Inspection, testing, and maintenance (ITM) Fixed fire protection and detection July 2016

Transcription

1 July 2016

2 Author: Global Risk Engineering Technical Center Property Cover photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich Table of contents 1. Executive Summary Are systems in service? Are systems designed right? Do systems work? Introduction Document overview ITM checklists Definitions Safe work practices Water supply General Water storage Fire pump weekly Fire pump semi-annual and annual Private fire mains including hydrants Fire sprinkler system ITM Checklist ITM Discussion Fire extinguishing systems Foam Water mist Carbon dioxide Halon 1301 (where permitted) Clean agents Fixed aerosol Dry chemical Wet chemical Fire alarm system General features Alarm initiating devices Supervisory initiating devices Alarm notification devices Emergency control functions Fire extinguishing control and release Safe work practices Conclusions References

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4 1. Executive Summary The information in this publication was compiled from sources believed to be reliable for informational purposes only. All sample policies and procedures herein should serve as a guideline, which you can use to create your own policies and procedures. We trust that you will customize these samples to reflect your own operations and believe that these samples may serve as a helpful platform for this endeavor. When resources are invested in fixed fire protection and fire detection systems to protect property assets, there are three fundamental questions management should ask: 1. Are systems in service? 2. Do systems work? 3. Are systems designed right? 1.1 Are systems in service? For this question, the reader is directed to the Zurich Risktopic titled Management Practices: Fire Protection Impairments. This document discusses three forms of fire protection impairments: Planned Hidden Emergency Planned impairments Planned impairments typically occur in conjunction with scheduled activities. For example, fire protection systems may be taken out of service for changes, additions, or upgrades. These activities require careful planning to avoid unnecessary impairments and to limit the extent and duration of necessary impairments. Planned impairments may also occur as part of inspection, testing, and maintenance (ITM) activities. It is essential to avoid unnecessary impairments during ITM and to document any necessary impairment so their restoration may be verified once ITM activities are complete. As a general rule, avoid multiple impairments. For example, do not impair multiple dry-pipe sprinkler systems during ITM. When doing functional tests or full-flow tests of dry pipe valves, test one at a time. Should a fire occur, only one system needs to be restored to service quickly. Hidden impairments Hidden impairments typically occur outside the impairment management process. Hidden impairments can be discovered suddenly. The worst case is discovering hidden impairments during a fire. The best case is discovering hidden impairments during ITM. To support the timely discovery and correction of hidden impairments, implement a comprehensive ITM program as discussed in this document. July

5 Emergency impairments Emergency impairments typically occur suddenly outside the impairment management process. An example of an emergency impairment is the closing of a sprinkler control valve in response to water being released from a sprinkler system. If the release is due to a fire, the objective is to extinguish the fire and then turn the sprinkler control valve off. If the release is not due to a fire, the objective is to stop the flow of water as quickly as possible. Once an emergency is controlled, consider taking the following actions: Post Watch Personnel in the impaired area as well as at the impaired fire protection controls. Document all impairments following the impairment management program Conduct an inspection of all fire protection systems to verify there are no hidden impairments as a result of the emergency Post a Fire Watch in the affected area once fixed fire protection is shut off. Maintain the Fire Watch until all fixed fire protection is back in service. In addition, post a Fire Protection Watch at any shut sprinkler control valve or impaired water supply. Maintain communication between all posted Watch Personnel so fire protection can be promptly turned back on if the Fire Watch discovers a fire. Also, maintain communication between the Watch Personnel, site emergency team, and the public fire service so any fire may be promptly reported. 1.2 Are systems designed right? For this question, the reader is directed to their Zurich account team for the assessment of installed fire systems. 1.3 Do systems work? This question is the focus of this document. This document presents Zurich recommendations for periodic inspection, testing, and maintenance activities for the Property insurance line of business. Those responsible for fire systems should understand the content of this document is only intended to represent guidance for the Property insurance line of business. Therefore, there are three important points to understand: First, for any particular location, there are likely other authorities having jurisdiction, especially legal authorities, who may have additional guidelines. Where such additional guidelines exist they will likely vary by region, country, province, state, city, and town. Zurich does not attempt to maintain knowledge or awareness of requirements applied by these other authorities as there are thousands of such authorities globally with many applying different guidelines. Second, safe work practices are beyond the scope of this document. Consult with safety experts to develop and implement needed safe work practices. If there is any concern an action or task is not safe stop! See Chapter 7 Safe work practices for further discussion. Third, recommendations related to insurance lines of business other than Property are also beyond the scope of this document. July

6 2. Introduction 2.1 Document overview This document reviews inspection, testing, and maintenance or ITM for fixed fire protection systems. The document is arranged in chapters addressing different elements of fixed fire protection and detection. The following is a list of these chapters. Chapter 3 - Water supply Chapter 4 Fire sprinkler system Chapter 5 Fire extinguishing system Chapter 6 Fire alarm system 2.2 ITM checklists Each chapter includes one or more ITM checklist. The checklists use a common table format with columns as described in the following table. Table column headings Table column heading meaning # Component number Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Component name Abbreviation for Action Abbreviation for Frequency The applicable task(s) for that combination of component, action, and frequency. 2.3 Definitions Inspection A visual activity involving the observation of a system component to confirm its apparent physical condition and serviceability. Test A functional activity involving the operation of a system component to confirm its ability to perform as intended. Maintenance A service activity such as cleaning, adjustment, lubrication, renewal, repair, overhaul, or replacement of a system component to maintain its performance and serviceability. Impairment An abnormal condition affecting the ability of a fire protection system to effectively perform its intended function should a fire occur. July

7 2.4 Safe work practices Safe work practices are not addressed within the scope of this document. See Chapter 7 Safe work practices for a discussion on the need to consult with qualified safety experts for safety guidance. July

8 3. Water supply For the purpose of this document, water supplies include the following: Public sources Town or public water supply Private sources Elevated water supply Static water supply Fire pump Pressurized water supply Fire department connection Private fire water mains Town water supply A town water supply consists of a connection to a town water main along with the pipe, valves, and fittings between the town water main connection and either a private fire water main or a fire system (specifically, at the fire system control valve). One or more town water supplies may serve a location. While town water supplies may share a common source of water, each is considered separately for the purpose of inspection, testing, and maintenance. A town water supply may depend upon elevated water storage (e.g. gravity tanks or elevated reservoirs), pumps, or a combination of both to create the pressure needed to cause water flow. Where a town water system has multiple water sources and a varying demand from domestic and commercial water users, a complex interaction develops among sources and users that may make it difficult to compare water flow tests from year to year. Elevated water supply An elevated water supply consists of an elevated volume of water along with the pipe, valves, and fittings between the water and either a private fire water main or a fire system (specifically at the fire system control valve). Elevation is used to create the pressure needed to cause water flow. Fire pump A fire pump is not actually a water supply. Rather the fire pump adds pressure to a water supply. Fire pumps will be used with the following types of water supplies: Private static water supply (ground tank, cistern, lake, or pond) Private elevated water supply (gravity tank or reservoir) Town water supply July

9 Pressurized water supply The private pressurized water supply, or pressure tank, is not common. This supply consists of a pressure vessel of limited volume. Two thirds of the volume is intended to contain water, and one third is intended to contain air under pressure. The pressure tank will have an initial air pressure so the tank pressure does not drop below 1 bar (15 psi) at the point where all water has been expelled from the tank. Boyle s Law (P 1V 1 = P 2V 2) applies. Pressure tank (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Fire department connection A fire department connection is a water supply inlet to a fire system along with the pipe, valves, and fittings between the connection and either a private fire water main or a fire system. The fire department connection allows the public fire service to supply additional water to a fire system using their vehicle pumps. Typical fire department connection in North America (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Private fire water main For the purpose of this document, the private fire water main is addressed under water supplies. These are actually pipe, valves, and fittings connecting water supplies to fire systems. Private fire water mains may also supply private fire hydrants. Private fire water mains may be located above ground, below ground, or a combination of both. Many private fire systems will have private fire water mains with no valves or private fire hydrants. In these cases, the private fire water main will just consist of July

10 pipe and fittings. An example would be the pipe and fittings extending from a fire pump installation to sprinkler systems. Cathodic protection Cathodic protection was originally developed in the UK for the British Navy. Cathodic protection is intended to control corrosion, and may be applied to protect fire system water storage tanks and diesel fire pump engine heat exchangers against corrosion. Two types of cathodic protection are available; sacrificial and impressed current. Sacrificial systems use zinc metal (the anode) to be preferentially consumed thereby protecting the steel tank or heat exchanger (the cathode). Impressed current systems use an external power supply along with the anode to achieve the same results but with a longer lasting anode. Either approach introduces an active system requiring periodic inspection and maintenance. 3.1 General ITM Checklist A. Water supply ITM General # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Water source pressure normal I W Water source pressure reading A.1 Water pressure and flow T V (1) Normal water source pressure Flow test of water source normal Static water source pressure (before test) Water flow rate Flowing water source pressure Static water source pressure (after test) Valve open Yes No Valve secure Yes No A.2 Control valve I W (2) Valve accessible Valve equipped with operating hardware Valve not leaking Valve identified with appropriate sign Valve operation okay T A Number of turns to shut valve Number of turns to open valve July

11 A. Water supply ITM General # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Valve test okay (3) A.3 Pipe, fittings, and supports components I A Components free of physical damage Components free of corrosion Components free of leaks A.4 A.5 Check valve and Backflow prevention assembly Pressure reducing or regulating valves I W Reduced pressure backflow prevention assembly: Pressure relief port not discharging water constantly I 5 Internal inspection no deficiencies Yes No T I A Q Backflow prevention assembly: Flow test at maximum system demand Valve free of physical damage Valve not leaking Downstream pressure normal Valve adapter and cap in place (4) T A Full flow test okay Connection is visible Sign in place Connection is accessible A.6 Fire department connection I Q Caps are in place Hose connections are not damaged Hose connections swivel freely No water leaks T 5 Check valves are functional Pressure test to 10 bar (150 psi) Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual V = Varies 5 = 5 year Table notes: (1) Conduct flow tests of water sources on a frequency compliant with local standards which may be as often as quarterly. As a minimum, conduct flow tests on an annual basis for July

12 A. Water supply ITM General # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation water sources supplying fixed fire protection systems. Flow tests involve measuring the supply (2) Data demonstrates the primary cause of sprinkler system failure is a shut valve. A weekly inspection to verify valves are in the appropriate position is recommended. Secure each valve in a suitable manner which may include plastic seals, plastic or leather straps, locks (including a dedicated and locked fire protection room), and electronic monitoring via a fire alarm system supervised at a constantly attended location. (3) A valve test may be acceptable if the number of turns to close equals the number of turns to open. (4) Where a pressure reducing valve is a hose connection, verify hose adapter and cap are in place ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. A.1 Water pressure and flow Each source of water will impose a static (no flow) water pressure upon the fire systems served. On a weekly basis, it is desirable to verify this static pressure is normal. Experience with each water supply will lead to an understanding as to what is normal. The normal pressure or pressure range should be incorporated into inspection forms to facilitate the inspection process. Gauge displaying water pressure (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) For a town main system, water is constantly flowing at varying rates to satisfy domestic, commercial, and industrial users. These varying rates lead to fluctuations in the system pressure. This varying town main system pressure is what appears to the standby fire protection system as the available water static pressure. July

13 As an example, the graph below shows a town water system pressure fluctuating across a 24 hour period. The following list describes the meaning of the letters A, B, C, and D displayed on the graph. A. Water pressure may be high at night due to low commercial and residential water use. B. Water pressure may be normal through the day with minor fluctuation as demand is not constant. C. Water pressure can experience sudden work day fluctuations if there is a business that does draw sudden, large, short-duration flows. D. Water pressure may increase in the evening as the commercial demand subsides. Example of town daily water pressure fluctuation (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) There are cases where a town main system may be maintained at a low pressure at all times or perhaps during periods of low demand. Should a fire occur, the fire service will have to call the water authority and request an increase in the water pressure for firefighting purposes. If the town main also supplies fixed fire protection, the low pressure condition could adversely affect system performance. A private elevated water supply such as a gravity tanks or elevated reservoir will generate a static water pressure based upon the following formulas. P = x h (metric measure) P = x h (US measure) Where: P = Pressure developed by the elevated water in bar (psi) h = Height of water in meters (feet) A private static water supply such as a ground tank, cistern, lake, or pond will generate a static (no flow) pressure based upon the head of water it forms. Where a ground level tank supplies a fire pump, the pressure generated by the head of water will be visible on the fire pump suction gauge. For vertical turbine fire pumps, the pump will be submerged in the water, and no suction gauge will be provided. Rather, the water elevation (or distance below fire pump room floor level) will provide evidence of normal fire pump suction pressure. A private pressurized water supply such as a pressure tank will generate static pressure based upon the air pressure maintain in the tank air space. July

14 Inspection On a weekly basis, verify the static pressure of each water supply is normal. Test Conduct water supply flow tests at the locally required frequencies which may be as often as quarterly. As a minimum, conduct water supply flow tests annually. A.2 Control valves Description The control valve or stop valve controls the water source supplying fixed fire protection discharge outlets (such as automatic sprinklers, spray nozzles, water mist nozzles, and fire hydrant outlets). Control valves allow a water source to be interrupted so downstream piping can be isolated and drained. This typically occurs to allow system maintenance or extension. Shutting a control valve causes an impairment. Control valves should be kept normally open. A suitable means of supervision is needed to identify control valves that have been closed without appropriate authorization. An impairment program is needed to manage control valves during impairments. See the Zurich Risktopic Management Practices: Fire Protection Impairments for further information regarding impairments. The following are examples of control valves for water-based systems: Non-rising stem gate valve with position indicator (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) Non-rising stem gate valve position indicator (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) Outside stem and yoke valve (OS&Y) (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Butterfly valve (BFV) (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) Post indicator valve (PIV) (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) Wall post indicator valve (WPIV) (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) July

15 Underground gate valve accessed by a roadway box and operated using a key wrench. This valve may also be located in a covered pit with the key wrench used to operate the valve from ground level. (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) Example of a roadway box or curb-box that allows key wrench access to an underground gate valve (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Key wrench used to operate underground gate valves (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Key wrench in used to operate an underground gate valve through a roadway box (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Water-based system can include some normally shut valves. These valves can be used to stop water flow to pipes serving drains and test devices. Test devices include alarm test lines, flowmeters, and fire pump test headers. The normally shut valve is not actually a control valve; however, the normally shut valves may be of the same valve types used for control valves. Normally shut valve need to be kept shut to avoid adverse conditions which may include wasting water to drains or test pipe freeze-up during cold weather. Inspection On a weekly basis verify each control valve is: Open July

16 Supervised Sealed Locked Electrically monitored Accessible for use Equipped operating hardware (e.g. the PIV wrench is present) Not leaking Identified with an appropriate sign Each type of control valve includes a means to visually identify valve position (open, partially shut, or shut). There are two exceptions; the gate valve located underground and the gate valve located in a pit. These gate valves do not include visual indication of position and are excluded from this visual inspection process. Each type of control valve can be sealed, locked, or electrically supervised. This is intended to provide a means to verify there has been no unauthorized operation of the valve since the last inspection. Once again, there are two exceptions; the gate valve located underground and the gate valve located in a pit. These valves do not include features to allow the use of seals, locks, or electrical supervision and are excluded from this supervision practice. Open PIV supervised by seal, by lock, and electrically. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) The PIV shown above is supervised with a seal, lock, and electric valve tamper switch. Seals are usually plastic tie wraps made in a distinctive color such as red, orange, or yellow. Seals are applied in a manner that requires them to be broken if a valve is operated. When applied appropriately, the seal provides a quick, visual means to confirm a valve has not experience operation since the last inspection. Locks include hard shank and break-away shank types. The hard shank lock requires a key or bolt cutters to remove the lock. The break-away lock behaves similar to a seal as it can be readily removed by breaking the shank if a key is not available. A hard shank lock should be considered a lock; while, a break-away lock should be considered a seal. July

17 Electrically supervised valves include an electric tamper switch connected to a fire alarm system. When a valve is operated, the tamper switch detects the valve movement and signals the fire alarm system that the valve is no longer in the intended position. Ideally, electronic supervision includes a printed or digital record of signal activity to provide a visual means to confirm a valve has not experienced operation since the last inspection. Shut PIV with the valve wrench locked in place. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Electrically supervised valves are typically designed for supervision in the open position. In some cases, such as valves controlling a fire pump flow test line, valves may be supervised in the shut position. It is important to realize that in reality these valves may only be proving they are not fully open rather than proving they are actually shut. For example, a butterfly valve will typically only contain one switch arranged to operate as the valve is moved from the full open position. This switch cannot be used to prove the butterfly valve is fully shut. Each valve type listed above has its operating handle or wrench permanently fixed to the valve except for: Gate valve located underground Gate valve located in a pit Post indicator valves Gate valves located underground or in a pit are operated using a T-handle wrench. The T-handle wrench should be mounted in an accessible location near the gate valve. The T-handle wrench can be sealed or locked to its mounting bracket. A sign near the valve should clearly indicate the location of the T-handle wrench. Post indicator valves are equipped with an L shaped wrench hung from the valve. When the wrench is not in use, it is to be sealed or locked to the valve post. When stowed correctly, the short leg of the wrench covers the valve operating nut. This makes the wrench part of the seal or lock systems. When the valve is operated, the long leg of the wrench is positioned on the operating nut. In this position, the handle extends out from the valve providing leverage for valve operation. Whenever the PIV is not fully open, the wrench should be left in the operating position as an added indication the valve is not fully open. July

18 Provide an appropriate sign for each control valve. Appropriate includes: Identification (e.g. number or letter) consistent with fire alarm control unit indications as well as site diagrams or block plans Purpose (e.g. area or function controlled by the valve) Testing On an annual basis, test each control valve by moving it through its full range of operation. Typically this means moving from open to shut back to open. As control valves are tested, count the number of turns to shut and the number of turns to open. Having the same number of turns is an important indication the valve has returned to the open position. Control valves are subject to internal mechanical failure. For example, the gate inside of a gate valve can separate from the valve stem. When this occurs, the valve stem may indicate the valve is open when in fact the gate is obstructing the valve waterway. After each control valve operational test, conduct a water flow test downstream to verify there is no abnormal pressure drop due to a failed control valve. As an example, after operating a sprinkler system control valve, perform a main drain test. Compare the main drain test results with past results. Any significant pressure drop could indicate a serious obstruction of the water supply to the system. See 5.2 Main drain for further information about main drain tests. A.3 Pipe, fittings, and supports water based systems Inspection Inspection of pipe, fittings, and supports is limited to above ground sections that can be safely accessed for observation. On an annual basis, inspect pipe and fittings to identify leaks, physical damage, and corrosion. Pipe leaks and physical damage should be scheduled for prompt repair. Corrosion may range from superficial surface rust to serious structural deterioration. All corrosion identified should be evaluated by a fire protection professional. Pipe with pinhole leak in heat effect zone at pipe continuous weld (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

19 Deep structural corrosion (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Inspection of pipe and fitting supports is intended to identify concerns such as missing, broken, physically damaged, or corroded support features. Inspection should also identify floor settlement compromising the performance of pipe stands. Pipe and fitting support features include: hangers, pipe clamps, riser clamps, pipe stands, and earthquake sway bracing. Examples of pipe support Riser clamp (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Examples of pipe support - Pipe stand (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Examples of pipe support - Pipe hanger (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

20 Examples of earthquake bracing (Photo source: Mike Widdekind, Zurich) Testing No specific tests are stipulated for pipe, fittings, and supports. Hydrostatic testing of pipe is conducted for new or modified fire protection piping. Hydrostatic testing is not otherwise performed unless there is a specific concern with system integrity Water flow through pipe and fittings can provide insights into the condition of fire protection pipe and fittings. This is discussed further in section 3.5 Private fire mains including hydrants. A.4 Check valve and Backflow prevention assembly Description Many water-based fire systems will have two or more water supplies. As an example, a system may be supplied by a fire pump and tank and a jockey pump. When water is flowing into the system, it will often be the one water supply providing the greatest pressure that supplies the system. All other water supplies will remain static unless a pressure balance develops allowing two or more supplies to contribute water flow at a common pressure. To avoid losing water pressure from a higher pressure supply back into a lower pressure supply, each supply is to be equipped with a non-return valve. The nonreturn valve used in a fire system will be either a check valve or backflow prevention assembly. Check valves are the simplest form of non-return valve. They include swing check valves or wafer check valves as shown in the following photos. Swing check valve (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

21 Wafer check valve (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Others authorities, such as public water utilities, may require the use of more complex non-return valves that also provide backflow prevention for public health purposes. The following are two examples of these more complex devices. Double check valve (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Reduced pressure backflow prevention assembly with vented intermediate chamber (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Reduced pressure backflow preventers may include a vented intermediate chamber. Where a vented intermediate chamber is provided, it will periodically discharge a limited amount of water when waterflow stops. This discharge is intended to drain the chamber between the two check valves. This forms an air gap in the pipe intended to reduce any change of water backflow from the fire system into a potable water system. The concern with backflow preventers equipped with vented intermediate chambers is the vent valve could fail to close and continue discharging water. Under full water source pressure, the discharge from a vent valve could exceed 3,000 lpm (800 gpm). Considering this flow rate, considerable drainage is needed for these vent valves. July

22 Inspection Reduced pressure backflow prevention assemblies with a vented intermediate chamber are to be inspected weekly to detect a failure of the relief vent valve. All check valves and backflow prevention assemblies are to be internally inspected on a 5 year basis to verify internal components are in good condition. This includes verifying internal components move through their full range of motion, are not corroded, and have no mineral deposit accumulations. In addition, the valve body should be free of corrosion affecting valve integrity or the operation of internal components. Testing On an annual basis, conduct a full flow test of each backflow prevention assembly to verify the assembly can deliver the largest fire protection demand supplied by the device. Strainer and meters There are occasions when a water supply may be equipped with a strainer or meter. A strainer may be provided to protect a fire system from debris in a non-potable source of water or to protect small sprinkler or nozzle orifices from obstruction. Strainers may also be provided to protect meters required by a public water utility to measure fire water usage. Strainer, meter, and check valve assembly (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Where strainers and meters are present, annual full flow tests should be conducted. As a note, UL listed meters and strainers are available for fire system use. A.5 Pressure reducing or regulating valves Description Pressure reducing or regulating valves (PRV s) are used to control fire system water pressure in sections of systems where the water pressure would otherwise exceed the rated working pressure of fittings, valves, or other components. Ideally, system pressures should be designed not to require the need for PRV s; however, when they are installed, inspection and testing is essential. There are two types of PRV s; pilot operated and direct acting. Pilot operated PRV's use a pilot regulator on a pilot line outside of the main valve body to control the July

23 regulating action of the main valve. Direct acting PRV's incorporate a spring or piston inside the valve to directly regulate the valve operation. Pilot operated pressure reducing valve. The photo shows an unacceptable shutoff valve in the pilot line which if shut could impair valve operation.(photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Pilot operated pressure reducing valve. This photo is a cut-away view of the valve. (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) Direct acting pressure reducing valve angle-tye valve (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

24 Direct acting pressure reducing valve - straight-type valve (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Pilot operated PRV s are field adjustable. Direct acting PRV's may be either factory set or field adjustable. When a factory set PRV is found not meeting the required outlet flow and pressure, replacement is the only option. Inspection Inspect PRV s on a quarterly basis to verify there is no physical damage, no leaks, and the downstream pressure gauge reading is normal. PRV s that fail to control their static outlet pressure can expose downstream fittings and component to excessive pressures and possible system failure. For PRVs serving as hose outlets, verify hose adapters and caps are in place. Testing Full-flow test PRV s on an annual basis to verify they will meet the greatest downstream fire system flow and pressure demand. A.6 Fire department connection Inspection Inspect fire department connections on a quarterly basis. Inspections verify the connection is visible and accessible, the sign and caps are in place, the hose connections are not damaged and are operable, and there are no signs of leaks. Where caps are missing, it is possible that foreign material may have been introduced to the fire system. Foreign material could then be propelled further into the system should the fire service use the connection. This could lead to an obstruction of fire system piping. July

25 Fire department connection with cap out of place (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Fire department connection with cap missing and foreign matter introduced (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Fire department connection obstructed by vegetation (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Testing The fire department connection typically contains no water between the connection and its check valve. This means the integrity of this section of a system is unsupervised by pressurized water or air. To verify the integrity of this piping, pressure we recommend testing the pipe to 10 bar (150 psi) every five years. 3.2 Water storage B. Water supply ITM Water storage ITM Checklist Include all items from 3.1 General along with the following items. # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation B.1 Water storage all methods I W (1) Water level okay Water temperature okay Yes No July

26 Water heating system okay (2) Tank exterior okay (2) I 3 Interior okay (for steel tanks with no cathodic protection or no butyl rubber liner) I 5 Interior okay (for all other tanks) T V (3) Tank fill flow test okay Measured flow rate Required flow rate T A Level indicator is functional Tank fill mechanism is functional B.2 Water storage - pressure tank I W Air pressure okay Air pressure reading Normal air pressure Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual V = Varies 5 = 5 year Table notes: (1) Where water level and temperature are electronically monitored via a fire alarm system at a constantly attended location, these inspection elements may be extended to monthly. (2) For open reservoirs, there typically will be no water heating system to assess and no tank exterior elements to inspect. (3) A tank fill flow test is to be conducted for reduced capacity tanks to verity the fill rate will provided the additional water volume needed to support the fixed fire protection demands for the full system design duration. Conduct flow tests on a frequency compliant with local standards which may be as often as quarterly. As a minimum, conduct flow tests on an annual basis ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. B.1 Water storage all methods Inspection On a weekly basis, check each water storage tank to verify water level is normal and the tank exterior is visually in good condition. Good condition means no physical damage, no corrosion, and no leaks. July

27 Water storage tank with visible external corrosion (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) On a weekly basis during cold weather, verify tank temperature is normal and the tank heating system is operating. Where tank water level and water temperature are monitored at a constantly attended location, these inspections can be increase to monthly. Reservoirs; open water sources such as ponds, lakes, and rivers; and tanks located in climates not subject to freezing may not include heat sources to be monitored and inspected. Monitoring normal water level remains important. Water storage tank corrosion failure with fire pump house damage. (Photo source: Malcolm Davies, Zurich) Elevated reservoir (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

28 Steel tanks are subject to corrosion and warrant periodic internal inspections. Conduct internal inspections at least every three years. Where a tank is equipped with cathodic protection maintained in accordance with manufacturer s instructions, the internal inspection can be extended to every five years. Fire pump ground water tank (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) Where a tank is approved for a specific service frequency such as an LPCB approved LPS year steel tank internally inspect the tank in accordance with its approval as well as its manufacturer s guidelines. Testing Conduct a water supply flow test of the tank fill for each reduced capacity water tank. A reduced capacity water tank is a tank that relies upon an automatic fill to meet the full water supply duration of the fire systems supplied. Conduct the flow tests at the locally required frequency which may be as often as quarterly. As a minimum, conduct a water supply flow tests annually. On an annual basis, verify the tank level indicator is functional. Mechanical level indicators may use floats, cables, and pulleys which are subject to binding and sticking. Pressure gauge may be out of calibration. On an annual basis, verify the tank fill mechanism is functional. The tank fill may be controlled by a manual valve, a float operated valve, or an pressure operated altitude valve. In each case, all manual and automatic valves associated with a tank fill are to be tested to verify their functionality. B.2 Water storage pressure tanks Inspection On a weekly basis, verify air pressure is normal. Air pressure provides the energy needed to deliver water to open sprinklers or other flowing outlets. July

29 3.3 Fire pump weekly General information The following photo is marked to show common components of an electric fire pump installation. Electric fire pump (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) 1. Fire pump 2. Coupling guard 3. Electric motor 4. Grouted base (wood forms still in place to retain curing grout) 5. Plinth or housekeeping pad 6. Fire pump suction valve (gate type valve) 7. Fire pump suction gauge (not visible) 8. Automatic air release 9. Circulation relief valve 10. Fire pump discharge gauge 11. Discharge check valve 12. Fire pump pressure sensing line (location show with green line) 13. Fire pump discharge valve (butterfly type) 14. Bypass supply valve (butterfly type) 15. Bypass check valve 16. Bypass system valve (butterfly type) 17. Flowmeter isolation valve (butterfly type) 18. Flowmeter 19. Flowmeter throttling valve (butterfly type) July

30 The following photo is marked to show common components of a diesel fire pump installation. Diesel fire pump (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) 1. Fire pump 2. Coupling guard 3. Electric motor 4. Grouted base (wood forms still in place to retain curing grout) 5. Plinth or housekeeping pad 6. Fire pump suction valve (OS&Y type) 7. Fire pump suction gauge (not visible) 8. Automatic air release 9. Engine cooling water line with bypass 10. Engine heat exchanger 11. Engine heat exchanger discharge line 12. Fire pump discharge gauge 13. Discharge check valve 14. Fire pump pressure sensing line (location show with green line) 15. Fire pump discharge valve (butterfly type) 16. Bypass supply valve (butterfly type) 17. Bypass check valve 18. Bypass system valve (butterfly type) 19. Flowmeter isolation valve (butterfly type) 20. Flowmeter 21. Flowmeter throttling valve (butterfly type) 22. Batteries July

31 The following photo is marked to show common components of a diesel fire pump fuel tank installation. Example of a diesel fuel tank (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) 1. Tank fill 2. Tank vent 3. Tank secondary containment space vent (where provided) 4. Tank level indicator 5. Tank level float switch (where provided) 6. Fuel supply line and manual shutoff valve 7. Fuel return line July

32 The following photo is marked to show common components of a jockey pump installation. Jockey pump installation (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) 1. Jockey pump suction valve 2. Jockey pump 3. Jockey pump discharge check valve 4. Jockey pump pressure sensing line (location show with green line) 5. Jockey pump discharge valve 6. Jockey pump controller July

33 The following photo is marked to show common components of an UL-listed electric fire pump controller common to the US. Electric fire pump controller (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) 1. Operating handle (single handle for both the manual isolation switch and circuit breaker disconnecting means) 2. Start pushbutton 3. Stop pushbutton 4. Emergency stop 5. Test pushbutton 6. Emergency run handle The following photo is marked to show common components of an electric fire pump controller common to the UK. July

34 Electric fire pump controller common to the UK (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) 1. NA 2. NA 3. Operating handle for manual isolation switch 4. Start pushbutton (break glass) 5. Stop pushbutton July

35 The following photo is marked to show the components of an Australian Standard AS2941 electric fire pump controller common to Australia. Electric fire pump controller (Photo source: Peter Boyle, Zurich) 1. NA 2. NA 3. Operating handle (single handle for manual isolation switch) 4. Start pushbutton 5. Stop pushbutton July

36 The following photo is marked to show common components of a UL-listed diesel fire pump controller common to the US. Diesel fire pump controller (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) 1. Crank engine using battery set 1 2. Crank engine using battery set 2 3. Stop engine 4. Break glass access to selector switch (manual off auto) and engine test Diesel fire pump controller selector switch (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) 5. LCD display 6. LED indicator lamps July

37 The following photo is marked to show common components of a diesel fire pump controller common to the UK. Diesel fire pump controller (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) 1. Switch to select cranking engine using battery set A 2. Switch to select cranking engine using battery set B Note: Switch at 1 & 2 also isolated DC power 3. Stop engine 4. Switch (AC power isolator) 5. Indicator lamps (trouble conditions) July

38 The following photo is marked to show the components of an Australian Standard AS2941 diesel fire pump controller common to Australia. Diesel fire pump controller (Photo source: Peter Boyle, Zurich) 1. Crank engine using battery set 1 2. Crank engine using battery set 2 3. Stop engine 4. LCD display 5. LED indicator lamps July

39 C. Water supply ITM Fire pump weekly ITM Checklist Include all items from 3.1 General along with the following items. # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation I W Water supply tank full C.1 Water supply I W Water supply tank fill source available I W Water supply pressure normal C.2 Suction valve I W Valve open, sealed, locked or electrically supervised Yes No I W Valve not leaking C.3 C.4 C.5 C.6 C.7 C.8 C.9 Discharge valve Bypass supply valve Bypass system valve Flowmeter isolation valve Flowmeter throttling valve Test header valve Pump room or house I W Valve open, sealed, locked or electrically supervised I W Valve not leaking I W Valve open, sealed, locked or electrically supervised I W Valve not leaking I W Valve open, sealed, locked or electrically supervised I W Valve not leaking I W Valve shut I W Valve not leaking I W Valve shut I W Valve not leaking I W Valve shut I W Valve not leaking I W Room dry I W Room drainage okay I W Room heat okay I W Room ventilation okay I W Room lighting okay I W No vermin (insects, rodents, etc.) July

40 C. Water supply ITM Fire pump weekly # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation I W Pump clean I W Pump dry (no leaks) C.10 Fire pump I W Coupling guarded I W Plinth (housekeeping pad) okay C.11 C.12 C.13 Electric fire pump motor Electric fire pump controller Electric fire pump emergency transfer switch I W Pump base grouted I W Vertical turbine lubrication oil level okay I W Fire pump motor clean I W Fire pump motor dry (no leaks) I W Controller clean I W Controller dry (no leaks) I W Isolation switch closed (On) I W Circuit breaker disconnect closed (On) I W Power available I W Isolation switch closed (On) I W Circuit breaker disconnect closed (On) I W Emerg. transfer switch power available C.14 Diesel engine I W Engine clean Engine dry (no leaks) Engine fuel tank level okay Engine battery terminals clean Engine battery fluid level okay Engine batteries raised above floor Engine crank case oil level okay Engine coolant fluid level okay Fuel tank above ¾ full Engine hours (record) Diesel engine combustion air Fans operate Louvers operate Yes No Yes No Yes No July

41 C. Water supply ITM Fire pump weekly # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation C.15 Diesel controller I W Controller clean I W Controller dry (no leaks) I W Controller in automatic I W Jockey pump suction valve open I W Jockey pump discharge valve open I W Jockey pump controller clean I W Jockey pump controller dry (no leaks) C.16 Jockey pump I W Jockey controller automatic Jockey pump started automatically T W Start pressure normal Start pressure Jockey pump automatic stop okay T W Stop pressure normal Stop pressure Fire pump starts upon drop in pressure T W Start pressure normal Start pressure T W Cooling water discharge okay (1) Main relief operating T W Main relief pressure normal Main relief pressure C.17 Fire pump T W Water passing shaft packings (2) T W No unusual noise or vibration T W Bearing temperature okay T W Pump suction gauge reading Pump suction gauge reading normal T W Pump discharge gauge reading Pump discharge gauge reading normal Yes No T W Fire pump running alarm signal okay July

42 C. Water supply ITM Fire pump weekly # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation C.18 Fire pump electric motor T W Motor run for at least 10 minutes T W Diesel engine starting battery set (3) Set 1 Set 2 T W Engine cooling water discharge okay C.19 Fire pump diesel engine T T W W Engine temperature okay Engine maximum temperature Engine oil pressure okay Normal engine oil pressure T W Engine run for at least 30 minutes Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly Table notes: (1) Cooling water for an electric motor driven fire pump is provided by a circulating relief valve located at the fire pump discharge. Cooling water for a diesel engine driven fire pump is provided by an engine cooling line supplied from the fire pump discharge. (2) Shaft packings should pass 1 to 3 drips of water per second when the pump is running. (3) For each weekly test, alternate battery sets for diesel engine start ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. C.1 Water supply Inspection On a weekly basis, verify each water supply tank is full. This may be evident by: Reading the fire pump suction pressure gauge Reading the tank level indicator Overflowing the tank July

43 Fire pump suction gauge (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Water tank mechanical level indicator (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Water tank overflow (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) On a weekly basis, verify each water supply tank fill source is available. This may be evident by: Reading the supply pressure gauge on the fill pipe Overflowing the tank On a weekly basis, verify the water supply pressure from the tank is normal. This includes normal water pressure being available in the: Water tank discharge line Fire pump supply (or suction) line July

44 C.2 Suction valve For discussion see item A.2 Control valves in this chapter. C.3 Discharge valve For discussion see item A.2 Control valves in this chapter. C.4 Bypass supply valve For discussion see item A.2 Control valves in this chapter. C.5 Bypass system valve For discussion see item A.2 Control valves in this chapter. C.6 Flowmeter isolation valve For discussion see item A.2 Control valves in this chapter. This is a normally shut valve. C.7 Flowmeter throttling valve For discussion see item A.2 Control valves in this chapter. This is a normally shut valve. C.8 Test header valve For discussion see item A.2 Control valves in this chapter. This is a normally shut valve. C.9 Pump room or house On a weekly basis, verify the room or house is: Secure against unauthorized access. Free from storage Dry, specifically this means no standing water Drainage is provided and unobstructed Ventilation is sufficient to control dampness Motor-operated combustion air damper - The damper is held closed by electric power. The damper opens upon diesel engine start or loss of power. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Heat is adequate to maintain the temperature above 4 C (40 F) for electric motor driven pumps and 10 C (50 F) for diesel engine driven pumps (or higher temperature per the diesel enginer manufacturer guidelines) Lighting is sufficient to allow signs and indicators to be read No infestation by insects, rodents or other vermin July

45 C.10 Pump On a weekly basis, verify the fire pump is clean and dry. Some water discharge may be present at pump shaft packings. Verify the coupling or flexible shaft guard is provided and secured in place. Right, fire pump coupling; left, fire pump flexible shaft (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) The above photos show a coupling guard - left disassembled reveling coupling within, and right in place guarding the coupling (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Flexible shaft guard in place with yellow pictograph warning sticker (Photo source: Rich Gallagher) Plinths (raised housekeeping pads) should be in good condition with no evidence of structural duress such as cracking or settlement. Verify the grouting of the pump base is also sound. For vertical turbine pumps, visually check the lubricating oil level is in the intended range. July

46 Vertical turbine lubricating oil site glass (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) C.11 Electric fire pump motor On a weekly basis, verify the motor is clean and dry. C.12 Electric fire pump controller On a weekly basis, verify the control panel (or controller) is clean and dry. UL listed fire pump controllers will have the automatic start pressure switch located within the control panel. Any sign of water dripping from the controller indicates a need for prompt service by a qualified person as the water leak is occurring inside a live electrical panel! Left photo shows a UL listed control panel with a mercury-type pressure switch. Right photo shows a UL listed controller with an automatic start pressure transducer. In each case, water is brought into a 480VAC control panel. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

47 UK fire pump installations provide two, redundant automatic start pressure switches for each fire pump and locate them outside of the fire pump control panel (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) On a weekly basis, also verify the electric power isolation switch handle is in the closed or On position, the circuit breaker disconnecting means handle is in the closed or On position, and power is available as indicated by the power indicator light or other visual display. For some UL listed controllers, one single handle is provided to operate both the isolation switch and the circuit breaker disconnecting means. For some LPCB approved controllers, there will be a single On/Off switch provided to control electric power. C.13 Electric fire pump emergency transfer switch On a weekly basis, verify the electric power solation switch handle is in the closed or On position, the circuit breaker disconnecting means handle is in the closed or On position, and emergency transfer switch power is available. For some UL listed emergency transfer switches, one single handle is provided to operate both the isolation switch and the circuit breaker disconnecting means. C.14 Diesel engine On a weekly basis, verify the diesel engine is clean and dry. Leaks may include water, diesel fuel, lubricating oil, and engine coolant. Verify the fuel tank level is okay. The tank should be at least two thirds full or at a level that will provided at least an eight hour supply. An eight hour supply is typically equal to 3.8 L (1 gal) per horsepower of the engine. July

48 Examples of fuel tank visual level indicators - left photo indicating 3/4 tank and right photo indicating 1/8 tank (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) On a weekly basis, verify battery terminals are clean, battery fluid levels are okay, and batteries are rack supported above the floor. Placing batteries on support racks is intended to keep current carrying parts at least 0.3 m (1 ft.) above the floor and to aid in housekeeping (specifically, avoiding batteries sitting in water). Batteries raised off the floor (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) For non-sealed batteries, use appropriate acid-resistant personal protective equipment while checking each battery cell to verify battery plates are covered with dielectric fluid. Where plates are exposed, add distilled water using a dispenser intended for the purpose. Example of apron, arm sleeves, gloves, safety glasses, and face shield used during battery cell inspection. Also, shown is a distilled water battery fill container. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

49 On a weekly basis, also verify the crank case oil and coolant fluid levels are in the appropriate ranges. On a weekly basis, verify sufficient combustion air is provided for the diesel engine. Verify active ventilation features such as fans and motor-driven louvers operate as intended. Finally, on a weekly basis, record the engine hours. This is evidence that weekly tests are being performed. C.15 Diesel fire pump controller On a weekly basis, verify the controller is clean and dry, and the selector switch is in the automatic position. The discussion regarding water leaking from electric fire pump control panels also applies to diesel fire pump control panels. Of course, voltage levels will be lower for the diesel control panel. For discussion see C.12 Electric fire pump controller. C.16 Jockey pump On a weekly basis, verify the jockey pump suction and discharge control valves are open. Also, verity the controller is clean, dry, and in the automatic mode. The discussion regarding water leaking from electric fire pump control panels also applies to jockey pump control panels. For discussion see C.12 Electric fire pump controller. Test the jockey pump automatic start by slowly dropping the system pressure. Record the start pressure, and verify it is normal. Allow the jockey pump to restore the system pressure until the pump stops, record the stop pressure, and confirm the stop pressure is normal. C.17 Fire pump On a weekly basis, start the fire pump by slowly dropping the system pressure. This is a test of the fire pump automatic start feature. Record the start pressure, and verify it is normal. Where redundant automatic start pressure switches are provided (e.g. in the UK), test each switch. The UK fire pump redundant automatic start pressure switches are specifically arranged to allow independent testing of each switch. Whenever the fire pump starts and no water is flowing in the system, immediately verify the circulating relief valve is discharging water to cool the fire pump. Example of fire pump circulating relief valve (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

50 If the fire pump is equipped with a main relief valve, verify whether it is operating. If it is operating, recording its pressure setting. This will be the same as the pressure displayed on the fire pump discharge gauge. Right, direct acting relief valve; left, pilot operated relief valve (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Verify water is passing the shaft packing on both sides of a fire pump at a rate of 1 to 3 drips per second. This dripping provides lubrication and cooling of the pump shaft and shaft packing. It also aids in avoiding air being drawn in to the pump. Shaft packing is located on either side of the pump (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Verify the pump is not experiencing any unusual noise or vibration. Check the temperature of the pump bearings. Do not use a hand to sense the bearing temperature by touch. Allowable bearing operating temperatures may be as high as 93 C (200 F). Use a device such as a non-contact infrared thermometer for this check. July

51 Orange arrows point to the inboard and outboard bearing caps. The green arrow points to the inboard bearing surface where temperature should be measured. A similar surface is should be checked on the outboard bearing. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Read the pump suction and discharge gauges, record the values, and verify they are normal compared to past weekly tests. See the discussion in item A.1 Water pressure and flow for additional information. Verify the fire pump running alarm is received at the building fire alarm control unit and at the fire alarm monitoring station. C.18 Fire pump electric motor On a weekly basis, run an electric motor driven fire pump for at least 10 minutes. This allows the electric motor to dissipate heat associated with the motor inrush current when the motor starts. C.19 Fire pump diesel engine On a weekly basis, run a diesel engine driven fire pump for at least 30 minutes. This allows the engine to thoroughly circulate lubricating oil to all internal engine surfaces, reach operating temperature, and drive moisture from the crankcase. The 30 minute run is intended to mitigate internal engine corrosion. During the weekly run, monitor the engine temperature and lubricating oil pressure. Confirm they remain within the normal range for the duration of the test. July

52 D. Water supply ITM Fire pump annual Left photo shows a diesel engine control panel with mechanical gauges. Right photo shows a diesel engine control panel with digital display. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher) 3.4 Fire pump semi-annual and annual ITM Checklist Include all items from checklist A. Water supply ITM - General and checklist C. Water supply ITM - Fire pump weekly along with the following items. # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation All fire pumps: Drop-in-pressure Electric motor driven fire pumps: Manual electric at controller D.1 Annual fire pump test pump start methods T A Manual mechanical at controller Diesel engine driven fire pumps: Controller switch in manual 1 Controller switch in manual 2 (Test all methods present) Controller switch in test Engine manual 1 Engine manual 2 Other fire pump start methods: Remote manual start Fire system start signal Other (describe): July

53 D. Water supply ITM Fire pump annual # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation All fire pumps: Pump running D.2 Annual fire pump test pump signals T A Electric motor driven fire pumps: Electric power phase failure Electric power phase reversal Diesel engine driven fire pumps: Diesel controller off automatic Diesel trouble Test point #1 (no flow): Discharge pressure Suction pressure Speed Main relief valve operating Amps (electric),, Volts (electric),, D.3 Annual fire pump test - flow test T A Engine oil pressure (diesel) Engine water temperature (diesel) Main relief valve operating Test point #2, #3, #4, and #5: Ideally, conduct four flowing test points spread out across the range of fire pump operation Discharge pressure Suction pressure Speed Flow Main relief valve operating Amps (electric),, July

54 D. Water supply ITM Fire pump annual # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Volts (electric),, Engine oil pressure (diesel) Engine water temperature (diesel) Main relief valve operating Overall results: Test result okay D.4 Fire pump and driver mounting Mount and bolts free of physical damage I S Mount and bolts free of corrosion T S Mounting bolts torque okay D.5 Fire pump I A Pump bearings okay Pump shaft end play okay M A Lubricate bearings D.6 Coupling T S Alignment okay M S Lubricate D.7 D.8 D.9 D.10 Flexible drive shaft Right angle gear drive Fire pump controller (see discussion in Chapter 4 regarding arcflash hazard) Electrical motor M S Lubricate M S Lubricate I S Wire insulation not cracked Circuit boards no corrosion T S Volt and amp meters okay M S Calibrate pressure switch Tighten wire connections M V Grease bearings D.11 Diesel engine I S Diesel exhaust system okay Crankcase breather clear Circuit boards no corrosion Check engine fuel lines and filters July

55 D. Water supply ITM Fire pump annual # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation T S Volt and amp meters okay Fuel tank free of water Alternate battery start logic Six start attempt failure logic Engine combustion air louvers open upon power failure Check and top off oil level Check and top off antifreeze level Supply air louvre cleaned M S Tighten wire connections Clean cooling water lines Clean engine air filter Adjust engine drive belts Oil and filter changed M A Fuel filters changed Check heat exchanger zinc anode M 2 Replace engine hoses Replace engine coolant Replace engine thermostat Replace engine air filter Replace engine drive belts D.12 Wet pit or jack well I A Clean wet pit screen and strainers Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual V = Varies 5 = 5 year ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. D.1 Annual fire pump test start methods A number of methods are available to start a fire pump. During the annual test, test each method provided. July

56 Automatic fire pumps will typically start upon a drop in system pressure. Test this start method weekly. Electric fire pump controllers may have an electric manual start pushbutton which engages the motor starter magnetically using the controller circuitry. In addition, the controller may include a mechanical manual start handle that bypasses the controller circuitry and manually engages the motor starter mechanically. Diesel engine electronic control module (at the engine) with pushbuttons to crank "Batt A" or "Batt B" (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Diesel engine controllers will include an electric pushbutton that uses the diesel controller circuitry to manually crank the engine for starting using either battery set 1 or battery set 2. These battery sets may be designated as battery set A and battery set B. In addition, electric pushbuttons may be provided at the engine control panel. Should the automatic start and electric pushbuttons fail, handles may be provided on each starter motor contactor to allow manual mechanical engine cranking using either battery set 1 or battery set 2. Diesel engine motor starter contactors with manual operating handles (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Other possible fire pump start methods include: Remote manual start Fire system start signal July

57 A remote manual start is often located at an on-site security station where security staff may manually start a fire pump without the delay of traveling to the fire pump controller. A fire system start signal is an automatic signal generated by a fire extinguishing system release panel. The signal is intended to start the fire pump without waiting for a drop in system pressure. For example, a fire detection system that releases a water spray deluge system may also send a remote start signal to the fire pump. D.2 Annual fire pump test pump signals During the annual test, test each fire pump signal monitored at a constantly attended location. Signals may be monitored by a fire alarm system or a remote fire pump annunciator panel. Typically signals include: All fire pumps Pump running (NFPA) or Pump on demand (Europe) This signal indicates the fire pump has been commanded to run Pump running (Europe) This signal indicates the fire pump has actually started and has caused an increase in water pressure at the fire pump discharge Pump running pressure switch at fire pump discharge - European arrangement (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Electric motor driven fire pumps Electric power phase failure Electric power phase reversal Diesel engine driven fire pumps Diesel controller off automatic Diesel trouble Additional signals Fire pump installation valve tamper Fire pump room or house low temperature Fire pump ground water tank low level Fire pump ground water tank low temperature Diesel fire pump low fuel tank level July

58 D.3 Annual fire pump test flow test During the annual fire pump capacity or flow test, collect test data at no flow (churn) and at least four additional test points evenly spaced across the range of the fire pump curve. The test should achieve at least the greatest fire protection design flow supplied by the fire pump. In other words, there is no requirement to flow the greatest flow rate shown on the fire pump nameplate. The five test points are intended to facilitate the graphing of a fire pump test curve. This curve is to meet or exceed all fire system demands supplied by the fire pump. Where fire pump curve has deteriorated, and specifically if fire system demands are no longer being met, the test results should lead to fire pump maintenance to restore fire pump performance. At each test point, the following readings will be collected for all fire pumps: Discharge pressure Suction pressure Pump speed Main relief valve operating (yes/no) For electric motor driven fire pumps, the following additional readings are collected: Volts (three readings, one for each phase) Amps (three readings, across the phases) For diesel engine driven fire pumps, the following additional readings are collected where suitable indicators are provided: Engine coolant temperature Engine lubrication oil pressure Operation of the main relief valve, where present, actually interferes with the annual test as water discharging from the main relief valve is not measured. Only those test points where the main relief valve is not discharging are valid test points. It is ideal to turn the main relief valve off during the annual flow test; however, if this will result in excessive system pressures, the operation of the main relief valve will have to be tolerated. For UL listed electric fire pump motors: Voltage readings should remain between 95% and 110% of motor nameplate volts. Amperage readings should not to exceed the motor nameplate full load motor amps times the motor name plate service factor (which is typically 1.15 for fire pump motors). D.4 Fire pump and driver mounting Inspection On a semi-annual basis, verify the fire pump and driver mount and mounting bolts are free of physical damage and corrosion. July

59 Mounting bolts shown with red circles and arrows (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Test On a semi-annual basis, verify the torque of the fire pump and driver mounting bolts are within manufacturer s specifications D.5 Fire pump Annually, inspect pump bearing and lubricate them in accordance with manufacturer s instructions. Check fire pump shaft end play or end float. This is axial movement of the pump shaft, and it should not exceed manufacturer s allowances. Excessive end float can allow rotating pump parts to clash with stationary parts. In addition, it can adversely affect coupling and flexible drive shafts. D.6 Coupling Couplings may be found in used with either electric motor or diesel engine driven fire pumps. Annually, verify coupling alignment. Coupling alignment includes angular alignment, parallel alignment, and axial alignment. Parallel alignment is checked with a straight edge as shown in the following image. Coupling parallel alignment check with a straight edge (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Angular alignment is checked with feeler gauges (or a taper gauge) as shown in the following image. The gauge is inserted at four points 90 degrees apart. July

60 Coupling angular alignment check with feeler gauges (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) An accurate alignment check can be made using a dial indicator as shown in the following image. The dial gauge in position 1 checks parallel alignment. The dial gauge in position 2 checks angular alignment. For each check, the dial gauge is attached to one side of the coupling, positioned, and zeroed. A mark is then placed on the other coupling half opposite the dial gauge mounting point. Both halves of the coupling are rotated together (dial mount and mark kept adjacent to each other). Check alignment at four locations 90 degree apart such as with the dial mount at the top, bottom, and both sides. The dial will indicate if adjustments are needed (e.g. raise, lower, or side-to-side movement of driver). Coupling parallel and angular alignment check with a dial gauge (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Axial alignment is the gap provided between coupling halves that allow for end play or float of the shafts on either side of the coupling. Coupling manufacturer s instructions apply including minimum shaft end engagement of the coupling halves to the shaft ends. July

61 Lubricate the coupling in accordance with manufacturer s instructions. This includes use of the specific lubricant recommended by the manufacturer. Example of an all-metal tapered grid-type coupling with cover halves removed and no grease applied (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Example of all-metal tapered grid-type coupling with cover halves in place, coupling is packed with grease (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Some couplings use a plastic insert to avoid metal to metal contact between coupling halves. These inserts are renewable parts, are expected to wear over time, and require replacement when normal wear allowances exceed manufacturer s specifications. Example of "fail to run" coupling where coupling engages metal-to-metal and continues to drive fire pump if plastic insert fails (Phot source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

62 Couplings that rely upon a plastic insert to drive the fire pump should be replaced with listed coupling. Plastic inserts are subject to failure that can lead to a fire pump impairment. Example of a coupling that relies upon a plastic insert to drive a fire pump. Photo on right shows a failed insert. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) D.7 Flexible drive shaft Flexible drive shafts are used with diesel engine driven fire pumps. Annually, verify flexible drive shaft alignment. Manufacturer s instructions will provide detailed guidance. For flexible drive shafts, pump and engine shaft centerlines are expected to be parallel but offset. A manufacturer will typically specify minimum and maximum offsets (e.g. 1 to 3 degrees). Annually, verify torque of all fasteners per manufacturer s instructions. Annually, lubricate the flexible drive shaft universal joints and sliding splines per manufacturer s instructions. Example of a flexible drive shaft (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) D.8 Right angle gear drive A right angle gear drive redirects horizontal rotational motion from a diesel engine to operate a vertical turbine fire pump. The selected right angle gear drive may increase or decrease the drive speed of the pump compared to the diesel engine. This could impact the interpretation of fire pump flow test results. The right angle gear drive will include a right angle gear drive set, bearing, and a non-reserve ratchet or clutch mechanism. All of these features need lubrication. Drain and fill plugs are typically provided to change oil. July

63 Example of a right angle gear drive (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich D.9 Fire pump controller Annually, verify the condition of fire pump controller wiring and circuit boards. Wiring insulation should show no signs of cracking, discoloration, or overheating. Circuit boards should show no signs of cracking, discoloration, or oxidation. Example of an electric fire pump controller (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Completely de-energized the fire pump controller before conducting these activities. This means disconnecting normal and emergency power (where provided) upstream of the fire pump controller. Where the fire pump controller will not be completely de-energized, follow safe work practices developed by a safety professional for the arc-flash hazard. July

64 D.10 Electric motor Annually, or less frequently as directed by motor manufacturer, lubricate motor bearings. Follow manufacturer s instructions for type of lubricant, amount of lubricant, and method of applying lubricant. D.11 Diesel engine On a semiannual basis, the diesel engine should be serviced by a technician qualified for the specific engine. This should include: Changing the oil and filter Change fuel filters Checking the crankcase breather vent Checking the antifreeze Checking circuit boards in the electronic control module (for cracks, discoloration, or corrosion) Tightening wire connections Checking accuracy of volt and amp meter displays Also, verify the diesel exhaust system is adequately supported, does not have exhaust leaks, and does not allow high temperatures to contact combustibles. Also, verify the diesel fuel tank is free of water. Water can accumulate due to condensation as the tank breathes due to temperature changes. Also, clean the supply air louvre used to provide combustion air for the engine. Left and center, examples of wiring connections to be checked; right, example of exhaust (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

65 Example of crank case vent to be inspected, and oil filter to be changed (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Example of fuel filters (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Finally, verify combustion air supply louvers fail open upon loss of power. D.12 Wet pit Vertical turbine fire pumps drawing water from open reservoirs, ponds, lakes, and streams should be submerged in a wet pit protected with screens to reduce the impact of foreign debris obstructing the water supply or pump passages. Annually, inspect the trash rack, double removable intake screens, strainer, and any other feature intended to control the entry of foreign debris into the fire system. July

66 E. Water supply ITM Private fire mains Example of a vertical turbine fire pump submerged in a protected wet pit (Photo and image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) 3.5 Private fire mains including hydrants ITM Checklist Include all items from section Water supply ITM General along with the following items. # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Hydrant free of physical damage I A Hydrant free of corrosion Hydrant free of leaks E.1 Private fire mains - fire hydrants T A No hydrant caps or covers missing Hydrant valve operation okay Hydrant water discharge conducted Yes No Pillar hydrant dry barrel drains M A Hydrant lubricated E.2 Private fire mains flow tests T A T 2 Dead-end private mains flowed Test result okay Looped private mains flowed Test result okay M V Main flushing to remove foreign matter July

67 E. Water supply ITM Private fire mains # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Pipe located in a heated building E.3 Heating and insulation systems for aboveground pipe waterfilled pipe I I D (1) W (2) Adequate heat verified Heat sources functional Building enclosure intact Pipe located outside or in an unheated building Heat tracing functional Insulation in place and secure M A Maintenance of heating systems Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual Table notes: V = Varies 2 = 2 year (1) Building heat maintained above 4 C (40 F) is needed for water filled pipe. During cold weather, conduct daily inspections. Inspections can be extended to weekly for occupied building areas as well as building areas electronically monitored for low building temperature at a constantly attended location via a building fire alarm system. (2) Weekly inspection of heat tracing and insulation applies during cold weather. The frequency can be extended to monthly where heat tracing is electronically monitored at a constantly attended location via a building fire alarm system ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. E.1 Private fire mains fire hydrants Discussion Fire hydrants provide the fire service with access to water supplies. The photos below show three types of fire hydrants typical to the US. From left to right they include: Wet-barrel fire hydrant used in regions not subject to freezing Dry barrel fire hydrant used in regions subject to freezing (equipped with a fire service vehicle connection) Dry barrel fire hydrant equipped with connections only for hand-held hoses only (private or plant hydrant) July

68 Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich The photos below show a type of fire hydrant found in the UK. From left to right they include: Fire hydrant with cover plates in place. Fire hydrant with cover plates removed. The fire service attaches a pipe to the threaded outlet (normally capped), and applies a wrench to the square valve operating nut. Sign posted adjacent to the hydrant indicating the water main size (100 mm) and distance (3 m) to the hydrant. Example of UK fire hydrant (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) View of a UK fire hydrant during installation. Note the red cap provided to protect the threaded outlet. (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) July

69 The photos below show additional example of fire hydrant used globally. Fire hydrants, left to right, Brazil, Czech Republic, and Greece (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich Fire hydrants, left to right, Italy, Philippines, and Switzerland (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich except center photo source Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) Inspection On an annual basis, inspect each fire hydrant for signs of physical damage, corrosion, leaks, and missing caps. Testing On an annual basis, operate each hydrant valve through its full range of motion. Flow water from each fire hydrant outlet to flush the hydrant and verify hydrant operation. For dry barrel hydrants, check the drain operates when the hydrant is turned off. This check is performed by sealing a hand over a hydrant outlet (all other outlets caps in place) and feeling for the suction developed as the water drains from the barrel. Maintenance On an annual basis, lubricate the hydrant in accordance with manufacturer s instructions. Use only the manufacturer recommended oil or grease. This may involve filling an oil reservoir, lubricating the operating nut, and providing a light coating of grease to outlet threads. July

70 E.2 Private fire mains flow tests Testing On an annual basis, conduct flow tests of dead-end private fire mains where test facilities, such as a fire hydrant, are available. Where test facilities are not available, other flow tests, such as sprinkler system main drain tests, should occur and provide an alternative to this test. Sprinkler system main drain tests are addressed in Chapter 4 Fire sprinkler system. Every two years, conduct flow tests of looped private fire mains where test facilities, such as a fire hydrant and sectional control valves, are available. The purpose of the test is to verify all sectional control valves are open and underground pipe is flowing in an appropriate manner (e.g. no excessive friction loss). The sequence of a loop test is important if all test objectives are to be accomplished. The Loop test diagram shown below will be used to highlight the test sequence and benefits. The water supply is a town water main. Loop test 1 will involve closing valve 1 to form a short flow path to hydrant H. Pressure readings will be taken at riser R. The results of this test should be plotted on graph paper. Loop test 2 will involve reopening valve 1 and closing valve 2. This will form a long flow path to hydrant H. Pressure readings once again will be taken at riser R. The results of this test should be plotted on the same graph paper as loop test 1. By comparison, loop test 2 should be weaker than loop test 1. Loop test 3 will involve reopening valve 2. No valves will be closed for this test. This test will allow the full loop to flow water to hydrant H. Pressure readings once again will be taken at riser R. The results of this test should be plotted on the same graph paper as loop tests 1 and 2. By comparison, loop test 3 should be the strongest test. This outcome will verify that both legs of the loop are open and flowing water, and that all valves have returned to the open position. Looped private fire main test diagram (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

71 Maintenance As needed, flush private fire mains. A need for flushing may be indicated if any of the following conditions are identified: Defective fire pump intake protective feature (screen, strainer) Debris discharged during a flow test Debris found in a fire pump Foreign material found in piping found during service Piping supplied with raw water via the fire department connection E.3 Heating and insulation systems for aboveground pipe water-filled pipe Discussion During cold weather, maintain adequate heat for all fixed fire protection equipment subject to freezing. This should include water filled pipe, fittings, valves, pumps, and tanks. For further discussion, see item F.9 Heating and insulation systems in Chapter 4. For fire pumps see the discussion on item C.9 Pump room or house and for tanks see the discussion under item B.1 Water storage all methods both of which can be found in this chapter. Inspections During cold weather, conduct daily inspections to verify adequate fire system heat is provided in all areas where water-filled pipe, fittings, and valves are subject to freezing. Adequate heat means: Sufficient heat is present based upon the senses of an inspector or indications of thermometers Heat sources are visually verified to be functional The integrity of the heated space (building walls, roofs, and insulation; and pipe insulation or lagging) is visually confirmed to be intact Inspections can be extended to weekly for: Any building areas occupied at least at some point in time each day Any building areas electronically supervised for low building temperature monitored at a constantly attended location Inspections can be extended to monthly for: Any water-filled piping with heat tracing and insulation (lagging) where the heat tracing system is electrically monitored at a constantly attended location Maintenance Before the onset of cold weather each year, service all heating systems. Provide service using qualified persons. Comply with manufacturer s guidelines for the inspection, testing, and maintenance of heating systems. July

72 4. Fire sprinkler system 4.1 ITM Checklist F. Fire sprinkler system ITM # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Valve open Yes No Valve secure Yes No I W (1) Valve accessible Valve equipped with operating hardware F.1 Control valve Valve not leaking Valve identified with appropriate sign Valve operation okay T A Number of turns to shut valve (2) Number of turns to open valve (2) Valve test okay (2) Static pressure before test (B gauge) F.2 Main drain T A (3) Static pressure before test (C gauge) Flowing pressure during test (B gauge) Static pressure after test (C gauge) Test result okay (4) F.3 Proving pipe T A (5) Static pressure before test Low flow test Minimum test flow Minimum test pressure Actual test flow Actual test pressure Required flow and pressure exceeded High flow test Minimum test flow Minimum test pressure Actual test flow Actual test pressure Required flow and pressure exceeded July

73 F. Fire sprinkler system ITM # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation F.4 Wet system valve sets (check valve or alarm check valve) Valve set free of physical damage I W Valve set free of corrosion Valve set free of leaks I A Internal inspection okay (6) M 3 Replace internal rubber components (6) T W Alarm test okay (7) System water pressure I W (9) System air pressure Quick opening device air pressure System pressures okay (10) Valve set free of physical damage I W Valve set free of corrosion Valve set free of leaks Quick opening device valves open F.5 Dry pipe system valve sets, and Alternate system valve sets (8) I A Internal inspection okay (6) (11) M 3 Replace internal rubber components (6) T W Alarm test okay (7) Priming water level okay T Q Quick opening device test okay Functional test (no water flow into system) Test with accelerator Accelerator isolating valve open T A Air pressure before test Accelerator pressure before test Water pressure before test Air pressure when valve tripped Trip test okay (12) T 3 Full-flow test (water flow to test connection) Test with accelerator July

74 F. Fire sprinkler system ITM # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Accelerator isolating valve open Air pressure before test Accelerator pressure before test Water pressure before test Air pressure when valve tripped Time elapsed from opening test connection to obtaining a steady stream of water at the test connection Full-flow test okay (13) Air compressor serviced M A Air dryers serviced Nitrogen generator serviced M V Dry system low points drained (14) Valve set free of physical damage I W Valve set free of corrosion Valve set free of leaks F.6 Deluge system valve set I A Internal inspection okay (6) M 3 Replace internal rubber components (6) T W Alarm test okay (7) Automatic release test okay T A Manual release test okay Full-flow test okay (13) Nozzle discharge test okay Valve set free of physical damage Valve set free of corrosion F.7 Preaction system valve set I W Valve set free of leaks System air pressure System air pressure oaky Yes No Yes No I A Internal inspection okay (6) M 3 Replace internal rubber components (6) July

75 F. Fire sprinkler system ITM # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation T W Alarm test okay (7) Priming water level okay Functional test (no water flow into system) Single interlock (European Type A) (water fills system piping upon fire detection) Air pressure before test Water pressure before test Preaction valve trip time Trip test okay (12) Automatic release test okay Manual release test okay Functional test (no water flow into system) Non-interlock (European Type B) (water fills system piping upon fire detection or automatic sprinkler operation) T A Air pressure before test Water pressure before test Preaction valve trip time Trip test okay (12) Automatic release test okay Manual release test okay Functional test (no water flow into system) Double interlock system (water fills system piping upon fire detection and sprinkler operation) Test with accelerator Accelerator isolating valve open Air pressure before test Accelerator pressure before test Water pressure before test July

76 F. Fire sprinkler system ITM # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Air pressure when valve tripped Trip test okay (12) Automatic release test okay Manual release test okay Full-flow test (water flow to test connection) - Single interlock (European Type A) (water fills system piping upon fire detection) Air pressure before test Water pressure before test Preaction valve trip time Trip test okay (12) Automatic release test okay Manual release test okay T 3 Full-flow test (water flow to test connection) - Non-interlock (European Type B) (water fills system piping upon fire detection or automatic sprinkler operation) Air pressure before test Water pressure before test Preaction valve trip time Trip test okay (12) Automatic release test okay Manual release test okay Full-flow test (water flow to test connection) - Full-flow test double interlock systems (water fills system piping upon fire detection and sprinkler operation) Test with accelerator Accelerator isolating valve open Air pressure before test July

77 F. Fire sprinkler system ITM # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Accelerator pressure before test Water pressure before test Air pressure when valve tripped Time elapsed from opening test connection to obtaining a steady stream of water at the test connection Full-flow test okay (13) Automatic release sequence okay Manual release sequence okay M A Air compressor serviced System water pressure I W (7) Dry system air pressure Accelerator air pressure System pressures okay (10) Valve set free of physical damage I W Valve set free of corrosion Valve set free of leaks Accelerator isolation valve open F.8 Refrigerated area system valve set Ice plug inspection completed I A Ice plug inspection okay I A Valve set internal inspection okay (6) M 3 Replace internal rubber components (6) T W Alarm test okay (7) Accelerator test okay T A Preaction valve trip test okay (12) Dry pipe valve trip test okay (12) Yes No M A Air compressor serviced Air dryers serviced M V Dry system low points drained (14) July

78 F. Fire sprinkler system ITM # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation F.9 Antifreeze system I A Antifreeze acceptable for use Yes No T A Antifreeze freeze point okay F.10 Heating and insulation systems I I D (15) W (16) Adequate heat verified Heat sources functional Building enclosure intact Heat tracing functional Insulation in place and secure M A Maintenance of heating systems F.11 Sprinklers I A Sprinklers free of physical damage Sprinklers free of corrosion Sprinklers free of paint Sprinklers free of foreign material Sprinklers free of leaks Sprinkler orientation correct Sprinkler glass bulbs full Sprinkler clearance to storage okay Spare sprinklers okay Wrench for each sprinkler type provided F.12 Nozzles I A Nozzles free of physical damage Nozzles free of corrosion Nozzles free of foreign material Nozzles aimed correctly Caps or plugs provided and operate F.13 Sprinkler testing or replacement (17) T 5 Sprinklers over 75 years old replaced, or test a sample every 5 years Sprinklers subject to harsh environment replaced, or test a sample every 5 years Yes No Extra high temperature rated solder link sprinklers replaced, or test a sample every 5 years July

79 F. Fire sprinkler system ITM # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Sprinklers over 25 years old replaced, or test a sample every 10 years Yes No T 10 Fast response sprinklers over 20 years old replaced, or test a sample every 10 years Yes No Dry sprinklers over 10 years old replace, or test a sample every 10 years M V Sprinklers made before 1920 replaced MJCs free of physical damage MJCs free of corrosion F.14 Multiple jet control (MJC) testing or replacement I M MJCs free of paint MJCs free of foreign material MJCs free of leaks MJCs glass bulbs full T 5 MJCs replaced or tested every 5 years Yes No Pipe free of physical damage Pipe free of corrosion I A Pipe free of leaks Hangers and support okay F.15 Pipe and fittings Seismic bracing okay Internal pipe inspection completed Internal inspection results okay I 5 yr Obstruction investigation completed Obstruction investigation results okay Flushing completed Flushing results okay Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual V = Varies 3 = 3 year 5 = 5 year 10 = 10 year 20 = 20 year Table notes: (1) Data demonstrates the primary cause of sprinkler system failure is a shut valve. A weekly inspection to verify valves are in the appropriate position is recommended. Secure each valve in a suitable manner which may include plastic seals, plastic or leather July

80 F. Fire sprinkler system ITM # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation straps, locks (including a dedicated and locked fire protection room), and electronic monitoring via a fire alarm system supervised at a constantly attended location. (2) A valve test may be acceptable if the number of turns to close equals the number of turns to open. (3) A main drain test is to be conducted annually at each sprinkler system. In addition, a main drain test is to be conducted at a sprinkler system whenever its control valve has been closed and reopened. The B gauge is located on the upstream (supply side) of the wet, dry, preaction, or deluge valve set. The C gauge is located on the downstream (system side) of the wet, dry, preaction, or deluge valve set. (4) A main drain test may be acceptable if either the flowing pressure at the B gauge is greater than or equal to 90% of past main drain test results or if the pressure drop (static flowing) at the B gauge is less than or equal to 1.4 bar (20 psi). (5) Proving pipes may be used in Europe on pre-cacluated systems. Where a proving pipe test is completed, a main drain test might not be needed. (6) Internal inspections include evaluations of strainers, filters, restricted orifices, and other components forming the system valve and its trim. On at least a three year basis, replaced internal rubber components. NFPA 25 allows this three year frequency to be extended to 5 years. (7) Mechanical water motor gong alarms are acceptable if the bell sounds within 5 minutes of opening the test connection. Electric alarms are acceptable if the alarm is initiated within 90 seconds of opening the test connection. (8) Alternate systems are wet pipe systems in warm weather and dry pipe systems in cold weather. (9) The weekly gauge inspection can be reduced to a monthly frequency where system air pressure is electronically monitored at a constantly attended location via a building fire alarm system. (10) Dry system gauge readings may be acceptable if they are similar to past weekly gauge readings. The system air pressure should be within the normal air pressure maintenance range. The Quick Opening Device (if provided) should display an air pressure equal to the system air pressure. (11) Increase the internal inspection frequency of alternate systems to semi-annual. (12) A trip test only tests the function of the dry, preaction, or deluge valve. A trip test does not involve the flow of water into system piping. A dry pipe system trip test is okay when the dry valve trips and latches in the tripped (open) position. A preaction or deluge system trip test is okay when the preaction or deluge valve release functions as intended and the valve trips promptly. July

81 F. Fire sprinkler system ITM # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation (13) A full-flow test involves flowing water to a test connection, open nozzles, or open sprinklers. A full-flow test will involve water entering system piping. A system full-flow test does not apply to refrigerated spaces. A dry pipe system full-flow test is okay when the water delivery time is acceptable. See the discussion in Chapter 4 regarding dry pipe system water delivery times. A single interlock preaction system full-flow test may be acceptable when the preaction valve release functions as intended and the valve trips promptly. A double interlock preaction system full-flow test is similar to a dry system full-flow test. The water delivery time to a test connection is measured and evaluated. The test connection is to be located at the most hydraulically remote point of the system. The double interlock preaction system may have up to two accelerators - one accelerator on air pressurized sprinkler system piping and one accelerator on air pressurized pneumatically released fire detection system. The full flow test of a double interlock preaction system is to include a full function test of the entire release sequence including fire detection and release along with sprinkler operation (test connection opened) with air release and water delivery. A deluge system full-flow test may be acceptable when water is discharged from all nozzles (no plugging of orifices occurs). (14) Drain dry system low points after each test, before cold weather, and weekly during cold weather. Cold weather draining can be extended based upon experience. (15) Building heat maintained above 4 o C (40 o F) is needed for all water filled pipe, fittings, and valves. During cold weather, conduct daily inspections. Inspections can be extended to weekly for occupied building areas as well as building areas electronically monitored for low building temperature at a constantly attended location via a building fire alarm system. (16) Weekly inspection of heat tracing and insulation applies during cold weather. The frequency can be extended to monthly where heat tracing is electronically monitored at a constantly attended location via a building fire alarm system. (17) Sprinkler testing involves submitting a sample for test. As an option, all affected sprinklers may be replaced with new sprinklers of an appropriate type. 4.2 ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. F.1 Control valves For discussion see item A.2 Control valve in Chapter 3. July

82 F.2 Main drain Discussion Main drains are installed on sprinkler systems for two reasons. First, they provide a means to drain the sprinkler system for service, repair, and modification. Second, they provide a means to test the connected water supply. A main drain test consists of the following steps: Reading and recording the static water pressures at the sprinkler system valve set (riser) Fully opening the main drain and then reading and recording the flowing water pressure at the sprinkler system valve set (riser) And, finally turning off the main drain and then reading and recording the static water pressure at the sprinkler system valve set (riser) The initial static water pressure displayed on the sprinkler system valve set gauges may be artificially high due to pressure trapped by a non-return valve (check valve). This high pressure could be due to a number of causes including a water pressure surge from a water supply or a high night-time water pressure from a town or public water supply. See the commentary in item A.1 Water pressure and flow for additional information. The static water pressure recorded after the main drain test will represent the available static water pressure at the time of the test as the abnormally high pressure will have been dissipated by the flowing water. This is important to recognize that a main drain cross-sectional area is often only a small portion of the cross-sectional area of the system riser. See the following sketch. Main drain vs. riser (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) This means a main drain flow test will only identify serious obstructions between a water source and sprinkler system valve set (or riser). The photo sequence on the following page demonstrate the limitation of the main drain test. The photo sequence shows a butterfly stop valve (control valve) must be over half shut (an extremely severe waterway obstruction) before the main drain test results show a significant pressure reduction. July

83 Sprinkler stop valve position vs. main drain flowing pressure (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

84 Considering the finding displayed in the sequence of photos on the previous page, it is clear that a significant pressure drop identified by a main drain test can represent a serious condition warranting prompt attention. Testing A main drain test is to be conducted annually at each sprinkler system valve set (riser). In addition, a main drain test is to be conducted at a sprinkler system whenever its stop valve (control valve) has been closed and reopened. Dry valve set showing "B gauge" and "C gauge" locations (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) The main drain test data includes readings from the valve set B gauge located on the upstream or supply side of the system valve set and readings from the C gauge located on the downstream or system side of the system valve set. The following photo shows the location of the B gauge and C gauge. A main drain test may be acceptable if either of the following conditions are satisfied: The flowing pressure is greater than or equal to 90% of past main drain test flow pressure results The pressure drop (static pressure flowing pressure) is less than or equal to 1.4 bar (20 psi) F.3 Proving pipe Proving pipes are used in Europe on pre-calculated sprinkler systems. For the systems with a proving pipe, the proving pipe test should be conducted in place of the main drain test discussed in the previous item F.2. Proving pipes are generally used with Ordinary Hazard sprinkler systems using a pre-calculated design; however, they may also be used with pre-calculated High Hazard systems. This discussion will focus on Ordinary Hazard systems. For High Hazard systems, refer to BS EN Table 7. The following figure shows a proving pipe. The proving pipe flows are marked in units of dm 3 /min. It is useful to note that 1 dm 3 /min is equal to 1 lpm. July

85 Proving pipe (Photo source: Scott Hopkins, Zurich) When using a proving pipe, it is necessary to identify the minimum test flows and the corresponding minimum test pressures. The following table provides guidance to determine the minimum flows and pressures using BS EN guidelines. BS EN Ordinary Hazard proving pipe flow and pressure requirements Hazard group Low Flow test bar) High Flow test bar) AMAO*** (m2) Ordinary Hazard S* S* 72 Ordinary Hazard S* S* 144 Ordinary Hazard S* S* 216 Ordinary Hazard 4 (OH3S) S* S* 360 Table notes: *S (bar) = H / 10 S is the static pressure measured in bars from the C gauge to the highest sprinkler (10 m = 1 bar) H is the height in meters (m) of the highest sprinkler above the C gauge** **C gauge - System side gauge at a valve set or riser (refer to previous item F.2 for a figure showing the C gauge) ***AMAO Assumed maximum area of operation When the proving pipe testing is complete review the results of the Low Flow and High Flow tests. Verify that actual test values exceed minimum test values as determined using the table above. July

86 F.4 Wet system valve sets Inspection On a weekly basis, inspect a wet system valve set or riser for physical damage, corrosion, and leaks. On an annual basis, each wet system is to be internally inspected. This includes strainers, filters, restricted orifices, and other components forming the system valve and its trim. Testing On a weekly basis, test alarms serving the wet valve set. Mechanical water motor gong alarms may be acceptable if the bell sounds within 5 minutes of opening the test connection. Electric alarms may be acceptable if the alarm is initiated within 90 seconds of opening the test connection. Note: Where NFPA guidelines are applied, NFPA 25 allows testing of mechanical water motor gong alarms on a quarterly basis, and NFPA 25 and NFPA 73 allow testing of electric waterflow alarms devices on a semi-annul basis. Zurich recommends a weekly test. For further guidance, consult your Zurich account team. F.5 Dry system and alternate system valve sets Alternate systems are systems maintained as a wet pipe system in warm weather and a dry pipe system in cold weather. These systems can be subject to significant internal pipe corrosion due to the intermittent wet and dry nature of the piping. The use of alternate systems is strongly discouraged. Inspection On a weekly basis, inspect the three dry system pressure gauges. These include: B gauge or water supply pressure gauge C gauge or system air pressure gauge Accelerator gauge showing the accelerator air pressure The following photo shows the location of these gauges. July

87 Dry system valve set gauges (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) It should be noted that dry systems will not always have an accelerator. Also, if the dry system is equipped with an electronic accelerator, there might not be accelerator air pressure gauge. Accelerator gauges are only provided for mechanical accelerators. The weekly gauge inspections can be reduced to a monthly frequency where the system air pressure is electronically monitored at a constantly attended location via a building fire alarm system. Gauge pressures readings may be acceptable if they are similar to past gauge readings. The system air pressure should be within the normal air pressure maintenance range. The accelerator (if provided) should display an air pressure equal to the system air pressure. On a weekly basis, inspect a dry system valve set for physical damage, corrosion, and leaks. In addition, where a mechanical accelerator is present, verify the accelerator isolation valve is open. The photo on the previous page shows an example of an accelerator isolation valve. The isolation valve shown is a quarterturn-type valve and it is in the shut position. A shut accelerator control valve is a serious impairment warranting immediate action. On an annual basis, each dry system valve set is to be internally inspected. This includes strainers, filters, restricted orifices, and other components forming the system valve and its trim. Increase the internal inspection frequency of alternate systems to a semi-annual basis. Alternate systems are maintained as a wet system in warm weather and as a dry system in cold weather. This alternating wet and dry condition can expose the interior of piping to accelerated corrosion. July

88 Testing On a weekly basis, test alarms serving the dry valve set. Mechanical water motor gong alarms may be acceptable if the bell sounds within 5 minutes of opening the test connection. Electric alarms may be acceptable if the alarm is initiated within 90 seconds of opening the test connection. Note: Where NFPA guidelines are applied, NFPA 25 allows testing of mechanical water motor gong alarms on a quarterly basis, and NFPA 25 and NFPA 73 allow testing of electric waterflow alarms devices on a semi-annul basis. Zurich recommends weekly test. For further guidance, consult your Zurich account team. On a quarterly basis, test the priming water level for dry pipe valves requiring priming water to seal the air clapper. The following photo shows an example of a dry valve priming water fill cup and valve as well as a priming water level control valve. Dry valve priming water example (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) On a quarterly basis, test the function of the quick opening device. Follow manufacturer s instruction to limit the test to the accelerator only. Restore the accelerator following manufacturer s instructions. This includes cleaning the strainer at the accelerator inlet where provided. Mechanical accelerators while essential to dry system performance are very challenging to maintain in serviceable condition. Mechanical accelerators are subject to frequent replacement. On an annual basis, conduct a functional test on each dry valve. A functional test only tests the function of the dry pipe valve. A functional test does not involve any flow of water into the system piping. A dry pipe system functional test is successful when the dry valve trips and internal clapper latches in the tripped (open) position. July

89 Dry pipe valve with cover plate removed showing clapper latched in the open position following a trip test (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Dry pipe valves and water columns When a dry pipe valve clapper fails to latch in the open position, a column of water may accumulate on top of the clapper. The height of this column depends upon the height of the system piping above the clapper as well as the volume of water trapped above the clapper. Many dry pipe valves are designed to limit the required system air pressure by providing a clapper that creates an air-water ratio. For example, the clapper design may allow one unit of air pressure to hold back 6 units of water pressure. Example of dry system water column exposure (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Where sufficient water is trapped above a dry pipe valve clapper, it is possible to generate downward force that the water supply can overcome. In such cases, the dry system becomes impaired due to the water column. On at least a three-year basis, conduct a full-flow test of each dry pipe system. The full-flow test involves flowing water to a test connection. A full-flow test will involve water entering system piping. A system full-flow test does not apply when the system protects cold stores (a refrigerated space) maintained below 4ºC (40ºF). July

90 A dry pipe system full-flow test can be acceptable when the water delivery time is in accordance with the tables below. Where a dry system has been modified, or where the water pressure or air pressure has changed, a full-flow test should be conducted without waiting for three years. The tables below provide guidance on the number of test outlets to be used during a full-flow test as well as the water delivery times. Test outlets are not to be larger than the smallest sprinkler outlet used in the system under test. For storage occupancies where the test connection consists of four test outlets, these outlets should be provided as two outlets on each of the two most remote system branch line or range pipes. Dry system water delivery time per BS EN and technical bulletins Number of test outlets Water delivery time (seconds) All system except cold stores Cold stores (refrigerated spaces) Dry system water delivery time per NFPA 13 Number of test outlets Water delivery time (seconds) Light hazard occupancy Ordinary hazard occupancy Extra hazard occupancy Storage occupancy The water delivery time measurement begins when the test connections are fully open. The water delivery time measurement ends when water discharges in a continuous stream from the test connection(s). Water delivery time is an essential measure of dry sprinkler system performance. Systems that do not meet their water delivery time are deficient, and where the water delivery time is more than 30 seconds beyond the permitted time, the system is considered impaired. Maintenance On an annual basis, service air compressors and air dryers in accordance with manufacturer s instructions. Drain dry system low points after each test, before cold weather, and weekly during cold weather. Cold weather draining can be extended based upon experience to a frequency greater than weekly. July

91 F.6 Deluge system valve sets Inspection On a weekly basis, inspect a deluge system valve set for physical damage, corrosion, and leaks. On an annual basis, each deluge system valve set is to be internally inspected. This includes strainers, filters, restricted orifices, and other components forming the system valve and its trim. Testing On a weekly basis, test alarms serving the deluge system valve set. Mechanical water motor gong alarms may be acceptable if the bell sounds within 5 minutes of opening the test connection. Electric alarms may be acceptable if the alarm is initiated within 90 seconds of opening the test connection. Note: Where NFPA guidelines are applied, NFPA 25 allows testing of mechanical water motor gong alarms on a quarterly basis, and NFPA 25 and NFPA 72 allow testing of electric waterflow alarms devices on a semi-annul basis. Zurich recommends a weekly test. For further guidance, consult your Zurich account team. On an annual basis, conduct a full-flow test of each deluge system. Release the system using each automatic and manual means. A full-flow test will involve water entering system piping and discharging from the system open sprinklers or nozzles. A deluge system full-flow test and nozzle discharge test are successful when water is discharged from all open sprinklers or nozzles (no plugging of orifices occurs) and all open sprinklers and nozzles are appropriately aimed. F.7 Preaction system valve sets Inspection On a weekly basis, inspect a preaction system valve set for physical damage, corrosion, and leaks. In addition, record the system supervisory air pressure gauge reading and verify it is normal compared to past readings. On an annual basis, each preaction system valve set is to be internally inspected. This includes strainers, filters, restricted orifices, and other components forming the system valve and its trim. Testing On a weekly basis, test alarms serving the preaction system valve set. Mechanical water motor gong alarms may be acceptable if the bell sounds within 5 minutes of opening the test connection. Electric alarms may be acceptable if the alarm is initiated within 90 seconds of opening the test connection. In addition, where the preaction valve uses priming water to provide a seal for system piping supervisory air, verify the priming water level is correct. Note: Where NFPA guidelines are applied, NFPA 25 allows testing of mechanical water motor gong alarms on a quarterly basis, and NFPA 25 and NFPA 72 allow testing of electric waterflow alarms devices on a semi-annul basis. Zurich recommends a weekly test. For further guidance, consult your Zurich account team. July

92 On an annual basis, trip test each preaction valve. A trip test only tests the function of the preaction valve. A trip test does not involve any flow of water into the system piping. A trip test of a preaction system is successful when the preaction valve release functions as intended and the valve trips promptly. A double interlock preaction valve may be equipped with accelerators (one for the system piping and one for the pneumatic release piping). Testing is to include a trip test of each accelerator. On at least a three-year basis, conduct a full-flow test of each preaction system. A full-flow test will involve water entering system piping and discharging from a test connection. A system full-flow test does not apply when the system protects a refrigerated space. A double interlock preaction valve may be equipped with accelerators (one for the system piping and one for the pneumatic release piping). Testing is to include a trip test of each accelerator. A double interlock preaction valve must also demonstrate an acceptable water delivery time similar to a dry system. See F.4 Dry system and alternate system valve sets for further discussion on water delivery time. Maintenance On an annual basis, service air compressors and air dryers in accordance with manufacturer s instructions. Drain dry system low points after each test. For double interlock preaction systems protecting unheated spaces, drain low points before cold weather and weekly during cold weather. Cold weather draining can be extended based upon experience to a frequency greater than weekly. F.8 Refrigerate area system Inspection On a weekly basis, inspect and record the system water pressure, dry system air pressure, and accelerator air pressure (if equipped). System pressures are normal when they are similar to past readings. On a weekly basis, inspect a refrigerated area system valve set for physical damage, corrosion, and leaks. Where an accelerator is provided, verify the accelerator isolation valve is open. On an annual basis, each refrigerated system valve set is to be internally inspected. This includes strainers, filters, restricted orifices, and other components forming the system valve and its trim. On an annual basis, conduct an ice-plug inspection for refrigerated area sprinkler systems. July

93 Ice plug inspection This inspection action is to confirm ice has not accumulated inside sprinkler system piping. The principal focus is where piping enters a refrigerated area. The source of water contributing to ice accumulation or plugging is typically introduced to the system with the air or nitrogen used to pressurize the system. Ice accumulations may range from a layer of ice on the inside of the sprinkler piping to a complete ice plug obstruction, a hidden system impairment. Sprinkler system elbow from just inside a freezer completely obstructed with an ice plug (Photo source: Scott Andreas, Zurich) Another example of ice accumulation in piping entering a refrigerated space (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) The inspection may be conducted visually by taking the refrigerated system out of service and opening the pipe where it enters the freezer. An alternate method is ultrasonic testing. Testing On a weekly basis, test alarms serving the refrigerated system valve set. Mechanical water motor gong alarms may be acceptable if the bell sounds within 5 minutes of opening the test connection. Electric alarms are acceptable if the alarm is initiated within 90 seconds of opening the test connection. July

94 Note: Where NFPA guidelines are applied, NFPA 25 allows testing of mechanical water motor gong alarms on a quarterly basis, and NFPA 25 and NFPA 73 allow testing of electric water flow alarms devices on a semi-annul basis. Zurich recommends a weekly test. For further guidance, consult your Zurich account team. On an annual basis, trip test the refrigerated system valve set. A trip test only tests the function of the refrigeration system valve set. A trip test does not involve any flow of water into the system piping. A trip test of a refrigeration system valve set is successful when the system release functions as intended and the valves trip promptly. Maintenance On an annual basis, service air compressors and air dryers in accordance with manufacturer s instructions. Drain refrigerated system low points after each test and on a weekly basis. Ideally, all refrigerated system piping will be pitched to drain back to the valve set (riser) where a low point drain is provided as part of the valve set trim. This avoids the need for any auxiliary low point drains within the refrigerate space which will be ineffective except when the refrigerate space is not in use and temperatures are raised above the freezing temperature of water. F.9 Antifreeze system It is recommended that NFPA 25 guidelines on antifreeze systems be applied. The NFPA 25 guidelines include: Limiting antifreeze to the following types: Glycerin Polypropylene glycol Limiting antifreeze concentrations as follows: Glycerin up to 50% by volume Propylene glycol up to 40% by volume Conducting a hazard analysis where an antifreeze system concentration exceed the following limits: Glycerin is greater than 38% by volume Propylene glycol is greater than 30% by volume There are conditions where antifreeze solutions using glycerin over 38% by volume or propylene glycol over 30% by volume could contribute fuel to a fire as the solution is discharged from a sprinkler. The hazard analysis is recommended in each case to identify if such conditions are or are not present. Where the conditions are present to allow antifreeze solution to contribute fuel to a fire, the antifreeze system should be replaced with another form of non-freeze system such as a dry-pipe sprinkler system. Test Test the concentration of the antifreeze solution. Test a sample at the highest point of the system, the lowest point of the system, and most remote point of the system from the water supply. July

95 Where the antifreeze concentration at any test point exceeds the NFPA 25 maximum concentration limits, replace the antifreeze with a factory premixed solution of appropriate concentration for anticipated temperatures. Where the antifreeze concentration at any test point is below the concentration needed to protect against freezing, replace the antifreeze with a factory premised solution of appropriate concentration for anticipated temperatures. Consult NFPA 13 or antifreeze solution manufacturers for guidance on antifreeze concentrations to avoid freezing. F.10 Heating and insulation systems Discussion During cold weather, maintain adequate heat for all fixed fire protection equipment subject to freezing. This should include water filled pipe, fittings, valves, pumps, and tanks. For fire pumps see the discussion on item C.9 Pump room or house, for tanks see the discussion under item B.1 Water storage all methods, and for piping see E.3 Heating and insulation systems for aboveground pipe water-filled pipe all of which can be found in Chapter 3. Adequate heat for pipe, fittings, and valves includes: Heating of air in spaces occupied by pipe, fittings, and valves subject to freezing so as to maintain the air above 4ºC (40ºF) Heat tracing and insulating (lagging) of piping, fittings, and valves to maintain the water temperature above 4ºC (40ºF) Adequate heat source means the source is: Suitable. Any heat producing device may be considered suitable depending upon factors such as redundancy, size, and supervision. A single space heater operating continuously on cold days in an area with no daily supervision would be an example of a heat source not considered suitable. Supervised. Supervision will include a combination of inspection, human occupancy, and electronic monitoring. Maintained. Heat sources are to be serviced by a qualified person before the onset of cold weather. Comply with manufacturer s guidelines for the inspection, testing, and maintenance of heating systems. Adequate heat is of little value if the integrity of buildings and insulations is not maintained. Specifically: Building envelope. Openings in walls and roofs need to be controlled to avoid loss of heat. In particular, windows and doors need to be functional, weather tight, and in good repair. Insulation systems need to be intact across all walls and ceiling surfaces to control heat loss. Insulation (lagging) for heat tracing systems. Water-filled pipe, fittings, and valves in unheated areas may be protected from freezing by the use of heat tracing and insulation (lagging). Heat tracing is addressed above under adequate heat source ; however, heat tracing is of little value without adequate insulation or lagging. Adequate from an inspection, testing, and maintenance perspective means it is visually in good condition along the entire length of pipe. July

96 Some building spaces seem to have a greater likelihood of sprinkler system freezing and warrant specific attention. They include spaces such as: Stairwells Lobby vestibules Elevator penthouses Above ceiling spaces Fire pump rooms and houses Dry pipe valve closets The conditions that may contribute to sprinkler freezing in these areas include: the lack of frequent human presence to detect heat loss; the use of unsuitable means of heat specifically single, small space heaters; and inadequate levels of insulation on extremely cold days. Inspections During cold weather, conduct daily inspections to verify adequate fire system heat is provided in all areas where water-filled pipe, fittings, and valves are subject to freezing. Adequate heat can mean: Sufficient heat is present based upon the senses of an inspector or indications of thermometers Heat sources are visually verified to be functional The integrity of the heated space (building walls, roofs, and insulation; and pipe insulation or lagging) is visually confirmed to be intact Inspections can be extended to weekly for: Any building areas occupied at least at some point in time each day Any building areas electronically supervised for low building temperature monitored at a constantly attended location Any water-filled piping with heat tracing and insulation (lagging) where the heat tracing system is electrically monitored at a constantly attended location Maintenance Before the onset of cold weather each year, service all heating systems. Provide service using qualified persons. Comply with manufacturer s guidelines for the inspection, testing, and maintenance of heating systems. F.11 Sprinklers Discussion During cold weather, maintain adequate heat for all fixed fire protection equipment subject to freezing. Inspection On an annual basis, inspect sprinklers for: July

97 Physical damage Sprinkler with bent deflector (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Corrosion Corroded sprinkler (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich Paint (not factory applied) Painted sprinkler (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

98 Foreign material Sprinkler with protective plastic shipping strap which needs to be removed once the sprinkler is placed in service (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Leaks Appropriate orientation Standard spray pendent sprinkler has a flat deflector and should be installed pointing down from the sprinkler pipe (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich Standard spray upright sprinkler has a deflector with bent tines and should be installed pointing up from the sprinkler pipe (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich July

99 Standard spray horizontal sidewall sprinkler has a deflector which should point away from a wall (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Conventional sprinklers have a tapered deflector and can be installed upright or pendent (common in Europe and Asia, not common in North America since 1955) (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Glass bulbs with appropriate fluid level Glass bulb sprinklers The glass bulb contains a fluid and a vapor space (or bubble). The size of the bubble increases with the temperature rating of the sprinkler. Solder fusible element (left), glass bulb fusible element (right) (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

100 Glass bulb with visible vapor space bubble (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) As temperature rises, the expanding fluid fills the vapor space. Once the vapor space is filled further expansion of the fluid places the bulb into tension and the bulb breaks releasing the sprinkler to discharge water. The liquid in the bulb is colored with a dye to provide a visual indication of the sprinkler s operating temperature. A uncolored or partially filled bulb observed from floor level warrants further inspection up close to determine if the bulb is: Leaking liquid (e.g. the bubble is abnormally large) Empty Filled with an uncolored liquid A bulb may be partially filled or empty if the glass of the bulb is fracture such that the bulb remains intact but the liquid leaks out. Such bulbs are not expected to operate in response to fire until the glass melts. This represents an impairment, and prompt replacement is needed. Fluid in glass bulbs is known to lose color when exposed to: Ultraviolet light (sun light) Cold (e.g. located in a freezer) In these cases, the liquid has no color but the vapor bubble remains a normal size. These sprinklers are serviceable. In other words, replacement is not required. July

101 Sprinkler with uncolored fluid in bulb (Photo source: Dale Seemans, Zurich) The challenge with uncolored bulb sprinklers is the management of their ongoing annual inspections. Either each uncolored sprinkler bulb requires close annual inspection, or the identified uncolored sprinkler bulbs need to be mapped so close inspection is not needed. Mapping allows uncolored sprinkler bulbs not on the map to be identified, inspected closely, and added to the map as appropriate. Recommended clearance to storage In general, maintain a clearance of 1.0 m (3.0 ft.) from a sprinkler deflector to storage below. Note: BS EN permits 0.5 m (18 in.) clearance to storage for Ordinary Hazard systems. In addition, NFPA 13 permits 0.5 m (18 in.) clearance to storage for Control Mode Desitiy Area (CMDA) systems except where rubber tires are being protected. For rack storage over 7.6 m (25 ft.), maintain at least 150 mm (6 in) of clearance from the inrack sprinkler deflector and the top of the storage tier below. Note: NFPA 13 does not have a clearance requirement for inrack sprinklers when NFPA Class I through IV commodities are stored in racks not exceeding 7.6 m (25 ft.) and using a Control Mode Densitiy Area (CMDA) design. Recommended spare sprinklers Maintain at least 6 spare sprinklers at a location. In addition, maintain at least two of each type and temperature rating. As the number of sprinklers at a location increases, the number of spares sprinklers should also increase. For example, where there are over 1,000 sprinklers, maintain at least 24 spare sprinklers. Spare sprinklers allow a system to be restored to service promptly following a fire or accidental sprinkler operation. Sprinkler manufacturer s recommended wrench(es) for sprinkler replacement Spare sprinkler cabinet with wrench (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

102 F.12 Nozzles and open sprinklers Inspection On an annual basis, inspect nozzles and open sprinklers for physical damage, corrosion, and leaks. In addition, where provided, verify plugs or caps are operable. In other words, the inspector should not anticipate any issue with water under pressure pushing plugs or caps away from the nozzle orifice. Example of high velocity directional spray nozzles used for fire extinguishment (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Testing See item F.5 Deluge system valve set earlier in this chapter for annual nozzle discharge test guidance intended to verify nozzles are aimed appropriately and nozzle are not obstructed. F.13 Sprinkler testing and replacement Testing On a 5 year basis test or replace sprinklers: Over 75 years old Subject to harsh environments With extra high temperature rated solder links On a 10 year basis test or replace: Sprinklers over 25 years old Note: Where NFPA standards are applied, NFPA 25 initiates the 10 year testing frequency once a sprinkler reaches 50 years of age. Other standards, such as the BS EN (UK sprinkler standard), initiate testing once sprinklers reach 25 years of age. Sprinklers with fast response fusible elements Dry sprinklers over 10 years old July

103 Maintenance Where encountered, replace sprinklers made before 1920 Sprinkler testing For each type of sprinkler due for testing, select a sample consisting of 2 sprinklers per floor or 1% of all sprinklers of the type to be tested. The minimum sample size is typically 4 sprinklers. The testing of sprinklers is a destructive test. Submitted sprinklers will not be returned. Immediately replace sprinklers removed for testing with new sprinklers having the same characteristics. The Building Research Establishment and Underwriters Laboratories are examples of Zurich Recognized Testing Laboratory where automatic sprinklers can be submitted for testing. Upon request, UL will provide sprinkler identification tags and shipping instructions ( Field.Sprinkler.NBK@ul.com or phone ). In either case, user prepared tags may be used. Tag each submitted sprinkler indicating: Name, address, and location on site where sprinkler was removed Occupancy and environment of the area where sprinkler was removed Submitter s name and address Submitted sprinklers will be inspected for physical damage or paint applied to the sprinkler after the manufacturing process. Either condition will result in the sprinkler being failed without further testing. Avoid wasting resources. Rather than submitting damaged or painted sprinklers simply replace them. After inspection, sprinklers will be subjected to a controlled heat rise in a sensitivity test oven to measure the response time of the sprinklers. Sprinklers that perform within specification will pass. Where a particular type of sprinkler fails, all similar sprinklers at the site should be replaced. F.14 Multiple jet control (MJC) testing and replacement Discussion Multiple jet controls are fusible element released valves. Once the fusible element operates, it allows water to be delivered to multiple open sprinklers or nozzles. The multiple jet control is essentially a small deluge valve. Note: For additional information Risktopic, Multiple Jet Controls Inspection, Testing and Maintenance. July

104 Multiple jet control (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) Inspection On a monthly basis, verify multiple jet controls are free of physical damage, corrosion, paint, foreign material, and leaks. In addition, verify glass bulb type fusible elements are filled with liquids (see discussion under item F.10 Sprinklers earlier in this chapter. Testing Every 5 years replace multiple jet controls. An alternative is to submit a sample of the affected type of multiple jet control. The sample size should be 6% or a minimum of 3 units. Note: For additional information on multiple jet controls, see the Zurich Risktopic Multiple Jet Controls Inspection, Testing and Maintenance. F.15 Pipe and fittings Inspection For information on the inspection of pipe and fittings, see item A.3 Pipe, fittings, and supports water based systems in Chapter 3. Testing - Pipe internal inspection On a 5 year basis, inspect above ground pipe internally. As a minimum, internal inspections involve opening the end of one distribution main (cross main) and opening the end of one range pipe (branch line). The open pipe ends are then inspected internally for visual signs of issues such as: Scale that could lead to pipe or sprinkler obstruction Foreign material that could lead to pipe or sprinkler obstruction Slime, tubercules, or carbuncles that may indicate the presence of bacteria related to microbiologically influenced corrosion Internal inspections are intended to be limited. In general, every other system is inspected. Then, every five years, alternate the systems that are internally inspected. Note: Where BS EN is applied, the internal inspection frequency is 25 years. The 25-year internal inspection will be more demanding as BS EN Annex K stipulates inspecting 1 m (3.3 ft.) of range pipe (branch line) for every 100 sprinklers. In addition, at least two pipe sections 1 meter (3.3 ft.) long of each pipe diameter is to be inspected. At least 10% of wet systems are to be internally inspected in each building. All dry systems are to be internally inspected. July

105 Testing - Pipe obstruction investigation When it is apparent a system may contain obstructive material, conduct an obstruction investigation. Where slime, tubercules, or carbuncles are found, it indicates the potential presence of bacteria related to microbiologically influenced corrosion. Pursue water sample testing to identify the type of bacteria involved. This information can aid is selecting an appropriate course of action. Possible actions may include: For any type of system Monitor systems for ongoing corrosion Install pipe with a biostatic coating to reduce MIC affects Provide a water treatment systems Install corrosion monitoring stations For dry or preaction systems Provide nitrogen to pressurize the system piping The selected solution will be based upon individual customer preference. Other conditions triggering an obstruction investigation of underground or above ground fire system pipe Conditions warranting an investigation may include: 1. Defective fire pump intake protective feature (screen, strainer) 2. Debris discharged during a flow test 3. Debris found in a fire pump 4. Plugged sprinkler found during fire, unintended operation, service 5. Plugged piping found during fire, unintended operation, service 6. Sprinkler system returned to service after lengthy outage (>1 year) 7. System supplied with raw water via the fire department connection 8. Pinhole leaks 9. Dry system water delivery time increase (50% or more) Pipe obstructive investigation is a more invasive pipe internal inspection. The intent is to identify the severity of the pipe obstructions and to identify the need for pipe flushing. Maintenance - Pipe flushing Pipe flushing uses water or other cleaning agents to remove obstructive materials from the system piping. July

106 5. Fire extinguishing systems 5.1 Foam General information Foam systems include the following general features: Foam concentrate, the bulk foam product in storage Foam solution, the foam concentrate mixed with water Foam delivery, the pipe, and possibly a pump, supplying the proportioner Foam proportioning system, the device mixing foam concentrate with water Aerated foam, the foam solution expanded with entrained air The following images show general features and components of a foam system. General features of a foam system (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) General components of a foam system (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

107 Example schematic of a bladder tank type system (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Example schematic of atmospheric foam tank and pump-type system (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

108 5.1.2 ITM Checklist G. Fire extinguishing system ITM - Foam # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation G.1 Control valve I W (1) Valve open Valve secure Valve accessible Yes No Yes No Valve equipped with operating hardware Valve not leaking Valve identified with appropriate sign Valve operation okay T A Number of turns to shut valve Number of turns to open valve Valve test okay (2) Vessel is free of physical damage Vessel is free of corrosion G.2 Concentrate storage vessel I A Vessel is free of leaks Bladder is free of leaks Foam concentrate quantity okay T 10 Hydrostatically test bladder tanks G.3 Foam concentrate fire pump I T W A See checklist C. Water supply ITM - Fire pump weekly See checklist D. Water supply ITM - Fire pump annual G.4 Automatic concentrate control valve Valve is free of physical damage I A Valve is free of corrosion Valve is free of leaks T A Valve is functional Proportioner is free of physical damage G.5 Foam proportioner I A Proportioner is free of corrosion Proportioner is free of leaks July

109 G. Fire extinguishing system ITM - Foam # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation G.6 Foam discharge outlets I A Outlets are free of physical damage Outlets are free of corrosion Pipe is free of physical damage Pipe is free of corrosion G.7 Piping, valves, and fittings I A Pipe is free of leaks Hangers and supports okay Seismic bracing okay Pipe pitch and drainage okay Strainers are free of obstruction G.8 Foam concentrate A T No sludge detected Laboratory testing okay G.9 Foam solution A T Concentration okay G.10 System function A T Functional test of system okay Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual 10 = 10 year V = Varies Table notes: (1) Data demonstrates the primary cause of sprinkler system failure is a shut valve. A weekly inspection to verify valves are in the appropriate position is recommended. (2) A valve test may be acceptable for a gate valve if the number of turns to close equals the number of turns to open. For a quarter-turn valve, counting turns is not applicable ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. G.1 Control valves For discussion see item A.2 Control valve in Chapter 3. Foam system control valves will often be quarter turn type valves. July

110 Examples of quarter-turn valves, left open and right shut (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) G.2 Concentrate storage vessel Inspection On an annual basis, verify foam storage vessels are free of physical damage, corrosion, and leaks. For bladder tanks, leaks include holes in the rubber bladder that allow foam concentrate to escape from the bladder and mix with water within the tank shell. Sampling water from the shell will allow detection of a bladder failure. Where sediment is found in a tank, drain and flush the tank. Where a visual indication of foam concentrate level is provided, verify the foam concentrate quantity is appropriate. Test Every 10 years, hydrostatically test bladder tank shells. Foam concentrate bladder tank (left) atmospheric tank (right) (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

111 G.3 Foam concentrate fire pump Discussion See checklist C. Fire pump weekly and checklist D. Fire pump annual in Chapter 3 for inspection, testing, and maintenance guidance applying to all fire pumps including foam concentrate fire pumps. As foam concentrate fire pumps are positive displacement pumps the following exceptions apply: Diesel engine driven units will require a means of engine cooling other than a connection from fire pump discharge (which will discharge foam concentrate rather than water), The positive displacement foam concentrate fire pump will be equipped with a pressure balancing valve set to maintain a constant foam concentrate pressure on the discharge piping. Pressure is controlled by a pilot operated pressure regulating valve discharging back to the atmospheric foam concentrate storage tank. This arrangement maintains cooling of the foam concentrate fire pump when operating at no flow conditions. Pressure balancing valve relieving pump discharge pressure back to the tank (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) For annual testing, test only one flow point. That flow point will be the greatest foam concentrate design flow rate. For annual testing, provide a flow meter or orifice plate piped to discharge the foam concentrate back to the foam concentrate atmospheric tank. Where an orifice plate is used, follow designer guidelines for the test pressures to be achieved upstream of the orifice plate. An alternative is to measure the foam concentrate flow during the annual foam solution discharge test (item 7.8 Foam solutions further below). G.4 Automatic concentrate control valve Inspection On an annual basis, verify the automatic concentrate control valve is free of physical damage, corrosion, and leaks. July

112 Test On an annual basis, verify the automatic concentrate control valve is functional. Example of a hydraulically operated automatic concentrate control valve (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) G.5 Foam proportioner Inspection On an annual basis, verify the foam proportioner is free of physical damage, corrosion, and leaks. Example of an in-line balanced pressure proportioner (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Example of an in-line variable flow range proportioner (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

113 Example of an in-line balanced pressure pump proportioner (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich G.6 Foam discharge outlets Inspection On an annual basis, verify the foam discharge outlets are free of physical damage and corrosion. The following are examples of foam discharge outlets. Automatic sprinkler approved, listed, or certified for use with AFFF foam in a foam-water sprinkler system Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich July

114 Air aspirating open sprinkler for use in a deluge sprinkler system (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich High expansion foam generator (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Type II foam outlet for cone roof tanks (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

115 G.7 Pipe, valves, and fittings Inspection For information on the inspection of valves, see the discussion under item A.2 Control valve in Chapter 3. For information on the inspection of pipe and fittings, see item A.3 Pipe, fittings, and supports components in Chapter 3. In addition, on an annual basis inspect foam system piping to verify pipe pitch and drainage. Also, inspect strainers to verify they are free of obstruction. Maintenance After flowing foam concentrate or foam solution, flush all piping, valves, and fittings. Specific attention is needed to clean strainers. Example of strainer (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) G.8 Concentrate Test On an annual basis, submit a sample verify the foam concentrate is within manufacturer s specifications. Testing is to include: Foam type Specific gravity ph value Sediment and solids 25% and 50% drain times Expansion ratio Spreading coefficient (film forming foams only) Alcohol resistance (AR foams only) July

116 G.9 Foam solution Test During the annual system functional test (see G.10 System function), collect and test samples of foam solution. This is an activity for a qualified contractor. Collect solution samples at various flow rates. The foam percent in solution will be measured with analog or digital refractometer. The test may be acceptable where the foam solution is between 100% and 130% of the intended foam solution concentration. Examples of refractometers: analog (right) and digital (left). A digital refractometer is recommended for accuracy, (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) G.10 System function Test On an annual basis, test the foam installation to verify the overall installation is functional as a system. This includes: Automatic fire detection Automatic and manual actuation means Water supplies Foam concentrate delivery Foam solution proportioning Foam solution delivery Foam outlets July

117 5.2 Water mist ITM Checklist H. Fire extinguishing system ITM Water mist # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation H.1 Control valve I W (1) Valve open Valve secure Valve accessible Yes No Yes No Valve equipped with operating hardware Valve not leaking Valve identified with appropriate sign Valve operation okay T A Number of turns to shut valve (2) Number of turns to open valve (2) Valve test okay (2) H.2 Waterflow alarm T Q Alarm test okay (3) H.3 Heating and insulation systems I I D (4) W (5) Adequate heat verified Heat sources functional Building enclosure intact Heat tracing functional Insulation in place and secure M A Maintenance of heating systems All nozzles No physical damage No corrosion Correct orientation H.4 Water mist nozzles I A Open nozzles Plugs and caps operable Closed nozzles No paint No foreign material No leaks July

118 H. Fire extinguishing system ITM Water mist # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Glass bulbs full Spare nozzles Wrench for each nozzle type H.5 Water mist nozzle testing or replacement (6) T A Nozzle discharge test okay T 5 Any subject to harsh environment T 10 All over 20 years old No physical damage H.6 Pipe and fittings I A No corrosion No leaks Hangers and support okay Seismic bracing okay Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual V = Varies 5 = 5 year 10 = 10 year Table notes: (1) Data demonstrates the primary cause of sprinkler system failure is a shut valve. A weekly inspection to verify valves are in the appropriate position is recommended. (2) A valve test may be acceptable for a gate valve if the number of turns to close equals the number of turns to open. For a quarter-turn valve, counting turns is not applicable. (3) Electric alarms may be acceptable if the alarm is initiated within 90 seconds of opening the test connection. (4) Building heat maintained above 4 o C (40 o F) is needed for all water filled pipe, fittings, and valves. During cold weather, conduct daily inspections. Inspections can be extended to weekly for occupied building areas as well as building areas electronically monitored for low building temperature at a constantly attended location via a building fire alarm system. (5) Weekly inspection of heat tracing and insulation applies during cold weather. The frequency can be extended to monthly where heat tracing is electronically monitored at a constantly attended location via a building fire alarm system. (6) Closed nozzle testing involves submitting a sample for test. As an option, all affected nozzles may be replaced with new nozzles of an appropriate type. July

119 5.2.2 ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. H.1 Control valves For information on the inspection of valves, see the discussion under item A.2 Control valve in Chapter 3. Foam system control valves will often be quarter turn type valves. H.2 Waterflow alarm Testing On a quarterly basis, test water mist system alarms. Electric alarms may be acceptable if the alarm is initiated within 90 seconds of opening the test connection. H.3 Heating and insulation systems During cold weather, maintain adequate heat for all fixed fire protection equipment subject to freezing. This should include water filled pipe, fittings, valves, pumps, and tanks. For fire pumps see the discussion on item C.9 Pump room or house, for tanks see the discussion under item B.1 Water storage all methods, and for piping see E.3 Heating and insulation systems for aboveground pipe water-filled pipe all of which can be found in Chapter 3. H.4 Water mist nozzles Discussion Water mist nozzles may be open or closed (equipped with a fusible element). Example of a closed water mist nozzle with glass bulb fusible element (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Inspection On an annual basis, inspect open and closed water mist nozzles for: Physical damage Corrosion July

120 Leaks Appropriate orientation On an annual basis, inspect open water mist nozzles for: Plugs or caps that are operable (where provided On an annual basis, inspect closed water mist nozzles for: Paint (not factory applied) Foreign material Glass bulbs with appropriate fluid level Adequate spare sprinklers Appropriate wrench(es) for sprinkler replacement Testing See item F.5 Deluge system valve set in Chapter 4 for annual nozzle discharge test guidance intended to verify nozzles are aimed appropriately and nozzle are not obstructed. H.5 Water mist nozzle testing or replacement Discussion See F.12 Sprinkler testing and replacement in Chapter 4 for discussion and guidance that may be informative to water mist nozzles testing and replacement. H.6 Pipe and fittings Discussion For discussion see A.3 Pipe, fittings, and supports components in Chapter Carbon dioxide ITM Checklist I. Fire extinguishing system ITM Carbon dioxide # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation I.1 Storage high pressure cylinders I M In place Secured No physical damage Automatic actuators connected Manual actuators connected Manual actuator tamper seals intact Manual actuator accessible Connected to piping T S Weight Weight okay July

121 I. Fire extinguishing system ITM Carbon dioxide # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation I.2 Storage low pressure I W Pressure gauge reading Pressure reading okay Liquid level is okay Tank valve is open I.3 Hoses I M No physical damage T 5 Hoses pressure tested I.4 Piping and fittings I M No physical damage No corrosion I.5 Nozzles I M Aim okay Free of obstructions Free of foreign deposits Fire detector okay Time delays okay I.6 System functional test T(1) A Audible alarms okay Visual alarms okay Interlock functions operate okay Release signal okay Remote signal transmission okay I.7 Warning signs I M All signs in place I.8 Change management I A No change to hazard protected Table notes: (1) Testing of pneumatic time delays, pneumatic audible discharge alarm sirens, and pneumatic pressure trips are to be tested in accordance with manufacturer s instructions. For high pressure systems, testing may involve the actuation of a pilot cylinder. For low pressure systems, testing may involve a momentary release of carbon dioxide from the storage tank. Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual 5 = 5 year July

122 5.3.2 ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. I.1 Storage high pressure cylinders Inspection On a monthly basis verify all high pressure cylinders are present, securely held in place with mounting brackets, and connected to the system piping. Confirm cylinders show no signs of physical damage and that automatic and manual actuators are connected. In the case of manual actuators, verify they are accessible and tamper seals are intact. Testing On a semi-annual basis, measure the weight of each cylinder to confirm an appropriate amount of agent is present. Refill or replace cylinders with an agent weight loss over 10%. I.2 Storage low pressure Inspection On a weekly basis record the liquid level in the low pressure container. Refill the container if the level drops below that required to supply the largest agent demand. Keep in mind, the agent demand should include sufficient capacity to discharge at least two times. In addition, verify the tank discharge valve is open. I.3 Hoses Inspection On a monthly basis, verify hoses show no signs of physical damage. Test On a five-year basis, hydrostatically pressure test hoses. I.4 Piping and fittings Inspection On a monthly basis, verify pipe and fittings display no signs of physical damage or corrosion. I.5 Nozzles Inspection On a monthly basis, verify the aim of each nozzle is okay. In addition, verify nozzles are free of obstructions and foreign deposits. I.6 System functional test Test On an annual basis, conduct a functional test of the complete system verifying all components and all operating sequences perform as intended. This functional test should not involve a discharge of agent. July

123 The functional test is to include verification of satisfactory performance of the following devices or actions: Each fire detector Each time delay Each audible alarm Each visual alarm Each interlock System release signal Remote transmission of signals I.7 Warning signs Inspection On a monthly basis, verify all signs are in place. This includes signs warning of the asphyxiation hazard typically provided at locations such as: Within a carbon dioxide protected space At each entrance to a carbon dioxide protected space Nearby spaces where carbon dioxide could accumulate At each entrance to carbon dioxide storage rooms At each carbon dioxide manual release station I.8 Change management Inspection On an annual basis, verify there have been no changes to hazard protected by the system. 5.4 Halon 1301 (where permitted) ITM Checklist Include applicable items for the detection and release systems from fire alarm system in Chapter 6 along with the following items. J. Fire extinguishing system ITM Halon 1301 # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation J.1 Storage cylinders I S In place Secured No physical damage Automatic actuators connected Manual actuators connected Manual actuator tamper seals intact Manual actuator accessible Connected to piping July

124 J. Fire extinguishing system ITM Halon 1301 # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Weight T S Weight okay Pressure gauge reading okay J.2 Hoses I A No physical damage T 5 Hoses pressure tested J.3 Piping and fittings I A No physical damage No corrosion J.4 Nozzles I S Aim okay Free of obstructions Free of foreign deposits Fire detector okay Time delays okay J.5 System functional test T A Audible alarms okay Visual alarms okay Release signal okay Remote signal transmission okay J.6 Change management I A No change to enclosure protected Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: S = Semi-annual A = Annual 5 = 5 year ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. J.1 Storage cylinders Inspection On a monthly basis verify all cylinders are present, securely held in place with mounting brackets, and connected to the system piping. Confirm cylinders show no signs of physical damage and that automatic and manual actuators are connected. In the case of manual actuators, verify they are accessible and tamper seals are intact. July

125 Testing On a semi-annual basis, measure the weight of each cylinder to confirm an appropriate amount of agent is present. Refill or replace cylinders with an agent weight loss over 10%. On a semi-annual basis, record the pressure gauge reading on each cylinder. Refill or replace cylinders with a pressure loss exceeding 5%. J.2 Hoses Inspection On an annual basis, verify hoses show no signs of physical damage. Test On a five-year basis, hydrostatically pressure test hoses. J.3 Piping and fittings Inspection On an annual basis, verify pipe and fittings display no signs of physical damage or corrosion. J.4 Nozzles Inspection On a semi-annual basis, verify the aim of each nozzle is normal. In addition, verify nozzles are free of obstructions and foreign deposits. J.5 System functional test Test On an annual basis, conduct a functional test of the complete system verifying all components and all operating sequences perform as intended. This functional test is not expected to involve any discharge of agent. The functional test is to include verification of satisfactory performance of the following devices or actions: Each fire detector Each electric time delay Each electric audible alarm Each visual alarm System release signal Remote transmission of signals J.6 Change management Inspection On an annual basis, verify there have been no changes to enclosure protected by the system. July

126 5.5 Clean agents ITM Checklist Include applicable items for the detection and release systems from fire alarm system in Chapter 6 along with the following items. K. Fire extinguishing system ITM Clean agent # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation K.1 Storage cylinders I S In place Secured No physical damage Automatic actuators connected Manual actuators connected Manual actuator tamper seals intact Manual actuator accessible Connected to piping Weight T S Weight okay Pressure gauge reading okay K.2 Hoses I A No physical damage T 5 Hoses pressure tested K.3 Piping and fittings I A No physical damage No corrosion K.4 Nozzles I S Aim okay Free of obstructions Free of foreign deposits Fire detector okay Time delays okay K.5 System functional test T A Audible alarms okay Visual alarms okay Release signal okay Remote signal transmission okay K.6 Change management I A No change to enclosure protected Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: S = Semi-annual A = Annual 5 = 5 year July

127 5.5.2 ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. K.1 Storage cylinders Inspection On a monthly basis verify all cylinders are present, securely held in place with mounting brackets, and connected to the system piping. Confirm cylinders show no signs of physical damage and that automatic and manual actuators are connected. In the case of manual actuators, verify they are accessible and tamper seals are intact. Testing On a semi-annual basis, measure the weight of each cylinder to confirm an appropriate amount of agent is present. Refill or replace cylinders with an agent weight loss over 10%. On a semi-annual basis, record the pressure gauge reading on each cylinder. Refill or replace cylinders with a pressure loss exceeding 5%. K.2 Hoses Inspection On an annual basis, verify hoses show no signs of physical damage. Test On a five-year basis, hydrostatically pressure test hoses. K.3 Piping and fittings Inspection On an annual basis, verify pipe and fittings display no signs of physical damage or corrosion. K.4 Nozzles Inspection On a semi-annual basis, verify the aim of each nozzle is okay. In addition, verify nozzles are free of obstructions and foreign deposits. K.5 System functional test Test On an annual basis, conduct a functional test of the complete system verifying all components and all operating sequences perform as intended. This functional test is not expected to involve any discharge of agent. The functional test is to include verification of satisfactory performance of the following devices or actions: Each fire detector Each electric time delay Each electric audible alarm July

128 Each visual alarm System release signal Remote transmission of signals K.6 Change management Inspection On an annual basis, verify there have been no changes to enclosure protected by the system. 5.6 Fixed aerosol ITM Checklist Include applicable items for the detection and release systems from fire alarm system in Chapter 6 along with the following items. L. Fire extinguishing system ITM Fixed aerosol # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation L.1 Storage containers I M In place Secured No physical damage L.2 L.3 L.4 Carbon dioxide pilot cylinders Flexible connectors Change management T S Weight Weight okay I M No physical damage T 5 Pressure tested I A No change to enclosure protected Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual 5 = 5 year ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. L.1 Storage cylinders Inspection On a monthly basis verify all cylinders are present, securely held in place with mounting brackets, and connected to the system piping. Confirm cylinders show no signs of physical damage. July

129 L.2 Carbon dioxide pilot cylinders Testing On a semi-annual basis, measure the weight of each cylinder to confirm an appropriate amount of agent is present. Refill or replace cylinders with an agent weight loss over 5%. L.3 Flexible connectors Inspection On a monthly basis, verify hoses show no signs of physical damage. Test On a five-year basis, hydrostatically pressure test hoses. L.4 Change management Inspection On an annual basis, verify there have been no changes to enclosure protected by the system. 5.7 Dry chemical ITM Checklist M. Fire extinguishing system ITM Dry chemical # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation M.1 Storage cylinders I M In place Secured No physical damage Automatic actuators connected Manual actuators connected Manual actuator tamper seals intact Manual actuator accessible Connected to piping Gauge reading recorded Gauge reading okay T 12 Hydrostat test completed M.2 Expellant gas cylinder T S Weight Weight okay M.3 Hoses I M No physical damage T 12 Hoses pressure tested M.4 Piping and fittings I M No physical damage No corrosion July

130 M. Fire extinguishing system ITM Dry chemical # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation M.5 Nozzles I M Aim okay Free of obstructions Free of foreign deposits Caps in place and operable M.6 Fusible links M S Fusible alloy type links replaced Automatic release (fire detectors) okay Manual release okay M.7 System functional test T S Interlocks operate Audible alarms okay Visual alarms okay Remote signal transmission okay M.8 Change management I M No change to hazard protected Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual 5 = 5 year 12 = 12 year ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. M.1 Storage cylinders Inspection On a monthly basis verify all cylinders are present, securely held in place with mounting brackets, and connected to the system piping. Confirm cylinders show no signs of physical damage and that automatic and manual actuators are connected. In the case of manual actuators, verify they are accessible and tamper seals are intact. Record gauge readings on each stored pressure cylinder (this does not apply to cartridge-operated cylinders). Replace or recharge cylinders as indicated by gauge readings. Testing On a 12-year basis, hydrostatically test each cylinder. M.2 Expellant gas cylinder Testing On a semi-annual basis, weight each expellant gas cylinder. Refill or replace cylinders with an agent weight loss over 10%. July

131 M.3 Hoses Inspection On a monthly basis, verify hoses show no signs of physical damage. Test On a 12-year basis, hydrostatically pressure test hoses. M.4 Piping and fittings Inspection On a monthly basis, verify pipe and fittings display no signs of physical damage or corrosion. M.5 Nozzles Inspection On a monthly basis, verify the aim of each nozzle is okay. In addition, verify nozzles are free of obstructions and foreign deposits. M.6 Fusible links Maintenance On a semi-annual basis, replace all fixed temperature sensing elements of the fusible alloy type. M.7 System functional test Test On a semi-annual basis, conduct a functional test of the complete system verifying all components and all operating sequences perform as intended. This functional test is not expected to involve any discharge of agent. The functional test is to include verification of satisfactory performance of the following devices or actions: Each automatic release (fire detector) Each manual release okay Each interlock operates Each electric audible alarm Each visual alarm System release signal Remote transmission of signals M.8 Change management Inspection On a monthly basis, verify there have been no changes to enclosure protected by the system. July

132 5.8 Wet chemical ITM Checklist N. Fire extinguishing system ITM Wet chemical # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation In place Secured No physical damage Automatic actuators connected N.1 Storage cylinders I M Manual actuators connected Manual actuator tamper seals intact Manual actuator accessible Connected to piping Gauge reading recorded Gauge reading okay T 12 Hydrostatic test completed N.2 Expellant gas cylinder T S Weight Weight okay N.3 Hoses I M No physical damage T 12 Hoses pressure tested N.4 Piping and fittings I M No physical damage No corrosion N.5 Nozzles I M Aim okay Free of obstructions Free of foreign deposits Caps in place and operable N.6 Fusible links M S Fusible alloy type links replaced Automatic release (fire detectors) okay Manual release okay N.7 System functional test T S Interlocks operate okay Audible alarms okay Visual alarms okay Release signal okay Remote signal transmission okay N.8 Change management I M No change to hazard protected Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: M = Monthly S = Semi-annual 12 = 12 year July

133 5.8.2 ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. N.1 Storage cylinders Inspection On a monthly basis verify all cylinders are present, securely held in place with mounting brackets, and connected to the system piping. Confirm cylinders show no signs of physical damage and that automatic and manual actuators are connected. In the case of manual actuators, verify they are accessible and tamper seals are intact. Record gauge readings on each stored pressure cylinder (this does not apply to cartridge-operated cylinders). Replace or recharge cylinders as indicated by gauge readings. Testing On a 12-year basis, hydrostatically test each cylinder. N.2 Expellant gas cylinder Test On a semi-annual basis, weight each expellant gas cylinder. Refill or replace cylinders with an agent weight loss over 10%. N.3 Hoses Inspection On a monthly basis, verify hoses show no signs of physical damage. Test On a 12-year basis, hydrostatically pressure test hoses. N.4 Piping and fittings Inspection On a monthly basis, verify pipe and fittings display no signs of physical damage or corrosion. N.5 Nozzles Inspection On a monthly basis, verify the aim of each nozzle is acceptable. In addition, verify nozzles are free of obstructions and foreign deposits. N.6 Fusible links Maintenance On a semi-annual basis, replace all fixed temperature sensing elements of the fusible alloy type. July

134 N.7 System functional test Test On a semi-annual basis, conduct a functional test of the complete system verifying all components and all operating sequences perform as intended. This functional test is not expected to involve any discharge of agent. The functional test is to include verification of satisfactory performance of the following devices or actions: Each automatic release (fire detector) Each manual release okay Each interlock operates Each electric audible alarm Each visual alarm System release signal Remote transmission of signals N.8 Change management Inspection On a monthly basis, verify there have been no changes to enclosure protected by the system. July

135 6. Fire alarm system 6.1 General features General information A fire alarm system consists of inputs, logic, and outputs. Inputs include various monitored conditions which are broken into the following types: Alarm inputs Monitored conditions indicating fire Supervisory inputs Monitored conditions indicating fixed fire protection systems are not normal Trouble inputs Monitored conditions indicating the fire alarm system is not normal User inputs Inputs caused by an user operating pushbuttons or switches on a fire alarm control unit Logic is the processing of inputs to cause appropriate outputs. Logic includes: Hardwired logic Wires and relays Software logic - Programmable electronic systems Outputs include various actions caused by the logic including: Emergency outputs This includes alerting occupants for evacuation and notification of the fire service for emergency response Fire system release outputs This includes preparation for fire system release as well as the fire system release itself Non-emergency outputs This includes alerting facilities management of supervisory or trouble conditions which need a service or repair response (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Logic and testing Every fire alarm control unit includes a set of logic functions. Each logic function requires at least annual testing. For example, smoke detectors require specific testing (as discussed under smoke detectors); however, the logic associated with the activation of a specific smoke July

136 detector may sound alarms, recall elevators, shutdown HVAC fans, or start stairwell pressurization fans. Fire alarm systems often include a written sequence of operations or an input/output matrix (see example below) to explain logic functions. Example of a fire alarm control unit logic function matrix (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Background The digital alarm communicator transmitter (DACT) is a common means of signal transmission from a protected premise to a fire alarm receiving center in the United States. The DACT is to have two means of signal transmission. Historically, both means would be telephone lines, but today NFPA 72 only allows one means to be a telephone line. Transmission of signal to the alarm receiving center A variety of methods are used to transmit signals from a building to an alarm receiving center. These include: Active multiplex or derived channel This method uses the public telephone network to carry signals using a continuous, dedicated pathway. Pathway integrity is verified by periodic signals between the fire alarm control unit located at the protected premises and to the fire alarm receiving unit located at the alarm receiving center. This method is also known as derived channel as the signal pathway can be simultaneously used for voice telephone calls. Active multiplex or derived channel This is a common method used in Europe. It is a legacy system in limited use in the United States. Digital alarm communicator This method uses a digital alarm communicator transmitter (DACT) located at the protected premises and a digital alarm communicator receiver (DACR) at the alarm July

137 receiving center. The DACT and DACR are connected by the public telephone network; however, no dedicated pathway is provided. Communication involves the DACT seizing a voice telephone line, disconnecting any call in progress, obtaining a dial tone, dialing the DACR, verifying the DACR answers the call, transmitting the signal, and verifying signal receipt. The DACT is to have two means of signal transmission. Historically, both means would be telephone lines, but today NFPA 72 only allows one means to be a telephone line. Direct connect Digital alarm communicator This is a common method used in the United States. Its use was driven by the desire of telephone companies to dedicate leased telephone lines to more profitable computer data transmission applications. This method used telephone lines to transmit signal from a protected premises to the public fire service or their dispatch center. This service required a pair of copper wires between the protected premises and the fire alarm receiving center. Direct connect This was a common method used in the United States. Its use was eliminated by the desire of telephone companies to dedicate leased telephone lines to more profitable computer data transmission applications. A limitation of direct connect was it could only be used for fire alarm signals. The fire service would not handle supervisory or trouble signals. Radio This includes two-way radio frequency multiplex and one-way private radio. The integrity of two-way radio frequency multiplex is confirmed by the continuous transfer of data across the transmission pathway. One-way private radio does not include two-way communication. As such, dependability is based upon using one transmitter and two receivers. Performance-based This method includes any method developed beyond those methods described above. This includes the use of a DAC transmitter with a cellular telephone or internet telephone (also known as an internet protocol DAC transmitter or IPDACT). Developments with telephone service Originally, telephone service consisted of a pair of copper wires originating at a telephone central office where normal and emergency power was provided for dependable service. Today, copper telephone lines are become unavailable. Telephone service has transitioned to either a telephone company using fiber optic cable or a cable company using coax cable. In each case, there is no longer a dedicated pair of supervised copper wires between the protected premises and the fire alarm receiving center. For a telephone company or cable company to provide dependable fire alarm signal transmission service, it is important they: July

138 Manage their system end-to-end (direct responsibility for all hardware between the protected premises and the fire alarm receiving station) Provide backup power to their equipment In either case, the user will be responsible to provide their own source of backup power for the telephone adapters at the protected premises. (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) ITM Checklist O. Fire alarm system ITM General features # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation O.1 Fire alarm control unit(s) (Inspections weekly if not monitored at a constantly attended location) I T A A Normal status (LCD and LEDs okay) No alarm, supervisory, trouble conditions Primary power supply terminals okay All logic function test okay Primary power failure trouble signal okay Interfaced equipment circuits okay Panel audible and visual indicators okay Silence switch ring-back is okay Disconnect switches cause trouble signals Ground fault monitoring is okay O.2 Digital alarm communicator transmitter (DACT is a specific type of fire alarm control unit) I T A A Normal status (LEDs okay) No alarm, supervisory, trouble conditions Primary power supply terminals okay DACT can seize active telephone line Signal received by DACR in 90 seconds July

139 O. Fire alarm system ITM General features # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Primary line trouble at DACT Primary line trouble at DACR Primary line restore clears DACT trouble Primary line restore reported to DACR Second line trouble at DACT Second line trouble at DACR Second line restore clears DACT trouble Second line restore reported to DACR Transmitted alarm signal received Transmitted supervisory signal received Transmitted trouble signal received O.3 Batteries sealed leadacid or NiCd (Frequency monthly for other unsealed lead-acid or dry cells) Connections okay No signs of corrosion I S No signs of leakage, bulging, or swelling Battery mfr. & replacement dates known Battery manufacture date Month Year Battery replacement date Month Year T S Load test is okay Secondary power failure trouble signal T A Discharge test is okay Charger test is okay M V Batteries replaced No fire service access issues O.4 Remote annunciators I S Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted Labels legible T A Messages displayed correctly Cables and raceways no physical damage O.5 Circuits I A Raceway junction box covers in place Cables and raceways supported July

140 O. Fire alarm system ITM General features # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation IDC, NAC, and SLC circuits tests okay T A Interfaced equipment circuit tests okay Yes No Yes No Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual 5 = 5 year ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. O.1 Fire alarm control unit Inspection Operator interface The operator interface consists of inputs (such as pushbuttons) and outputs (such as LED lamps). The images below show a sprinkler monitoring panel with five pushbuttons (aligned vertically on the left side) which include: Alarm silence Silence alarm devices activated by the control unit Lamp test Test the LEDs on the control unit face Fault buzzer mute Silence the trouble alarm in the control unit Auxiliary isolate Disconnect external equipment (such as process shut down interlocks) Reset Restore the panel to normal once all abnormal conditions have been corrected Various LED lamps are provided to display system status. Lamp colors include: Green Normal Yellow Fire system not normal (such as a control valve tamper) or a fire alarm system fault (such as power failure or a wire break) Red - Alarm (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) On an annual basis, verify all indicators (LEDs or other lamps) are functional. On an annual basis, verify all indicators are normal. July

141 Inspection Primary power supply On an annual basis, open the fire alarm control unit (a contractor function requiring a key), remove any internal cover panels, and inspect the primary power conductors and terminals for physical damage, corrosion, scorching, or discoloration. For secondary power provided by batteries, see further discussion below under batteries. Fire alarm control unit power terminals (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Test Logic functions On an annual basis, test each logic function associated with the fire alarm control unit. Verify each logic function performs as intended. A written sequence of operations or an I/O matrix is needed to identify the logic functions to be tested. Test Primary power trouble signal On an annual basis, disconnect primary power (open upstream circuit breaker) to verify the loss of primary power trouble signal. Also, this allows additional testing of batteries discussed later. Test FACU audible and visual indicators and silence ring-back On an annual basis, test each audible and visual indicator on a FACU and verify each is working. Where the FACU includes a silence switch requiring manual action to move it back to the normal position, verify that restoring a silenced alarm will initiate audible and visual trouble indications until the silence switch is reset. This audible and visual trouble indication that occurs when the silence switch is in the silence position and all other system conditions are normal is known as a silence ring-back alarm. Test - Disconnect switches The Test Plan should identify all disconnect or isolation switches that disable system functionality. On an annual basis, operate each disconnect and verify they initiate appropriate trouble signals. Test - Ground fault monitoring Place a jumper wire from a circuit terminal (not a power terminal) to ground and verify annunciation of a ground fault at the fire alarm control unit. Typically, fire July

142 alarm control unit ground fault detection is only tested one time each year as only one indicator is provided. O.2 Digital alarm communicator transmitter The following inspection and testing guidance applies where digital alarm communicators are used to transmit signals from the protected premises to the fire alarm receiving center. Test DAC transmitter operating sequence On an annual basis, conduct a test to verify the following DAC operating sequence which should not exceed 90 seconds. Go off-hook (seize the telephone line) Disconnect any call in progress and obtain dial tone Dial DAC receiver Receive handshake (verification call connected) from DAC receiver Transmit signal Receive signal receipt acknowledgement from DAC receiver Go on-hook (hang up) If transmission fails Retry 5 to 10 times After 5 to 10 failed attempts, initiate local trouble signal at the protected premises O.3 Batteries sealed lead-acid or NiCd Inspection On a semi-annual basis, verify wires are securely attached to battery terminals, show no signs of corrosion, no signs of leakage, and no sign of battery case swelling or bulging. All of these conditions can lead to increased resistance and reduced battery voltage. Record the manufacture date of each battery. This information will be stamped on the battery case. This information may be in the form of a code. Battery manufacturer guidance may be needed to identify the manufacture date. Battery failure modes Batteries fail due to a loss of capacity which means a loss of load carrying duration. Battery testing is intended to identify batteries that may be subject to failure; however, the available reasonable tests will not absolutely confirm battery condition. Testing Load test On a semi-annual basis, conduct a battery load test. This is a quick test as there is no duration to the test. Disconnect normal power and apply the maximum expected current draw to the batteries. With the system in alarm or under a test load (dummy load), verify the battery voltages not fall below 2.05V/cell or the level specified by the manufacturer. July

143 (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Testing Discharge test On an annual basis, conduct a battery discharge test. This is a longer duration test. Disconnect normal power and apply the maximum expected current draw to be imposed upon the batteries. With the system in alarm or under a test load (dummy load) for a duration established by the battery manufacturer verify the battery voltages not fall below a value also established by the battery manufacturer. As an example, the test duration may be 30 minutes with the voltage not dropping below 10V. Testing Charger test Then fully charged batteries are connected to the charger, the measured voltage across the battery terminals should not exceed 2.30V/cell (or other published manufacturer s guideline). The appropriate standby recharging rate minimizes battery water loss (hydrogen and oxygen gases formed by electrolysis). Water loss promotes the formation of lead sulfite and lead sulfate precipitates within the battery which depletes the available lead and proportionately the battery capacity. July

144 (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Maintenance Battery replacement Replace batteries in accordance with the guidelines of the FACU manufacturer. This may be every 5 years or as needed based upon routine testing. Sealed leadacid batteries maintained under an appropriate standby recharging current (2.3V per cell) will have an expected life of 3 to 5 years. Batteries that fail semi-annual load tests may be undersized or in need of replacement. Batteries that fail annual discharge test should be replaced. Elevated ambient temperatures in a battery cabinet can reduce battery life in half. Where battery life is short, measure battery cabinet ambient temperature and compare with manufacturer s recommended ambient temperature. Where possible, reduce the ambient temperature at the batteries. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

145 O.4 Remote annunciators Example of a remote annunciator at a hotel front desk Example of a remote annunciator at a hotel front desk (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) O.5 Circuits Inspection On an annual basis, inspect all cables and conduits (raceways). This includes all cables and conduits associated with power supplies, initiating device circuits (such as circuits for smoke detectors, valve tamper switches, and other devices), alarm notification circuits (such circuits for horns, bells, and strobes), and equipment interfaced circuits (such as circuits between fire alarm control units and circuits for emergency control functions). Verify there are no signs of physical damage, corrosion, scorching, or discoloration. Verify there are no missing junction box covers. Verify all cables and conduit has appropriate support. Examples of undesirable cable or conduit support (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

146 \ Examples of undesirable cable or conduit support (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Examples of undesirable cable or conduit support (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Cables are not to be supported on the outside of conduits (raceways). Cables and conduit (raceways) are not to be supported by sprinkler piping. Cables are not to be supported solely by plastic fixings. Zurich recommendations for cable support or fixing Avoid the use of plastic fixings to support cables fire alarm or otherwise. This is based upon UK public fire brigade experience. During a fire, a fire brigade member became entangled in cables which lost support when plastic fixings failed during a fire. Test On an annual basis, test each circuit. Each circuit is to be tested by simulating a single open and a single ground fault. This assumes there is no circuit trouble present during the test. July

147 6.2 Alarm initiating devices ITM Checklist P. Fire alarm system ITM Alarm initiating devices # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation P.1 Manual fire alarms or Call Buttons I T S A Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted No access issues Device operated with appropriate signal to FACU P.2 Smoke detector spot type I S Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted No construction dust covers on detectors T A Smoke enters and activates detector T V Detector sensitivity test okay Detector sensitivity recalibrated and tested okay M V Clean detector Device physical condition okay P.3 Smoke detector beam type I T S A Device securely mounted Beam path unobstructed Smoke obscuration of beam path activates detector M V Clean transmitter, receiver, and reflector Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted I S Sampling tubes securely supported P.4 Smoke detector air sampling type T A Sampling tube joints tight Sampling tubes identified with marking Test each sampling tube run for smoke detection All sampling ports have airflow M V Filter maintenance provided July

148 P. Fire alarm system ITM Alarm initiating devices # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation P.5 Video image smoke or flame detector I S Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted Device has clear field of view Device aimed correctly Device lens not contaminated Video feeds to monitors are clear T A Tested per manufacturer s guidelines Device physical condition okay P.6 Heat detector restorable I S Device securely mounted Device not painted No building change affect device T A Functional test per manufacturer s guidelines okay Device physical condition okay I S Device not painted Device securely mounted No building change affect device P.7 Heat detector nonrestorable Spot-type Detectors replaced or sample tested at 15 years T A Sample tests repeated every 5 years Line type Functional test okay Loop resistance same as acceptance Device physical condition okay P.8 Radiant energy flame or spark detector I Q Device securely mounted Device has clear field of view Device aimed correctly Device lens not contaminated T S Functional test per manufacturer s guidelines okay July

149 P. Fire alarm system ITM Alarm initiating devices # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation P.9 Multi-sensor detector I S Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted No construction dust covers on detectors A V Follow test guidance for each sensor type M V Follow maintenance guidance for each sensor type Device physical condition okay P.10 Sprinkler waterflow switch I Q Device securely mounted No water leaks No corrosion T A Alarm within 90 seconds of opening test valve Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual 5 = 5 year ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. P.1 Manual fire alarms Inspection Manual fire alarms or call points are to have no signs of physical damage and are to be securely mounted. The device is to be accessible for use. Testing Testing involves the actual operation of the device. The device should function appropriately, cause the appropriate signal to be received at the FACU, and restore to a ready condition. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

150 P.2 Smoke detector spot type Inspection Smoke detectors are not visually damaged, and are securely mounted. No construction dust covers are inadvertently place. Test Annual smoke entry test This test is not intended to test detector sensitivity. It is intended to verify smoke can reach the sensor within the detector. Test Periodic sensitivity verification Every new (including replaced) smoke detector is to be tested for sensitivity (acceptance test). Each detector is to be tested for sensitivity again within its first year of service. Thereafter, each smoke detector is to be tested for sensitivity every two years. Standards such as NFPA 72 allow up to 5 years between sensitivity tests based upon additional guidelines. Sensitivity test methods include: A calibrated test method Manufacturer s calibrated sensitivity test instrument Manufacturers may provide a magnet to externally actuate an internal calibrated test switch Listed control equipment arranged to test sensitivity Manufacturers offer intelligent FACUs that test and adjust smoke detector sensitivity Other method acceptable to the authority Detectors found out of range are to be recalibrated and retested, or replaced. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) P.3 Smoke detector beam type Inspection Transmitters, receivers, and reflectors are not visually damaged, and are securely mounted. Test This test confirms the detector responds to the obscuration of the beam path. Zurich s recommendation is to conduct the annual test with test smoke causing the beam path obscuration. Manufacturers offer a remote test switch that simulates beam obscuration; however, this should not be the only form of detector test. July

151 (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) P.4 Smoke detector air sampling type Inspection Verify the system sampling tubes and control are in good physical condition and adequately supported. Tubing joints should also appear tight. Each sampling tube should be identified with marking. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Test Introduce test smoke (acceptable to the detector manufacturer) at the remote end of each sampling tube run to activate an alarm. According to Zurich s recommendation, detection should occur within 60 seconds (NFPA 72 allows up to 120 seconds). Also, verify each there is airflow into each sampling tube port. Keep in mind that each sampling tube port is equivalent to a spot-type smoke detector. Maintenance Air sampling system detectors are typically protected with a filter at the detector. Airflow supervision and filter monitoring are provided at the detector and allow annunciate of detector filter trouble. July

152 (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Small bore air sampling tubes exposed to dirt or insects can be equipped with filters. Also, inline filters can be added to sampling tubes as an added layer of protection for the detector where harsh environments (subject to water spray or dust) are being monitored. Obstruction of sampling tube filters will likely have to be severe before the condition is detected at the control unit. This highlights the needed for periodic maintenance. P.5 Video image smoke or flame detector Inspection Video imaging smoke and flame detection cameras are not visually damaged, and are securely mounted. Test Video imaging for smoke and fire detection is an emerging technology. While these systems are approved, certified, and listed, there is little prescriptive guidance in standards on their inspection, testing, and maintenance needs. For this information, contactors and authorities are directed to manufacturers for guidance. As an example, one manufacturer provides test guidance on the operational conformance of their camera. Operational conformance consists of observing the video monitor and verifying both the image and the overlay text added by the software are updating. (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

153 P.6 Heat detector restorable Inspection Heat detectors are not visually damaged, are securely mounted, and no paint has been applied to the device. No building changes have occurred that will affect the ability of the device to detect heat. Test Restorable heat detectors are to be tested with an approved, certified, or listed heat source in accordance with manufacturer s instructions to verify functionality. For heat detectors installed in atmospheres where flammable vapors or combustible dusts may be present, the selected test method must not introduce a source of ignition. Testing with hot water may be a suitable option. Each type of heat detector is available in a restorable form. This includes fixed temperature, rate-of-rise, rate compensated, line-type, and spot heat detectors. Restorable line-type heat detectors use fiber optic cables. Examples of restorable heat detectors (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) P.7 Heat detector non-restorable Inspection Heat detectors are not visually damaged, are securely mounted, and no paint has been applied to the device. No building changes have occurred that will affect the ability of the device to detect heat. Test Non-restorable type heat detectors would be destroyed by a heat test. As such, nondestructive test methods are used in the field. Spot-type detectors are simply replaced after 15 years of service or a sample (2 per 100) are submitted to a Zurich Recognized Testing Laboratory for testing. If results are satisfactory, retest another sample in 5 years. If results are unsatisfactory, the laboratory might recommend replacing all detectors or performing further testing to determine if the issue is local or general. Line type heat detectors may be equipped with an end of line resistor and test pushbutton to facilitate short circuit testing. July

154 Zurich Recognized Testing Laboratory A Zurich Recognized Testing Laboratory is either accredited by the International Accreditation Service ( as a certification body or accredited by the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation ( as an accredited test laboratory for the specific test being conducted. The following is an example of a non-restorable heat detector. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Note Unlike the metal-conductor, line type heat detector which is non-restorable, the fiber-optic, line type heat detector is restorable. P.8 Radiant energy flame or spark detector Inspection Radiant energy detectors are not visually damaged, are securely mounted, have a clear field of view, and are aimed correctly. Lenses must also be free of contamination. Test No prescriptive guidance is provided in standards for the testing of radiant energy detectors. For this information, contactors and authorities are directed to manufacturers for guidance. As an example, some manufacturers may provide fire simulators to test their detectors; however, a qualified person should evaluate the use of such fire simulators in each case. July

155 Flame detectors (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Spark detectors (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

156 P.9 Multi-sensor detector Inspection Detectors are not visually damaged, and are securely mounted. No construction dust covers are inadvertently place. Test Each sensor of a multi-criteria detector is to be tested in accordance with the applicable guidance offered earlier in this document as well as manufacturer s instructions. For multi-criteria detectors using smoke detection with thermal enhancement, it may only be possible to test the smoke detection portion of the device. The thermal portion may be used in logic algorithms in conjunction with the smoke detection signal. (Left) Multi-criteria detector- photoelectric smoke detector and two heat sensors (Right) Multi-criteria detector - photoelectric smoke detector, heat sensor, and CO sensor (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) P.10 Sprinkler waterflow switch Inspection Waterflow device shows no signs of visual damaged, is securely mounted, has no water leaks, and no corrosion. Test Wet-pipe systems The waterflow switch is tested by opening a test connection producing a flow equal to the smallest orifice sprinkler on the system. Within 90 seconds, the waterflow switch is to operate and a waterflow signal is to be indicated at the FACU. Test Dry, deluge and preaction systems The waterflow switch is tested by opening a test valve at the sprinkler riser allowing water pressure to be applied to the switch. There is no need to simulate a sprinkler orifice size as once the system trips, water will be delivered to the pressure switch in a manner similar to the test valve. Within 90 seconds, the waterflow switch is to operate and a waterflow signal is to be indicated at the FACU. July

157 Waterflow pressure switches A pressure switch may be used to detect waterflow on any type system (wet, dry, deluge, or preaction). When connected to a fire alarm system, the pressure switch is to be connected to the sprinkler system with either galvanized or non-ferrous pipe to reduce sources of rust that might plug the orifice of the pressure switch. Placing the switch on top of a retard chamber is acceptable if the retard chamber is not of ferrous metal construction. Pressure switches do not include any pneumatic time delay feature. As such, a time delay to accommodate water pressure fluctuations is to be provided by a retard chamber or electronically by the FACU. Where a shutoff valve is provided between the pressure switch and the sprinkler system, the shutoff valve is to be electrically supervised with a valve tamper switch (see further later in this document). Waterflow pressure-type switch (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Waterflow vane switches Vane-type waterflow switch use is restricted to wet-pipe systems as the force of water surging into other types of systems could separate the vane from the switch leading to a foreign body obstruction in the sprinkler piping. Vane-type waterflow switches typically include a pneumatic time delay to accommodate water pressure fluctuations without initiating an alarm signal. Some vane-type waterflow switches have been manufactured without a pneumatic time delay. These switches need a time delay provided by the FACU to accommodate water pressure fluctuations without initiating alarm signals. July

158 Waterflow vane-type switch (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) 6.3 Supervisory initiating devices ITM Checklist Q. Fire alarm system ITM Supervisory initiating devices # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Q.1 Sprinkler control valve tamper I T Q A Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted Covers in place Weather tight (if outside) Signal initiated appropriately upon valve operation OS&Y type valves Tamper switch does not reset in valve threads Q.2 Sprinkler system air I Q Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted July

159 Q. Fire alarm system ITM Supervisory initiating devices # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation pressure Verify operation of low air pres. signal A T Verify operation of high air pres. signal Device physical condition okay Q.3 Low building temperature I Q Device securely mounted Vent holes are not obstructed Q.4 Q.5 Q.6 Q.7 Q.8 Q.9 Q.10 Q.11 Q.12 Electric fire pump running Electric fire pump phase failure Electric fire pump phase reversal Diesel fire pump running Diesel fire pump switch off automatic Diesel fire pump common trouble Diesel fuel tank low level Water tank low temperature Water tank low level T A Function test okay T W Verify operation of signal T M Verify operation of signal T A Verify operation of signal T W Verify operation of signal T A Verify operation of signal T A Verify operation of signal I Q Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted T V Verify operation of low fuel level signal Device physical condition okay I Q Device securely mounted No signs of water leaks T A Verify operation of switch and signal I Q Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted T A Verify operation of switch and signal July

160 Q. Fire alarm system ITM Supervisory initiating devices # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual 5 = 5 year ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. Q.1 Sprinkler control valve tamper Inspection Verify each valve tamper switch shows no signs of visual damaged and are securely mounted with covers in place. For outside valves, verify the tamper switches appear to be weather tight (gasket in place between cover and base). Test A valve tamper switch is to initiate a signal appropriately upon valve operation. Appropriately means within two handle revolutions or within 1/5 of travel distance depending upon valve style. Butterfly valve with internal supervision (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Gate valve with supervision (Photo source: Stuart Lloyd, Zurich) July

161 Post indicator valve with supervision (Photo source: Rich Gallagher) Wall post indicator valve with supervision (Photo source: Rich Gallagher) OS&Y type valves typically have a finger-type tamper switch. In the normally open position, the finger sits in a groove filed into the valve stem. The overall geometry of the finger diameter, filed groove depth and shape, and switch position on the valve yoke must allow the switch contact to be open in the normal position but close as the valve is initially operated and the finger moves out of the groove. The switch contacts must not reopen as the finger engages any other portion of the valve stem including the threaded portion. OS&Y valves have been found partially or fully shut with the valve tamper device found reset in the valve threads. OS&Y gate valve with valve supervision (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

162 The following image shows an electrically supervised ¼-turn ball valve in the alarm line between a wet-pipe sprinkler system and a waterflow pressure switch. As discussed earlier under waterflow pressure switches, and shutoff valve installed between a fire alarm system waterflow pressure switch and sprinkler system must be electrically supervised by the fire alarm system similar to any other sprinkler control valve. Quarter-turn valve with supervision (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Q.2 Sprinkler system air pressure Inspection Verify each pressure switch shows no signs of visual damaged and are securely mounted with cover in place. Test Conduct a functional test of the switch to verify its operation. Lower the system air pressure to test the low air pressure signal. Increase the system air pressure to verify the high air pressure signal functions (where provided). Typically, signals should occur within 0.7 bar (10 psi) of the normal range. Verify indication of low and high pressure supervisory signals at the FACU. Air supervisory pressure switch (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

163 Q.3 Low building temperature Inspection Verify each low building temperature switch shows no signs of visual damaged and are securely mounted with covers in place. Verify vent holes in cover are not obstructed. Test Conduct a functional test of the switch to verify its operation and the indication of a low building temperature supervisory signal at the FACU. Use a test method recommended by the manufacturer which may include: Spraying the device with circuit cooler Exposing the device to ice Note: The listed low building temperature switch is a device with a fixed operating temperature of 4 C (40 F). Adjustable non-listed low temperature switches are also available. There are no installation guidelines for low building temperature switches. It is not unusual for a building to have only one switch located near a sprinkler riser or fire pump. The intent of the switch is to detect a general loss of building heat that could lead to sprinkler freeze-up. Experience shows many localized sprinkler freeze-ups occur undetected by low building temperature switches as their distribution is so limited. Q.4 Electric fire pump running Test This signal may be tested weekly during the fire pump no-flow test. Discussion - Electric fire pump control panel Fire pump supervisory signals originate from devices contained within the fire pump controller. Any inspection related activities within a fire pump control panel should be handled by a qualified contractor. The photo on the following page shows an example of signal terminals for an electric fire pump. The left side of the photo shows the wiring diagram on the control panel door with the wiring for the transmitted signals expanded. The right side of the photo shows the inside of the control panel with the transmitted signal terminal strip expanded. Q.5 Electric fire pump phase failure Test This signal may be tested monthly during the fire pump no-flow test. Electric fire pump disconnects should be exercised monthly. Q.6 Electric fire pump phase reversal Test This signal is tested by placing a jumper across the phase reversal contacts in the fire pump control panel to initiate a signal. It is not considered feasible or desirable to actually test phase reversal by simulating the monitored condition. Simulating the monitored condition would July

164 involve actually switching electrical conductors at some location upstream of the fire pump controller. Note: Conduct this test with all power removed from the fire pump control panel, or have personnel implement appropriate safe work practices for arc flash hazards. Q.7 Diesel fire pump running Test This signal may be tested weekly during the fire pump no-flow test. Discussion - Diesel fire pump control panel Fire pump supervisory signals originate from devices contained within the fire pump controller. Any inspection related activities within a fire pump control panel should be handled by a qualified contractor. The photo on the pages after next shows an example of signal terminals for a diesel fire pump. The left side of the photo shows the wiring diagram on the control panel door with the wiring for the transmitted signals expanded. The right side of the photo shows the inside of the control panel with the transmitted signals terminal strip expanded. July

165 An example of electric fire pump control panel supervisory signal connections (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

166 An example of diesel fire pump control panel supervisory signal connections (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

167 Q.8 Diesel fire pump switch off automatic Test Verify operation of signal. Perform this test by moving the fire pump controller switch to a position other than automatic to simulate the monitored condition. Q.9 Diesel fire pump common trouble Test Verify operation of signal. Conduct this test by causing one of the trouble conditions that activate the diesel common trouble signal. As an example, cycle the diesel engine through the six attempts to start. Upon completing the sixth attempt, the diesel common trouble should activate. Q.10 Diesel fuel tank low level Note There is no specific requirement for low diesel fuel level monitoring. Manual monitoring during weekly testing is acceptable. Where provided, the following guidance is offered. Inspection Verify the low fuel level switch shows no signs of visual damaged and are securely mounted with cover in place. Test Whenever the fuel tank level is low, check to verify a low fuel level supervisory signal is received at the FACU. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Q.11 Water tank low temperature Inspection Verify the low water temperature switch shows no signs of visual damaged and is securely mounted. Verify there are no signs of water leak where the temperature sensor penetrated the tank wall. July

168 Test Conduct a functional test of the switch to verify its operation and the indication of a low water temperature supervisory signal at the FACU. Use a test method recommended by the manufacturer which may include exposing the device to ice. Note: The listed low water temperature switch is a device with a fixed operating temperature of 4oC (40oF). The device shown below is a Potter TTS Tank Temperature Supervisory Switch with a second set of contact operating at 60oC (140oF). (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) Q.12 Water tank low level Inspection Verify the low water level switch shows no signs of visual damaged and is securely mounted. Verify there are no signs of water leak where the level sensor penetrated the tank wall. Test Conduct a functional test of the switch to verify its operation. For atmosphere water storage tanks, a low level signal should be initiated with a 300 mm (12 in) drop in water level. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

169 6.4 Alarm notification devices ITM Checklist R. Fire alarm system ITM Alarm notification devices # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation R.1 Audible alarm devices I S Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted T A Device operation okay R.2 Visual alarm devices Device physical condition okay I S Device securely mounted T A Device operation okay Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual 5 = 5 year ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. R.1 Audible alarm devices Inspection Verify the each audible device shows no signs of visual damaged and is securely mounted. Test Active the audible appliances and verify they operate as intended. Note: Measurement of sound pressure with a sound level meter is conducted only during the initial acceptance test and any subsequent reacceptance test. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

170 R.2 Visual alarm devices Inspection Verify the each visual alarm device shows no signs of visual damaged and is securely mounted. Test Active the visual alarm appliances and verify they operate as intended. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) 6.5 Emergency control functions ITM Checklist S. Fire alarm system ITM Emergency control functions # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation S.1 Emergency control function elevator recall T A Interface device activation okay S.2 S.3 Duct smoke detector HVAC shutdown Magnetic door release Device physical condition okay I S Device securely mounted Sample tube orientation correct Sample tube are not obstructed T A Interface device activation okay I S Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted T A Interface device activation okay S.4 Door unlock I S Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted T A Interface device activation okay Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual July

171 ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. S.1 Emergency control function elevator recall Test Initiate the elevator recall functions by activating the appropriate fire detectors and verify the function operates as intended. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) S.2 Duct smoke detector HVAV shutdown Inspection Verify the each visual alarm device shows no signs of visual damaged and is securely mounted. Access is needed to inspect sampling tube orientation and obstruction. Identifying correct orientation requires access to manufacturer s instructions. Test Active each HVAC shutdown and verify operation as intended. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) S.3 Magnetic door release Inspection Verify the each magnetic release device shows no signs of visual damaged and is securely mounted. July

172 Test Active the alarms releasing the magnetic door release and verify they operate as intended. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) S.4 Door unlock Inspection Verify the each door unlock device shows no signs of visual damaged and is securely mounted. Test Active alarms to actuate the door unlock action and verify they operate as intended. 6.6 Fire extinguishing control and release ITM Checklist T. Fire alarm system ITM Fire extinguishing control and release # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation T.1 Fire extinguishing system Automatic electric release I S Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted T A System release device is functional T.2 Fire extinguishing system manual electric release I T S A Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted System manual release device functional Appropriate sequence of actions occurs T.3 Fire extinguishing I S Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted July

173 T. Fire alarm system ITM Fire extinguishing control and release # Component Act. Freq. Evaluation system discharge alarm T A Alarm signal received at release FACU Alarm signal received at main FACU T.4 Fire extinguishing system main/reserve switch I T A A Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted Supervisory signal received at release service FACU Supervisory signal received at main FACU T.5 Fire extinguishing system abort switch I T A A Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted Appropriate sequence of actions occurs Supervisory signal received at release service FACU Supervisory signal received at main FACU T.6 Fire extinguishing system key maintenance switch I T Q A Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted Supervisory signal received at release service FACU Supervisory signal received at main FACU T.7 Fire extinguishing system agent release prealarm I T S A Device physical condition okay Device securely mounted Pre-alarm devices signal Supervisory signal received at release service FACU Supervisory signal received at main FACU Activity: I = Inspect T = Test M = Maintain Frequency: W = Weekly M = Monthly Q = Quarterly S = Semi-annual A = Annual 5 = 5 year ITM Discussion The following is a discussion of the items in the previous ITM checklist. July

174 T.1 Fire extinguishing system Automatic electric release Inspection Verify electric fire extinguishing system release devices actuated from a release system FACU are not visually damaged, and are securely mounted. Testing The electric fire extinguishing system release device actuated from a release system FACU is to be functionally tested annually by actuating an associated fire detection device. This is to result in the energizing of the fire extinguishing agent release device. The intent is to verify the operation of the fire extinguishing agent releases device without discharging fire extinguishing agent. Photo showing visual confirmation of fire extinguishing system release device operation (right actuator pin extended due to ti ti ) (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

175 (Image source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) T.2 Fire extinguishing system manual electric release Inspection Verify fire extinguishing system electric manual release devices are not visually damaged, and are securely mounted. Testing The fire extinguishing system electric manual release devices is to be functionally tested annually by operating the switch and verifying the appropriate sequence of actions occur. There is no intent to require fire extinguishing system discharge. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) T.3 Fire extinguishing system discharge alarm Inspection Verify discharge alarm devices shows no signs of visual damaged and are securely mounted. Test Testing may be mechanical (actual system release) or electrical (manually causing a short circuit). This action is to initiate an alarm signal at the release service FACU. A general alarm signal from the release service FACU is to be reported to the main FACU There is no intent to require fire extinguishing system discharge. July

176 Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) T.4 Fire extinguishing system main/reserve switch ( Inspection Verify the main/reserve switch shows no signs of visual damaged and is securely mounted. Test Testing involves changing the position of the switch from Main to Reserve. This action is to initiate a supervisory signal at the release service FACU. A general supervisory signal from the release service FACU is to be reported to the main FACU. NFPA note: There is no NFPA requirement for: Connected reserve supplies of agent Main/reserve switches Supervision of the main/reserve switches Testing protocol for the main/reserve switches Main-reserve switch (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

177 T.5 Fire extinguishing system abort switch Inspection Abort switch shows no signs of visual damaged and is securely mounted. Test Testing involves pressing the abort switch. Verify the appropriate sequence of operations occur regarding recycle of discharge time delay timers and the operation of fire detectors. This action is to initiate a supervisory signal at release service FACU indicating the fire extinguishing system is in the abort mode and disabled. A general supervisory signal from the release service FACU is to be reported to the main FACU. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) T.6 Fire extinguishing system key maintenance switch Inspection Key maintenance switch shows no signs of visual damaged and is securely mounted. Test Testing involves changing the position of the switch from Normal to Disconnect. This action is to initiate a supervisory signal at the release service FACU indicating the fire extinguishing system is disabled. A general supervisory signal from the release service FACU is to be reported to the main FACU. (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July

178 T.7 Fire extinguishing system agent release pre-alarm Inspection Verify agent release pre-alarms shows no signs of visual damaged and are securely mounted. Test Testing involves activating the fire detection system such that the fire extinguishing system is ready to discharge agent as soon as the agent release time delay expires. During this time delay, the pre-release alarm will notify occupants of the pending release of agent. During the pre-release alarm: Audible and visual pre-alarm notification appliances operate A supervisory signal is displayed at the release panel A general supervisory signal is reported to the main fire alarm control unit (Photo source: Rich Gallagher, Zurich) July