Development of a Canadian Wildland Fire Monitoring Sensor (CWFMS)

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Unclassified Development of a Canadian Wildland Fire Monitoring Sensor (CWFMS) Helena (Marleen) van Mierlo 1 Linh Ngo Phong 1 Steeve Montminy 1 Joshua M.

1 Unclassified Development of a Canadian Wildland Fire Monitoring Sensor (CWFMS) Helena (Marleen) van Mierlo 1 Linh Ngo Phong 1 Steeve Montminy 1 Joshua M. Johnston 2 Denis Dufour 3 (1) Canadian Space Agency (2) Canadian Forest Service (3) Institut national d optique CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16 th, Québec, Canada 1 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

Destruction of communities, industrial sites, national and provincial parks; Evacuations and health costs; Loss or revenues:

2 Problems Caused by Wildfire More than 1 billion $ yearly cost to manage; Significant health and safety hazards to Canadians; Smoke generation, degraded air quality; Carbon release into the atmosphere; Tens of billions of $ of damage and indirect cost: Destruction of communities, industrial sites, national and provincial parks; Evacuations and health costs; Loss or revenues: Timber, Energy, Farming, Tourism. The amount of wildfire is growing on a yearly basis. 2 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

3 Area Affected by Smoke from Fort McMurray 3 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

4 Carbon Emissions from Wildfire Canadian Direct Carbon Emissions Fire Fossil Fuel Megatonnes Carbon Year Sources: Fossil fuels: Fire: Amiro, B.D. et al Can. J. For. Res. 31: CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

5 Facts about wildland fires in Canada Average # of forest fires per year: 8,300 Total area burned annually: 2.3 million hectares 3% of the fires account for 97% of total area burned 5 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

6 Limited Fire Management Resources 6 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

7 Fire Characterization Data Hotspot Locations Fire Radiative Power (FRP) Rate of Spread (ROS) 7 7 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

8 Measurements Needed by the Users Fire characterization data: Every 2 3 hours; Of every point in Canada; For fires as small as 15 m by 15 m; Available within 30 min. after data acquisition. Only possible from space With a constellation of satellites 8 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

9 Hotspot Data Currently Available From Satellite Remote Sensing MODIS VIIRS AVHRR Sentinel GOES 9 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

10 Limitations of Available Satellite Infrared Data Saturation issues; Insufficient temporal or spatial resolution; Data latency; Time of measurement in the day; Coverage of Canadian forests. 10 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

Technology Needed Current systems rely on cooled Infra-red detectors: High sensitivity Overkill for fire monitoring High accommodation needs (mass, volume and power) Not suitable for

11 Technology Needed Current systems rely on cooled Infra-red detectors: High sensitivity Overkill for fire monitoring High accommodation needs (mass, volume and power) Not suitable for constellations Canadian microbolometer technology Low-resource (uncooled) infrared detector Sensitivity that is good-enough for fire application 11 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

12 CSA Investment History 1995 Start of Canada investing in the development of microbolometer technology for thermal imaging 2007 Start of CSA investing in the development of microbolometer technology for the fire application Technology demonstration of early design in space 1 Was designed for Long-Wave InfraRed (LWIR) so exhibited less adequate performance at Mid-Wave InfraRed (MWIR); Without in-flight calibration capability 2016 Completion of feasibility study (CWFMS 2 ) of a Canadian microsatellite with the latest microbolometer technology Optimum designs for Long-Wave and Mid-Wave InfraRed (LWIR/MWIR) measurements 1. The New InfraRed Sensor Technology (NIRST) was demonstrated with partial results on the NASA Aquarius mission on-board the Argentine SAC-D spacecraft from CWFMS Canadian Wildland Fire Monitoring System 12 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

13 CWFMS Three-Step Implementation Approach 13 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

14 CWFMS Three-Step Implementation Approach Scheduled for summer CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

15 CWFMS Three-Step Different Implementation options Approach Scheduled for summer 2019 under consideration 15 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

16 CWFMS Three-Step Different Implementation options Approach Scheduled for summer 2019 under consideration 9 sat constellation can provide scan of whole of Canada every 2-3 hours (commercial service?) 16 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

17 STEP 2: Demonstration in Space - Options Considered Canadian Single Proto- Operational Microsatellite Mission Canadian Tech Demo Nanosatellite Mission Hosting Canadian instrument (microbolometer package) on Belgian Satellite Microsat Nanosat Payload only 17 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

18 Conclusion There is a need for frequent fire monitoring data; A low-cost satellite system solution exists, based on microbolometer technology: Sensitivity good-enough for this application; Combining relatively high spatial/temporal resolution. An airborne campaign is in preparation for summer 2019; Discussions are on-going with Belgium/ESA for a space demonstration opportunity. 18 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

19 Organizations involved to date 19 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

20 Contact Information For more information, please contact: Helena (Marleen) van Mierlo Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Tel : (450) / helena.vanmierlo@canada.ca 20 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

21 Back-up Slides 21 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

22 Relevant Wavelengths measured in the infrared and visible spectrum Spectral Band (μm) Purpose Visible Near Infrared (VNIR) Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) Cloud mapping Burned area mapping To improve burned area mapping To obtain ENERGY Mid-Wave Infrared (MWIR) Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR) High Temperature Event (HTE) detection Fire Radiative Power (FRP) measurement Surface temperature characterization False detection (sun-glint) identification Cloud rejection Bi-spectral methods for sub-pixel fire characterization CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

Current State of the Art Payload with 3 MWIR + 3 LWIR cameras will provide daily global map; Each camera s detector is a linear array of 1017x3 pixels; Payload Accommodation

2 For High Temperature Event (HTE) Detection and Fire Radiative Power (FRP) measurement NETD < 0.3 K @ 400 K 300-610 K LWIR 10.4-12.

23 Current State of the Art Payload with 3 MWIR + 3 LWIR cameras will provide daily global map; Each camera s detector is a linear array of 1017x3 pixels; Payload Accommodation Needs Mass (kg) 41 Volume (mm 3 ) 200 x 536 x 534 Orbit Average Power (W) 16 Peak Power (W) 75 Spectral band (μm) Purpose GSD (m) Sensitivity Dynamic Range MWIR For High Temperature Event (HTE) Detection and Fire Radiative Power (FRP) measurement NETD < K K LWIR Surface temperature characterization, false detection (sun-glint) identification, cloud rejection and bispectral methods for sub-pixel fire characterization. 400 NETD < K K 23 CASI ASTRO 2018, May 16th, Québec, Canada

Interim evaluation of the New IR Sensor Technology (NIRST) as a wildfire monitoring tool

Interim evaluation of the New IR Sensor Technology (NIRST) as a wildfire monitoring tool Joshua Johnston Forest Fire Analyst Canadian Forest Service Great Lakes Forestry Centre Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario