1. Introduction to the Italian case studies Rossella Roversi, Valentina Sforzini

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1 SOURCE02_NEW01_rev04:Layout :36 Pagina Introduction to the Italian case studies Rossella Roversi, Valentina Sforzini The first year of SoURCE research has led to the development of a methodology and a standard procedure required for sustainable management of urban areas in an energetic key, in order to promote regeneration. Within the general urban framework, it has been necessary to find an elementary unit/module of territory to which the optimization process of the relationship between the energy potentialities from renewable sources and anthropic consumptions could refer. Interventions for rationalization and restraint of energy demand, as well as the evaluation of potential capture and use of natural renewable energies, require the identification of a specific and appropriately circumscribed peculiar context. In fact, the real opportunity to draw on renewable sources of energy is conditioned by a set of constraints about orography, morphology, landscape, urban planning, etc. Furthermore, different portions of territory may have very different climatic and geographical features. 1.1 Territory, urban cell and indicators During the first year, the research identified the urban cell as the basic unit of territory, within which it is possible to plan, design, implement and manage interventions of optimization and improvement of the relationship between the potential energy from local renewable sources and anthropic consumptions (see note 1). In the second year of research, the issues considered in the scanning of an urban cell were enlarged so that they have involved in the experimentation, in addition to energy, also biodiversity and mobility (see note 2). The identification and demarcation of the part of territory corresponding to one urban cell follow a few basic criteria established by the procedure. The homogeneity of energy of a portion of territory, both in terms of production and consumption, is not considered a significant requirement. Rather, it s fundamental the assessment of the urban / territorial characteristics. In particular, the analysis focuses on population density, related to the building density, and on uses, which provide guidance on the activities located on the territory. In case of settlements with a population below 10,000 inhabitants, it is possible to perform a detailed work, which returns a very reliable overview. The sum of these aspects allows the subdivision of the territory in urban cells: these ones, once calculated the energy balance and assessed the contribution of each cell to every issue that contributes to the achievement of environmental and urban quality, can be connected in a system; this way, through synergies and / or subsidiarities, the total sum of cells brings the greatest possible benefit according with the specificities of the context. For example, more urban cells may contribute to form ecological corridors and all cells can contribute to the development of sustainable mobility. After dividing the territory into urban cells, the research proceeds with the study of the main intended uses of each zone: Residential urbanized areas, in which the residential tissue thickens proceeding from the outside towards the centre, identifying a more and more compact structure; Industrial, commercial and infrastructural areas, in which buildings that house these activities are more concentrated around urban centers, rarefying as they move away; Dismissed areas or areas in process of expansion;

2 SOURCE02_NEW01_rev04:Layout :36 Pagina SoURCE Towards Smart City s for agricultural use; Wooded areas and semi-natural environments; Wetlands. The networking of urban cells through a smart grid, with adequate infrastructures, can facilitate the transformation process of cities in smart cites and increase environmental and energy sustainability of the territory as a whole. Analyzed areas refer to energy consumption (heat and electricity share), renewable energy (potential and existing solar and biomass potential), urban green areas (total and for each inhabitant), water, transport (private and public offer), and land consumption. Data sources are municipal reports and studies, and ad hoc calculations based on the data provided by direct audits of the Italian team (Trevignano Romano). In particular, the heat energy demand, the available solar radiation and biomass power potential have been specifically calculated by the Italian team. The household electricity consumption has been estimated for the two case studies by combining both local consumption data and previous studies (see Table 1.1). of analysis Indicator Unit Energy consumptions Heat energy consumption KWh/Sq m/year Household electricity consumption KWh/Sq m/year Renewable energy Sun (potential) Solar radiation kwh/ Sq m Biomass Heat energy production tep, KWh/year Urban green areas Green areas per person Sq m/ inhabitant Water Household consumptions litres/ inhabitants /day Transports motorization rate-cars Cars /1000 inhabitants Public transport passengers Journeys/year Sustainable mobility bicycle meters/100 inhabitants Electrical vehicles vehicles /1000 inhabitants Land consumption Building density Sq m/sq m New developments city evolution Built volume added every 20 years Table Main areas of analysis and reference indicators 1.2 Trevignano Romano Trevignano is located on the northern shore of Lake Bracciano, at the foot and on the slopes of a cliff, next to the characteristic Gulf of Cucumino; the basin has volcanic origin, as the entire orographic apparatus of Sabatini mountains. The altitude of the lake in normal condition is 164 meters above sea level, and the medium altitude of the city is 173 meters above sea level. The surface of the municipality reaches an area of 39.4 km2, ie 3,944 ha, almost entirely subject to landscape protections. The resident population at 31th December 2010, was of 5,949 units. The climate is temperate and the climate area of belonging is D. The City of Trevignano adopted in 2003 a variant of the PRG (the urbanistic general plan) in accordance with the Regional Law No. 29/1997 and the Regional Law No. 36/1999, which established the Parco Naturale regionale del complesso lacuale di Bracciano-Mantignano, and according with Landscape Plan No. PTP 3/ about Bracciano and Vico lakes. In recent

3 SOURCE02_NEW01_rev04:Layout :36 Pagina Introduction to the Italian case studies years, the district has seen the development - although with a lesser extent than other municipalities - of residential settlements, which are especially made up of second homes. These expansions had affected several parts of territory without following a planning and, in many cases, they are characterized by a low quality level and an high environmental impact, with a significant alteration of the natural original landscape, also visible from the opposite side of the lake. Despite this, the environmental situation is still not compromised compared to other settlements in the area. The landscape and climate quality, the beauty of the city center, the supply of recreational and cultural initiatives, make Trevignano a popular tourist resort. The road infrastructure was originally formed by the Settevene-Palo road and the access routes to the Cassia; after the completion of the ring Circumlacuale, during the Fifties, roads have remained unchanged and are now inadequate to the flow of traffic, very intense in summer and weekends. (see figure 1.1 and table 1.2) Core 2. Development area 3. Lake waterfront 4. Low density residential area Figure Trevignano Romano Urban Cells Core 6,6 ha of which: 10,39 ha arboreal; 1,2 ha forestry; 21,01 ha urban area. 13,95 ha (409 buildings) 89,30% (1549 ) public buildings 7,10% Commercial activities 5,60% (237, main shops)

4 SOURCE02_NEW01_rev04:Layout :36 Pagina SoURCE Towards Smart City Development area ha of which: 637,56 ha agricultural; 225 ha forestry; 207,44 ha urban area. Population ,5 ha (564 buildings) 98,00% (713 ) Commercial activities 2,00% (25,main farms shop) Lake waterfront 89 ha of which: 65,17 ha agricultural; 1,33 ha forestry; 22,5 ha urban area. 4,82 ha (265 buildings) 97,00% (474 ) public buildings 0,50% Commercial activities 2,50% (25,main restaurants) Low density residential area 472 ha of which: 223,38 ha agricultural; 159,03 ha forestry; 89,59 ha urban area. 11,78 ha (391 buildings) 98,00% (768 ) public buildings 1,50% Commercial activities 0,50% (6, main shop) Table Trevignano Romano Urban Cells data 1.3 Sabaudia Sabaudia is located about 100 km south of Rome and about 1, 3 km from the seaside, on the shores of Lake Paola and immersed in the Circeo National Park. The municipality has an area of 144 km2, and the city centre is 17 meters above sea level. The inhabitants are about The climate area is C. Sabaudia was founded on 5 August 1933, following the reclamation of the Pontine marshes by the Fascist government. The city has preserved its original town planning layout and architecture and, in the Italian context, represents a singular example of rationalist city, which has been the subject of numerous studies. It is characterized by linear forms, wide streets, geometric squares and simple buildings. The main place is the Piazza del Comune, with its 42-metres tower, the Casa Municipale, the town hall (formerly the Fascist Building), the school, the Annunziata Church with a large mosaic by Ferruccio Ferrazzi, the hotel, the cinema and other buildings built during the town s foundation. Today Sabaudia is a tourist and art city, a famous destination and great attraction for Italian and foreigner tourists. There are many accommodation facilities, villas, apartments and campgrounds along the coast, and a vast programme of events and festivals. Just outside the original town nucleus are the banks of the lake known as Paola Lake or Sabaudia Lake. Its many arms are filled with thick vegetation that is the habitat of herons and other species of birds. The Paola Lake is also a preferential place for regattas and aquatic sports. Sabaudia is the headquarters of the management of the Circeo National Park, which includes a Visitors Centre, the Natural History Museum and the Claudia Ortese Centro di Documentazione sull Istruzione Scolastica e la Sanità nelle Paludi Pontine (an education and health docu-

5 SOURCE02_NEW01_rev04:Layout :36 Pagina Introduction to the Italian case studies mentation centre). Although it is a new city, Sabaudia has important remains of the centuries before its foundation: the 13th century Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Sorresca, the Domiziano s Palace, one of the most important archaeological complexes in southern Latium, the so-called Fonte di Lucullo (Lucullus Spring), the Faberio Murena pool (also called Lucullus pool), which is fed by the sea. (see Figure 1.2 and table 1.3) Core 2. Development area 3. High density mixed area 4. Low density residential area 5. Circeo dunes 6. Sabaudia lake 7. Farmland and state-owned forest 8. Coastal lakes and Bella Farnia Hamlet 9. San Donato hamlet 10. Colle d'alba hamlet Figure Sabaudia Urban Cells Core 65,86 Ha of which: 0 ha arboreal; 0,33 ha forestry; 0 ha agricultural; 65,53 ha urban area 21,70 ha 79% public buildings 19,70% Commercial activities 1,30% Development area 29,17 Ha of which: 0 ha arboreal; 0,16 ha forestry; 1,88 ha agricultural; 27,13 ha urban area Population ,4 ha 93% public buildings 3,20% Commercial activities 3,80%

6 SOURCE02_NEW01_rev04:Layout :36 Pagina SoURCE Towards Smart City High density mixed area Population ,92 Ha of which: 0,08 ha arboreal; 23,59 ha forestry; 23,59 ha agricultural; 77,66 ha urban area 14,14 ha 92,00% public buildings 2,00% Commercial activities 6,00% Low density mixed area 1.468,09 Ha of which: 94,7 ha arboreal; 127,07 ha forestry; 804,08 ha agricultural; 327,31 ha urban area 32,46 ha 86,00% public buildings 10,00% Commercial activities 4,00% Circeo dunes 449,79 Ha of which: 0 ha arboreal; 109,67 ha forestry; 0 ha agricultural; 189,88 ha urban area 7,46 ha 86,00% Commercial activities 14,00% Sabaudia lake 1.614,96 Ha of which: 59,31 ha arboreal, 519,27 ha forestry; 464,38 ha agricultural; 165,62 ha urban area 7,4 ha 100% Commercial activities 0,00% Farmland and state-owned forest Population ,80 Ha of which: 310,64 ha arboreal; 3.092,92 ha forestry; 2.191,09 ha agricultural; 481,15 ha urban area 26,56 ha 99,50% Commercial activities 0,50% Coastal lakes and Bella Farnia Hamlet 1.440,61 Ha of which: 55,04 ha arboreal; 35,77 ha forestry; 583,18 ha agricultural; 166,62 ha urban area 20,9 ha 100,00% Commercial activities 0,00%

7 SOURCE02_NEW01_rev04:Layout :36 Pagina Introduction to the Italian case studies San Donato hamlet 1.806,41 Ha of which: 279,19 ha arboreal; 59,02 ha forestry; 1.176,62 ha agricultural; 276,58 ha urban area 23,36 ha 93,50% public buildings 3,50% Commercial activities 3,00% Colle d'alba hamlet 1.421,41 Ha of which: 59,15 arboreal; 11,09 ha forestry; 1.142,31 ha agricultural; 192,86 ha urban area 11,48 ha 99,50% Commercial activities 0,50% Table Sabaudia Urban Cells data Notes 1. See A. Sferra Obiettivi ed articolazione della ricerca, in Cumo F. (ed.), SoURCE. Sustainable Urban Cells, Sapienza University of Rome, Quintily Editore, Rome 2011, p The issues identified as most relevant for the assessment of environmental and urban quality are: energy from renewable sources, consumed energy, green spaces, water, air quality, waste, mobility, soil consumption, biodiversity. For further information: A. Sferra, La sostenibilità ambientale, in Cumo F., La sostenibilità ambientale del comune di Trevignano Romano. Dalla urban cell alla smart grid, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome 2012.