Bush 4; AGD Closed site Valid Art (Pigment or Shelter with Art Engraved) : Rozelle Hospital 5, Rozelle Hospital 3 AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Recorders Val Attenbrow,Michael Guider Rozelle Hospital 4 AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Recorders Val Attenbrow,Michael Guider Tarban Creek;(duplicate copy of & ) AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Recorders Mr.R Taplin Birchgrove AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : -, Art (Pigment or Engraved) : - Midden,Shelter with Art Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 05/05/2015 for Darran Jordan for the following area at Lat, Long From : , Lat, Long To : , with a Buffer of 50 meters. Additional Info : Archaeology Report. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 120 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 7 of 9

84 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Extensive search - Site list report Purchase Order/Reference : /task 9.0 Client Service ID : SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Ferdinand St Reserve; AGD Closed site Valid Artefact : -, Art Shelter with 1390 (Pigment or Art,Shelter with Engraved) : - Deposit Recorders Val Attenbrow Wrights point;drummoyne; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Recorders Mr.R Taplin Swains 1913;Betts Park;(duplicate copy oof ) AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden 1390 Recorders Val Attenbrow,K Perrin Wallumetta Bay "A".; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Wallumetta Bay "A";Gladesville Reserve 1;Henley;(duplicate copy of ) Recorders Val Attenbrow AGD Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site 1390 Recorders Val Attenbrow,Michael Guider Longueville;Longueville Reserve GDA Open site Valid Art (Pigment or Rock Engraving 97557, Engraved) : -,Ms.Lisa Campbell Mornington Reserve; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Recorders Val Attenbrow Mornington Reserve; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Recorders Val Attenbrow Ferdinand St Reserve; AGD Closed site Valid Artefact : - Shelter with Deposit Recorders Val Attenbrow Johnstons Creek AGD Closed site Valid Art (Pigment or Engraved) : 2, Artefact : Cabarita Park 1 AGD Open site Valid Shell : - T Russell Recorders Val Attenbrow Canada Bay Midden AGD Closed site Valid Shell : T Russell Recorders Kate Sullivan Woodford Bay_3; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Glades Bay 3;Gladesville; RYDE 224 GDA Open site Valid Grinding Groove : - Axe Grinding Groove,Aboriginal Heritage Office , Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 05/05/2015 for Darran Jordan for the following area at Lat, Long From : , Lat, Long To : , with a Buffer of 50 meters. Additional Info : Archaeology Report. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 120 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 8 of 9

85 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Extensive search - Site list report Purchase Order/Reference : /task 9.0 Client Service ID : SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Longueville Park; AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden Shell Park;Sanded Fire Cave;Greenwich; AGD Closed site Valid Art (Pigment or Shelter with 1809 Engraved) : -, Shell : Art,Shelter with -, Artefact : - Midden Bill Mitchell Park 2; RYDE 217 GDA Closed site Valid Art (Pigment or Shelter with Art Engraved) : -, Shell : -,Aboriginal Heritage Office Hands Shelter B NSC-074 GDA Open site Valid Shell : - Recorders Mr.Phil Hunt,Aboriginal Heritage Office Betts Park 2 AGD Open site Valid Shell : Clarkes Point;(duplicate copy of ) AGD Closed site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Shelter with Midden 1390 Recorders Val Attenbrow Tarban Creek Minor;Gladesville Hospital;(duplicate copy of & ) AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden 1390 Recorders Val Attenbrow,K Perrin Longueville LCC 076 GDA Closed site Valid Shell : - Recorders Aboriginal Heritage Office Griffith Park 2 LCC-088 GDA Open site Valid Shell : - Recorders Aboriginal Heritage Office Greenwich Path 2 LCC 018 GDA Open site Valid Shell : - Recorders Aboriginal Heritage Office Greenwich Path 3 LCC092 GDA Open site Valid Shell : - Recorders Aboriginal Heritage Office Putney Park 6 RYDE235 GDA Open site Valid Shell : - Recorders Mr.Phil Hunt Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 05/05/2015 for Darran Jordan for the following area at Lat, Long From : , Lat, Long To : , with a Buffer of 50 meters. Additional Info : Archaeology Report. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 120 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 9 of 9

86 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Extensive search - Site list report Purchase Order/Reference : /task 9.0 Client Service ID : SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Duck Creek;Guildford; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site Haslams Ck 1 AGD Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site Duck River 21;Granville South; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site Duck River 19; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site Duck River 20; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site Duck River 22; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site Rivendell 2;Concord West; AGD Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden Rivendell; AGD Open site Valid Art (Pigment or Engraved) : - Rock Engraving Recorders Rivendell School Students Waterview Street - RYDE 205 GDA Open site Valid Shell : -, Artefact : - Midden ,Aboriginal Heritage Office Duck River 1; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site Recorders Val Attenbrow Yaralla Bay;Concord West Hospital; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : -, Shell : - Midden Rocky Point;Concord West; AGD Open site Valid Artefact : -, Shell : - Midden,Open Camp Site HP-1 AGD Open site Valid Artefact : Recorders Mick Leon Mirambeena Regional Park 2 AGD Open site Valid Artefact : Wanngal Woodland Axe-Marked Tree AGD Open site Not a Site Modified Tree (Carved or Scarred) : - Recorders Paul Irish Consultant Archaeologist Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 06/05/2015 for Darran Jordan for the following area at Lat, Long From : , Lat, Long To : , with a Buffer of 0 meters. Additional Info : Research. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 37 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 1 of 3

87 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Extensive search - Site list report Purchase Order/Reference : /task 9.0 Client Service ID : SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Wanngal Woodland IF1 AGD Open site Valid Potential ,10219 Archaeological 6 Deposit (PAD) : - Recorders Paul Irish Consultant Archaeologist Wanngal Woodland IF2 AGD Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Recorders Paul Irish Consultant Archaeologist Wanngal Woodland IF3 AGD Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Recorders Paul Irish Consultant Archaeologist Duck River 3 AGD Open site Partially Destroyed T Russell , , Artefact : Duck River 5 AGD Open site Valid Artefact : T Russell Duck River 2 AGD Open site Valid Artefact : T Russell Duck River 4 AGD Open site Partially Destroyed T Russell Wanngal Woodland PAD2 GDA Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 T Russell Recorders Mr.Paul Irish Wanngal Woodland PAD1 GDA Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 T Russell Recorders Mr.Paul Irish Duck River 6 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : Duck River 7 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : Duck River 8 GDA Open site Partially Destroyed Duck River 9 GDA Open site Partially Destroyed Artefact : Artefact : - Artefact : Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 06/05/2015 for Darran Jordan for the following area at Lat, Long From : , Lat, Long To : , with a Buffer of 0 meters. Additional Info : Research. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 37 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 2 of 3

88 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Extensive search - Site list report Purchase Order/Reference : /task 9.0 Client Service ID : SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Duck River 10 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : Duck River 12 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : Duck River 11 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : Duck River 13 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : Duck River 16 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : Duck River 14 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : Duck River 15 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : Duck River 17 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : Duck River 18 GDA Open site Valid Artefact : - Recorders Michael Guider Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 06/05/2015 for Darran Jordan for the following area at Lat, Long From : , Lat, Long To : , with a Buffer of 0 meters. Additional Info : Research. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 37 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 3 of 3

89 Appendix D Site Photos Plate 1 Channelised and concrete/brick banked section of Saleyards Creek. Plate 2 Highly modified, channelised and concretelined section of Powells Creek. Plate 3 Highly modified, channelised and concretelined section of Powells Creek. Plate 4 Channelised section of St Lukes Park Canal which discharges to Canada Bay. Plate 5 Highly modified, channelised and concretelined section of Dobroyd Canal (Iron Cove Creek). Plate 6 Highly modified, channelised and concretelined section of Dobroyd Canal (Iron Cove Creek). WestConnex M4 East D

90 Plate 7 Recorded site location for AHIMS # within Phillips Park in Lidcombe. Plate 8 Shell material and non-artefactual quartz located at registered AHIMS site # Plate 9 Wetland area within Mason Park, off Underwood Road, Homebush. Plate 10 Wetland area within Mason Park, off Underwood Road, Homebush. Plate 11 Remnant Turpentine Forest within Queen Elizabeth Park, Concord. Plate 12 Remnant Turpentine Forest within Queen Elizabeth Park, Concord. WestConnex M4 East D