SYLLABUS. osmania university CHAPTER - 1 : LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS CHAPTER - 3 : HEAT EXCHANGER CHAPTER - 4 : REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

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1 Contents i SYLLABUS osmania university UNIT - I CHAPTER - 1 : LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS Steady Flow Energy Equation, Conditions of Reversible and Irreversible Processes. CHAPTER - 2 : HEAT TRANSFER Modes of Heat Transfer Conduction and Convention, Radiation Concept of Black Body Radiation, Steady State Conduction, Heat Transfer Through Plane Walls, Cylinders, Critical Radius of Insulation for Cylinders. CHAPTER - 3 : HEAT EXCHANGER Classification, Industry Applications, LMTD Calculations, Parallel and Counter Flows. CHAPTER - 4 : REFRIGERATION SYSTEM Types, Co-Efficient of Performance and Ton, SVC and Air Refrigeration and Properties of Refrigerants, Eco Friendly Refrigerants, Psychometric Processes for Summer and Winter A/C Only. UNIT - II CHAPTER - 5 : PRINCIPLES OF IC ENGINES Petrol and Diesel, 2 Stroke/4 Stroke and Load Characteristics. CHAPTER - 6 : RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSORS Concept of Multi Stage Compression, Types, Loads Characteristics, Calculation of Mechanical and Thermal Efficiencies. CHAPTER - 7 : STEAM GENERATORS Generation of Steam, Boilers. CHAPTER - 8 : GAS TURBINES Gas Turbines, Types, Classification, Constant Pressure.

2 ii Contents UNIT - III CHAPTER - 9 : GEARS Classifications of Gears, Nomenclature, Gear Trains, Types-Single, Compound, Inverted and Epi-Cycle Gear Trains. CHAPTER - 10 : BELT AND ROPE DRIVES Open and Cross Belt, Length of Belt Ratio of Tensions Flat Belts, Condition for Maximum Power. UNIT - IV CHAPTER - 11 : FLUID DYNAMICS Introduction to Bernoulli s Equation, Applications Venturi Meter, Orifice Meter, Flow Through Pipes, Hagen s Formula, Friction Loss in Pipes, Darcy s Formula, Reynolds Number and Its Significance. CHAPTER - 12 : HYDRAULIC TURBINES Classification, Working Principle, Francis, Kaplan, Pelton Wheels, Work Done, Power Output, Efficiency, Specific Speed, Unit Quantities, Draft Tube, Performance Characteristics Curves. UNIT - V CHAPTER - 13 : PUMPS Working Principles and Construction Details of Centrifugal and Reciprocating Pumps, Effect of Friction, Acceleration Head, Work Done, Power Required With and Without Air Vessels, Problems Faced in Pumps, Precaution, Cavitation, Primary Velocity Triangles of Centrifugal Pumps.

3 Contents iii principles of mechanical engineering FOR b.e. (o.u) ii year i semester (ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING) CONTENTS UNIT - I [CH. H. - 1] ] [LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS] INTRODUCTION APPROACHES OF THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM Macroscopic Approach Microscopic Approach CONCEPTS OF SYSTEM, PROCESSES AND PROPERTIES Thermodynamic System Types of Thermodynamic Systems Open System Closed System Isolated System Adiabatic and Diabatic System Phase : Homogeneous and Heterogeneous System Homogenous System Heterogenous System Thermodynamic Properties Intensive and Extensive Properties

4 iv Contents State and Path of the Thermodynamic System State of the Thermodynamic System Path of the Thermodynamic System Point and Path Function Thermodynamic Process Cyclic Process Quasi-Static Process Reversible and Irreversible Process Comparison Between Reversible and Irreversible Process Isothermal, Adiabatic, Isobaric and Isochoric Process THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS ZEROTH TH LAW W OF THERMODYNAMICS Temperature Scales Celsius Scale Fahrenheit Scale Kelvin Scale Rankine Scale The Relation between Various Temperature Scales FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Corollaries of First Law of Thermodynamics Corollary 1 : Internal Energy As a Property of System Corollary 2 : Conservation of Energy Corollary 3 : Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind (PMM-1)

5 Contents v Energy Interaction Work ork Heat Comparison of Work and Heat The Ideal Gas Equation of State Specific Heats Specific Heat at Constant Pressure Specific Heat At Constant Volume Relation between Specific Heats and Gas Constant Enthalpy Calculations of Change in Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Work ork Done Constant Volume (Isochoric) Process Constant Pressure (Isobaric) Process Constant Temperature (Isothermal) Process Reversible Adiabatic (Isentropic) Process Polytropic Process Steady Flow Energy Equation for an Open System Conditions for Steady Flow System Equation of Continuity Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) Workdone in Flow Process SFEE For Engineering Devices Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Terminology Used in Second Law of Thermodynamics Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statement Kelvin-Planck Statement Clausius Statement

6 vi Contents Conditions of Reversible and Irreversible Processes Clausius Inequality Concept of Entropy Change of Entropy Entropy as a Thermodynamic Property Characteristics of Entropy Calculations of Entropy Change in Entropy for Constant Volume (Isochoric) Process Change in Entropy for Constant Pressure (Isobaric) Process Change in Entropy for Constant Temperature (Isothermal) Process Change in Entropy for Adiabatic Process Change in Entropy for Polytropic Process THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS SOLVED PROBLEMS Short Questions and Answers UNIT - I [CH. - 2] ] [HEAT TRANSFER] INTRODUCTION BASIC MODES OF HEAT T TRANSFER Conduction Convection Radiation Comparison of Conduction, Convection and Radiation FOURIER S LAW OF CONDUCTION Thermal Conductivity One Dimensional Steady State Conduction Conduction Heat Transfer Through Plane Walls Without Heat Generation

7 Contents vii Conduction Through a Composite Wall all Conduction Through a Hollow Cylinder Analogy Between Ohm s Law and Fourier ourier s Law of Conduction NEWTON S LAW OF COOLING THERMAL RADIATION CONCEPT OF BLACK BODY RADIATION STEFAN BOLTZMANN LAW CRITICAL RADIUS OF INSULATION FOR CYLINDERS SOLVED PROBLEMS Short Questions and Answers UNIT - I [CH. - 3] ] [HEAT EXCHANGER] INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION HEAT T EXCHANGERS CHANGERS Classification According to Heat Transfer Process Classification According to Constructional Features Classification According to Flow Arrangement INDUSTRY Y APPLICATIONS OF HEAT T EXCHANGERS LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE TURE DIFFERENCE (LMTD) CALCULATIONS Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger Counter Flow Heat Exchanger Short Questions and Answers UNIT - I [CH. - 4] ] [REFRIGERATION SYSTEM] INTRODUCTION Applications of Refrigeration BASIC TERMINOLOGY HEAT PUMP AND REFRIGERATOR TYPES OF REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS ICE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

8 viii Contents 4.6 AIR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM Air Refrigerator Working on Reversed Carnot Cycle Air Refrigerator Working on Bell-Coleman Cycle Advantages and Disadvantages of Air Refrigeration Systems VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM Essential Components of a Vapour Compression System Vapour Compression Cycle on Pressure Enthalpy (p-h) Chart Types Vapour Compression Cycle Vapour Compression Cycle with Dry Saturated Vapour After Compressions Vapour Compression Cycle with Wet et Vapour After Compression Theoretical Vapour Compression Cycle with Superheated Vapour After Compression Theoretical Vapour Compression Cycle with Superheated Vapour Before Compression Theoretical Vapour Compression Cycle with Undercooling (or) Subcooling of Refrigerant Factors Affecting the Performance of a Simple Vapour Compression System Effect of Suction (or) Evaporator Pressure Effect of Condenser (or) Discharge Pressure Effect of Suction Vapour Superheat Effect of Liquid Sub-Cooling Advantages and Disadvantages of Vapour Compression System VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM Simple Ammonia-Water ater Absorption Refrigeration System Practical Ammonia-Water ater Absorption System COP of an Ideal Vapour Absorption System

9 Contents ix Desirable Properties of Refrigerant-Absorbent Combination Advantages and Disadvantages of Vapour Absorption System Comparison of Vapour Compression and Vapour Absorption Systems THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM Analysis of a Thermoelectric Refrigerator Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermoelectric Refrigeration System Applications of Thermoelectric Refrigeration System REFRIGERANTS Types of Refrigerants efrigerants Primary Refrigerants Secondary Refrigerants Desirable Properties of an Ideal Refrigerants ECO-FRIENDL -FRIENDLY Y REFRIGERANTS INTRODUCTION TO O PSYCHROMETR CHROMETRY Psychrometry Terms erms Psychrometry Chart Psychrometry Processes Sensible Heating Sensible Cooling Humidification and Dehumidification Cooling and Dehumidification Cooling and Humidification Heating and Humidification Heating and Dehumidification (Adiabatic Chemical Dehumidification) Summer and Winter Air Conditioning Short Questions and Answers

10 x Contents UNIT - II [CH. H. - 5] ] [PRINCIPLES OF IC ENGINES] INTRODUCTION Advantages of I.C Engines Over E.C Engines Disadvantages of IC Engines Applications of I.C Engines CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES BASIC ENGINE COMPONENTS Engine Nomenclature WORKING OF IC ENGINES WITH P-V DIAGRAMS Working of Four our-stroke Petrol (SI) Engines Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engines Working of Two wo-stroke Petrol (SI) Engines p-v V Diagram for Two wo Stroke Petrol Engine Two wo Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine p-v V Diagram for Two wo Stroke Diesel Engine Advantages and Disadvantages of Two wo-stroke Cycle Engines COMPARISON OF PETROL (S.I).I) AND DIESEL (C.I) ENGINE COMPARISON OF TWO-STROKE AND FOUR-STROKE I.C ENGINES VALVE VE TIMING DIAGRAM GRAM Valve Timing Diagram for a Four our-stroke Petrol Engine Valve Timing Diagram for a Four-stroke Diesel Engines ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS Mean Effective Pressure (P m ) Indicated Power Brake Power Friction Power

11 Contents xi Specific Fuel Consumption Mechanical Efficiency Thermal Efficiency SOLVED PROBLEMS Short Questions and Answers UNIT - II [CH. H. - 6] ] [RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSORS] INTRODUCTION TYPES OF AIR COMPRESSOR RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR Construction of Reciprocating Air Compressor Working Operations of Reciprocating Air Compressor Classification of Reciprocating Air Compressors SINGLE STAGE GE RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR Workdone Without Clearance Volume Workdone When Air is Compressed Polytropically (pv n = Constant) Workdone When Air is Compressed Adiabatically (pv g = Constant) Workdone When Air is Compressed Isothermally (pv = Constant) Calculation of Efficiencies for Reciprocating Air Compressor Isothermal Efficiency (Thermal Efficiency) Adiabatic Efficiency Mechanical Efficiency Volumetric Efficiency Effect of Clearance Volume on Workdone and Efficiency Effect of Clearance Volume on Work Done Effect of Clearance Volume on Volumetric Efficiency

12 xii Contents 6.5 CONCEPT OF MULTIST TISTAGE COMPRESSION Two Stage Air Compressor Workdone in Multistage Compression Advantages of Multistage Compression SOLVED PROBLEMS Short Questions and Answers UNIT - II [CH. H. - 7] ] [STEAM GENERATORS] INTRODUCTION TO STEAM BOILERS Requirements of a Boiler Classification of Boilers FIRE TUBE BOILERS Lancashire Boilers Cornish Boiler Cochran Boiler Locomotive Boiler WATER TUBE BOILERS Babcock-Wilcox Boiler Difference between Fire ire Tube and Water Tube Boiler HIGH PRESSURE BOILERS LaMont Boiler Benson Boiler BOILER MOUNTINGS AND ACCESSORIES Boiler Mountings Boiler Accessories BOILER PERFORMANCE Evaporation Rate Factor of Evaporation Boiler Efficiency Economiser Efficiency Boiler Power ower SOLVED PROBLEMS OF BOILER PERFORMANCE Short Questions and Answers

13 Contents xiii UNIT - II [CH. H. - 8] ] [GAS TURBINE] INTRODUCTION TO GAS TURBINE CLASSIFICATION OF GAS TURBINE Constant Pressure Gas Turbines Closed Cycle Gas Turbines Gas Turbine With Intercooling Gas Turbine With Reheating eheating Open Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine With Regeneration egeneration Semi Closed Cycle Gas Turbine urbine Comparision Between Closed and Open Cycle Gas Turbine Constant Volume Gas Turbines POLY Y TROPIC EFFICIENCY ADVANT ANTAGES AND DISADVANT ANTAGES OF GAS TURBINES SOLVED PROBLEMS Short Questions and Answers UNIT - III [CH. - 9] ] [GEARS GEARS] INTRODUCTION GEARS Gear Tooth Profiles CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS Spur Gears Helical Gears Double Helical and Herringbone Gear Bevel Gears Worm Gears

14 xiv Contents 9.4 GEAR NOMENCLATURE TURE LAW OF GEARINGS GEAR TRAINS Types of Gear Trains Simple Gear Train Compound Gear Train rain Reverted Gear Train Epi-Cycle Gear Train SOLVED PROBLEMS Short Questions and Answers UNIT - III [CH. - 10] ] [BELT AND ROPE DRIVES] INTRODUCTION BELT T AND ROPE DRIVES Advantages and Disadvantages of Belt Drives Types of Belts Flat Belts V-Belts Circular Belts (or) Ropes Belt Materials OPEN AND CROSS BELT T DRIVES COMPOUND BELT T DRIVE VELOCITY (OR) SPEED RATIO OF A BELT T DRIVE Effect of Belt Thickness on Velocity Ratio Effect of Slip on Velocity Ratio atio Effect of Creep on Velocity Ratio Velocity Ratio of a Compound Belt Drive LENGTH OF BELT Length of An Open Belt Length of a Crossed Belt Drive

15 Contents xv 10.7 ANGLE OF CONTACT CT Angle of Contact For Open Belt Drive Angle of Contact For Crossed Belt Drive RATIO OF TENSIONS OF FLAT BELT POWER TRANSMITTED BY A BELT Centrifugal Tension Initial Tension CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSMISSION FOR FLAT BELT ROPE DRIVES COMPARISION BETWEEN GEARS AND BELT T DRIVES SOLVED PROBLEMS Short Questions and Answers UNIT - IV [CH. - 11] ] [FLUID DYNAMICS] INTRODUCTION FLUID PROPERTIES Types of Fluid Types of Fluid Flow FLUID PRESSURE AND ENERGY Types of Pressure Energy of Fluid EQUATIONS OF FLUID FLOW Continuity Equation Euler s Equation of Motion Introduction to Bernoulli s Equation Bernoulli s Theorem

16 xvi Contents 11.5 FLOW METERS (APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI S EQUATION) Orifice Meter Nozzle Meter Venturi Meter Pitot Tube ube FLOW THROUGH PIPES Loss of Energy (Head) in Pipes Major Energy Losses Minor Energy Losses Reynolds Number Hagen Poiseuille Formula SOLVED PROBLEMS Short Questions and Answers UNIT - IV [CH. - 12] ] [HYDRAULIC TURBINES] INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES HEADS AND EFFICIENCIES OF A TURBINE REACTION AND IMPULSE TURBINES Comparision Between Reaction and Impulse Turbines urbines PELTON WHEEL Maximum Efficiency : Velocity Triangles and Workdone for Pelton Wheel FRANCIS TURBINE Important Relations for Francis Turbine KAPLAN TURBINE Important Relations for Kaplan Turbine Comparision Between Francis and Kaplan Turbine SPECIFIC SPEED AND UNIT QUANTITIES Specific Speed Physical Significance of Specific Speed Unit Quantities Significance of Unit Quantities

17 Contents xvii 12.9 DRAFT TUBE Functions of Draft Tube Types of Draft Tubes ubes Draft Tube Theory Efficiency of a Draft Tube PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES Main Characteristic Curves Operating Characteristic Curves Constant Efficiency/ Muschel Curves/ISO Efficiency Curves Short Questions and Answers UNIT - V [CH. - 13] ] [PUMPS PUMPS] INTRODUCTION RECIPROCATING PUMPS Classification of Reciprocating Pumps Single Acting Reciprocating Pump Discharge Through a Single Acting Reciprocating Pump Work ork Done by a Single Acting Reciprocating Pump Double Acting Reciprocating Pump Discharge Through a Double Acting Reciprocating Pump Work ork Done by a Double Acting Reciprocating Pump Slip and Coefficient of Discharge Variation of Pressure Head on Suction and Delivery Pipes Due to Acceleration of Piston Due to Friction in Pipes

18 xviii Contents Air Vessels essels Pressure Head in the Cylinder During Delivery Stroke Pressure Head in the Cylinder During Suction Stroke Work Done With Air Vessel Work Saved by Air Vessel Discharge of Liquid CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Components of Centrifugal Pump Working Principle of Centrifugal Pump Velocity Triangles of Centrifugal Pumps umps Work ork Done by Centrifugal Pump ump Heads and Efficiencies of Centrifugal Pumps Heads Efficiencies Manometric Efficiency (h mano ) Mechanical Efficiency (h m ) Overall Efficiency Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pumps Pumps in Series Pumps in Parallel Comparision Between Centrifugal and Reciprocating Pumps Priming Problems Faced in Pumps Cavitation Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps Remedies to Problems in Pumps Short Questions and Answers EXPECTED UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS Expected University Questions with Answers... E.1 - E.16

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SECOND EDITION S.N. Sapali Professor of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering, Pune Delhi-110092 2014 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING, Second Edition S.N.