CH*/OH* CHEMILUMINESCENCE RESPONSE OF AN ATMOSPHERIC PREMIXED FLAME UNDER VARYING OPERATING CONDITIONS
|
|
- Charleen Hunt
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 1: Power for Land, Sea and Air GT1 June 1-18, 1, Glasgow, UK Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 1: Power for Land, Sea and Air GT1 June 1-1, 1, Glasgow, UK GT1- GT CH*/OH* CHEMILUMINESCENCE RESPONSE OF AN ATMOSPHERIC PREMIXED FLAME UNDER VARYING OPERATING CONDITIONS Daniel Guyot, Felix Guete, Bruno Scuermans Alstom CH-55 Baden Switzerland Arnaud Lacarelle, Cristian Oliver Pascereit Tecnisce Universität Berlin Germany In tis work te relationsip between te ratio of te global CH* and OH* flame cemiluminescece and te global equivalence ratio of a tecnically premixed swirl-stabilized flame is investigated. Te burner allows for a modification of te premix fuel injection pattern. Te global flame cemiluminescence is monitored by a ig-sensitivity ligt spectrometer and multiple potomultipliers. Te potomultipliers were equipped wit narrow optical band-pass filters and recorded te flame s OH*, CH* and CO* cemiluminescence intensity. To ensure an approximately uniform equivalence ratio distribution in te combustion zone, te spatial OH* and CH* flame cemiluminescence was recorded simultaneously wit one ICCD camera using a special optical setup, wic incorporated among oter tings one fully reflective and one semi-reflective mirror and appropriate optical filters. Te flame cemiluminescence intensity was mapped for a range of equivalence ratios and air mass flows. Te mapping sows tat (as stated for perfectly premixed flames in te literature) te OH*, CH* and CO* intensity of te investigated flame depends linearly on te air mass flow and exponentially on te equivalence ratio (i.e., I = km β ). Hence for te investigated operating conditions (i.e., quasi premix conditions) te global CH*/OH* intensity can be employed as a measure of te global equivalence ratio for te operating conditions investigated in tis work. However, te contribution of broadband CO* cemiluminescence in te wave lengt range of CH* cemiluminescence as to be accounted for. NOMENCLATURE Variables CW I I λ PFS R T Tr c c ligt p k B m air m f uel λ x center wavelengt cemiluminescence intensity spectral cemiluminescence intensity premix fuel split ideal gas constant temperature transmission speed of sound speed of ligt in vacuum, c ligt = 99,79,58 m s Planck constant, P = Js Boltzmann constant, k B = J K air mass flow rate fuel mass flow rate equivalence ratio wavelengt x normalized wit respect to median(x) Abbreviations PMT potomultiplier tube Subscripts x PMT x obtained from a potomultiplier tube x obtained using an optical band pass filter x BP 1 Copyrigt 1 by ASME and Alstom Tecnology, Ltd.
2 INTRODUCTION Te observation of flame cemiluminescence is a widely used tecnique in combustion diagnostics [1,, 3, ]. In particular, te intensity of OH* or CH* cemiluminescence is often used as a measure for te eat release in te flame. Detailed investigations of perfectly premixed flames ave sown tat OH or CH cemiluminescence intensity depends linearly on te air/fuel mixture mass flow rate m and exponentially on te equivalence ratio pi of te flame in te case of a globally uniform equivalence ratio distribution, i.e. I = km β, (1) were k and β are constants for one cemical species. Consequently, te ratio of bot intensity signals (i.e. CH /OH ) is a function of te equivalence ratio only. After calibration measurements, te CH*/OH* ratio provides a measure of te equivalence ratio [1]. In most applications te flame s global ligt emission is captured using one or multiple potomultipliers and fiber optic cables. From tese signals te global eat release or equivalence ratio is ten estimated. In te case of ot spots in te combustion zone due to e.g. non-uniform fuel distribution and recirculation zones etc., te potomultiplier signal migt not represent te global properties. Te relationsip between te global CH*/OH* intensity ratio and te global equivalence ratio of a steady state tecnically premixed flame in a swirl-stabilized burner is investigated. Te global flame cemiluminescence spectrum is measured and corrected for eat radiation of te combustor. Te global OH* and CH* cemiluminescence intensities are obtained from te spectrum taking into account te superposition of CH* and broadband CO* cemiluminescence. A metod is presented tat uses te spectral flame cemiluminescence results to obtain te global CH*/OH* intensity ratio of te flame from tree potomultiplier signals, wic measure te flame s OH*, CO* and superimposed CH*+CO* intensity, respectively. Te flame cemiluminescence intensity is mapped for a range of equivalence ratios and air mass flows. Te mapping sows tat (as stated for perfectly premixed flames in te literature [1, ]) te OH*, CH* and CO* intensity of te investigated flame follows Eqn. 1 (I = km β ). Te flame s global CH*/OH* intensity is sown to depend exponentially on te equivalence ratio and to be independent of te air mass flow for te operating conditions investigated in tis work. Hence te global CH*/OH* intensity can be employed as a measure of te global equivalence ratio. Altoug only steady flames were investigated in tis work, te identified relationsip between equivalence ratio and CH*/OH* intensity ratio sould also be valid for unsteady flames, provided tat a uniform spatial distribution of te equivalence ratio is maintained at all times. Te work presented ere is a continuation of te work presented in [5], were te flame transfer function of an industrial swirl-stabilized burner under full engine pressure was determined from global flame cemiluminescence recording. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP Combustion Facility All combustion results presented in tis paper were obtained using te combustion facility sown in Fig. 1. On te upstream side te combustion test facility features an air preeater troug wic te combustion air is fed into a duct. Inside tis duct sits te burner lance, troug wic fuel (natural gas in tis work) is supplied to te burner. Te atmosperic combustor as a 3 mm long air-cooled quartz glass combustion camber allowing for optical access to te flame. A water-cooled resonance tube of 135 mm in lengt is attaced to tis combustion camber. Te resonance tube consists of tree parts mounted togeter by flanges. Te upstream duct and te middle part of te resonance tube are equipped wit arrays of water-cooled micropone olders. One speaker on te upstream end and two speakers on te downstream end of te test facility allow for acoustic excitation. EV-1 Burner Te combustor incorporates a generic environmental burner (EV-1) designed by Alstom wit a cross-sectional area expansion ratio of : 1 for flame stabilization. Figure sows a detailed sketc of te burner. It is composed of two alf cones sifted in suc a way tat te air is forced to enter te cone circumferentially troug two slots. Te resulting swirling air flow generates a recirculation zone along te centerline at te burner outlet, tus stabilizing te flame in tis region. In te standard configuration te main (premix) fuel is injected troug 6 boreoles,.7 mm in diameter eac, wic are distributed equidistantly along te burner s two air slots and fed from one common fuel supply. Mixing of swirling air and main fuel results in quasi premixed combustion. To enable control of te fuel distribution profile and ence te flame location, an additional premix fuel injector was installed in te burner slots. Tis injector was divided into two sections as illustrated in Fig. : an upstream section wit 1 boreoles and a downstream section wit 16 boreoles. Te fuel supply to te two upstream sections and te two downstream sections can be Copyrigt 1 by ASME and Alstom Tecnology, Ltd.
3 individually controlled by two mass flow controllers. Tis configuration allows control of te premix fuel split PFS, wic is defined ere as te ratio of premix fuel mass flow troug te upstream injector section m premix,us to te total premix fuel mass flow troug upstream & downstream section m premix,tot : PFS = m premix,us m premix,tot. () potomultiplier OH * (CW 38 nm) CO * (CW 7 nm) CH * & CO * (CW 31 nm) CO * (CW 51 nm) Figure 3 sows images of te flame for different values of te PFS wit oterwise identical operating conditions ( =.6,m air = kg/,t inlet = 15 C). Te effect of te PFS can be observed clearly: For PFS = 1 all premix fuel is injected troug te upstream injector sections. For tis case te fuel mainly ends up in te inner recirculation zone and te flame reaces deep down into te burner cone. For PFS = all premix fuel is injected troug te downstream sections. More fuel ends up in te outer recirculation zone and te flame stabilizes downstream of te burner. At PFS =.3 (i.e., sligtly more fuel flow troug te downstream injector sections) te flame stabilizes just downstream of te burner and sows a very uniform flame cemiluminescence intensity distribution. ligt spektrometer ( 8 nm) PFS = PFS =.3 PFS =.5 PFS = 1. Figure 3. Effect of premix fuel split on te flame location. Figure 1. Combustion test facility. Aside from premix fuel injection, pilot fuel can be injected at te EV-1 cone apex using a pilot lance. However, only operating conditions witout pilot fuel injection were investigated in tis work. For a detailed description of te burner see Ref. 6. additional injectors upstream downstream standard injectors air flow Figure. premix fuel additional injectors standard injectors Modified Alstom EV-1 burner. outer recirculation zone inner recirculation zone sear layer Sensors Te spatial distribution of OH* and CH* cemiluminescence in te flame was recorded simultaneously by one single ICCD camera. To allow for te simultaneous recoring a special optical setup was used (Fig., wicincorporated an optical lens, two mirrors (one fully reflective, one semi reflective) and two optical filters. Te semi reflective mirror was used to split te ligt emitted by te flame into two images, wic were ten transmitted troug two narrow band-pass filters centered at 38 nm and 31 nm, respectively. By positioning lens, mirrors, filters and te ICCD camera appropriately te ICCD sensor was recording two flame images, one representing te flame s spacial OH* cemiluminescence, te oter one te flame s spacial CH* cemiluminescence (including te CO broad-band). Te transmission of te optical filters is sown in Fig. 5. In addition to te ICCD recordings, te ligt emitted 3 Copyrigt 1 by ASME and Alstom Tecnology, Ltd.
4 ICCD OH* CH* CW 38nm CW 31nm optical band-pass filters fully reflective semi reflective mirrors lens flame dividual filters is sown in Fig. 5. Te micropone and potomultiplier signals were amplified and low-pass filtered at khz to avoid aliasing. Te ig-sensitivity ligt spectrometer was used to measure te ligt spectrum of te flame. A standard poto camera recorded images of te flame witin te visible area of ligt. Pressure oscillations in te combustion camber were measured using a condenser micropone placed into te first micropone older downstream of te flame. Figure. Optical setup for simultaneous recording of te spatial distribution of OH* and CH* cemiluminescence in te flame. Tr λ in % Figure 5. CW 38 nm (OH*) CW 7 nm (CO*) CW 31 nm (CH*) CW 51 nm (CO*) λ in nm Transmission of te optical band-pass filters. by te flame was also captured by a fiber optic probe (see Fig. 1). At te optical probe s end tere is a 1.8 mm tick optical fiber directed at te flame. Te ligt collected by tis tick fiber was passed on to 1 very small fibers forming a bundle of also 1.8 mm tickness via an optical splitter. Te 1 small fibers are bundled togeter in groups of 3 to form 7 fiber bundles to wic potomultiplier tubes or oter optical sensors can be connected. Tis rater complicated set-up of te optical probe ensures tat eac of te connected optical instruments receives te same ligt from te flame. However, for tis work only five of tese seven bundles were used to connect four potomultiplier tubes and a ig-sensitivity ligt spectrometer to te probe. Te potomultipliers were equipped wit narrow bandpass filters centered at 38, 7, 31, and 51 nm. At tese wavelengts, tey captured ligt from OH,teCO broad-band, CH (including te CO broad-band), and again only te CO broad-band cemiluminescence, respectively. Te optical widt of te eac optical filters smaller tan +-1 nm to prevent overlapping of te bandwidt range of transmission. Te transmission of te in- Te Flame Cemiluminescence Spectrum Measured Ligt Spectrum For eac burner operating condition te ligt emission of te flame was measured using an Ocean Optics QE65 ig-sensitivity ligt spectrometer. Te spectrometer incorporates a Hamamatsu back-tinned detector tat is responsive from -11nm, features low readout noise, and can be cooled wit an onboard termoelectric cooler to reduce dark noise. As an example, Fig. 6 sows te measured ligt spectrum obtained for te operating conditions, wic will later be used as te reference conditions (black line). Note tat te spectrometer sensitivity and te transmission of te optical probe ave been accounted for in te presented spectrum. Te distinct peaks corresponding to OH and CH cemiluminescence are clearly visible, as is te more distributed CO cemiluminescence. At 51 nm a small peak attributed to C cemiluminescence can also be seen. I λ (normalized) λ in nm Figure 6. Flame cemiluminescence spectrum: spectrum obtained from te ligt spectrometer (black), fitted black body spectrum (red), and corrected flame spectrum (blue). Te black dotted lines indicate te CW of te employed optical filter. Operating conditions: =.65, m air = kg/,t inlet = 15C. Copyrigt 1 by ASME and Alstom Tecnology, Ltd.
5 Black Body Correction Additionally, a steep intensity increase is present above 6 nm. Tis increase is due to eat radiation of te burner plate, wic was witin te field of view of te optical probe. To obtain only te flame cemiluminescence spectrum, a black body radiation spectrum was fitted to te measured spectrum above 67 nm. For tis fit te radiation intensity of a black body was assumed to follow Planck s Law: I λ,bb (λ,t BB )=A Pc ligt λ 5 ( P c ligt 1 e λk B T BB 1), (3) were I λ,bb is te spectral black body radiation, T BB te blackbodytemperature,a a scaling constant c ligt te speed of ligt, P te Planck constant, and k B te Boltzmann constant. Te flame spectrum (Fig. 6, blue line) was ten obtained by subtracting te approximated radiation spectrum (Fig. 6, red line) from te measured spectrum. In te fitting routine te two unknowns, te scaling constant A and te black body temperature T BB, were fitted to te flame spectrum. Wile te scaling constant A was very similar for different operating conditions, te approximated black body temperature T BB increased (as expected) wit te eat release in te flame (i.e., wit increasing fuel mass flow), indicating a otter burner plate. For te flame spectrum presented in Fig. 6 T BB was approximated to be 15 K, wic is in te order of te expected surface temperature of te burner plate, tus giving confidence into te correction approac. Subtraction of te CO Contribution in te Flame Spectrum In tis work te equivalence ratio of te flame is related to te ratio of CH to OH cemiluminescence intensity. Since in te flame spectrum te CH cemiluminescence peak is superimposed wit te broadband CO emission, te CO contribution as to be subtracted to obtain only te CH emission [7, 8]. To do so, te CO emission spectrum is obtained in a second fitting routine. Te CO intensity is assumed to follow an extreme fit function as proposed by Seipel et al. [7]: [ ( (λ λc ) I λ,co = A exp exp w ) (λ λ ] C) + 1, () w were I λ,co is te normalized spectral CO cemiluminescence intensity, A a scaling constant, λ te wavelengt, λ C te wavelengt of maximum intensity, and w a scaling constant (in nm) for te widt of te extremum. Hence, te sape of te intensity distribution over te wavelengt is only dependent on te two variables λ C and w. Te fit was performed in te wavelengt ranges around te CH peak, were only CO emission is present in te spectrum. Figure 7 presents te flame spectrum togeter wit te fitted CO contribution and te flame spectrum witout te CO contribution for te reference operating point. Te fit agrees very well wit te background found inteflamespectrum. I λ (normalized) λ in nm Figure 7. Flame cemiluminescence spectrum wit extreme fit for te CO emission: flame spectrum (blue), CO fit (green), and flame spectrum witout CO contribution (magenta). Operating conditions: =.65, m air = kg/,t inlet = 15C. By subtracting te approximated CO contribution from te flame spectrum te CH peak is isolated at approximately 31 nm. By integrating te spectral CH intensity over te wavelengt te absolute CH intensity can be computed: ( ) I CH = I λ,ch dλ = Iλ, f lame I λ,co dλ, (5) λ CH λ CH were λ CH indicates te wavelengt range in wic CH cemiluminescence occurs. IntesamewayteabsoluteOH intensity can be obtained by integrating te spectral OH intensity. Note, owever, tat since te CO is approximately zero witin te wavelengt range of OH cemiluminescence, no correction for CO emission is required: I OH = I λ,oh dλ. (6) λ OH Figures 8 and 9 present te cange of cemiluminescence intensity wit air mass flow and equivalence ratio. 5 Copyrigt 1 by ASME and Alstom Tecnology, Ltd.
6 intensity λ in nm Figure 8. Spectral intensity vs. air mass flow (=.65, T inlet =15 ). emission compared to, for example, diffusion flames. For most ligt spectra presented in tis work te recording time was 1 s to fully utilize te buffer limits of te ligt detector, altoug good results were also obtained wit recording times of 1 s. If te recording time is to be reduced even furter, averaging of multiple recordings is a possible way to maintain a good signal-to-noise ratio. To still resolve fluctuations using averaging a pase-logged triggering of te spectrometer would ave been required, wic would ave dramatically increased te necessary measurement time. Terefore, te CH cemiluminescence intensity ad to be obtained using potomultiplier tubes, wic offer a ig gain, low noise and ig frequency response. Subtraction of te CO Contribution in te PMT Signals Te output voltage U PMT obtained from a potomultiplier can be expressed as: intensity λ in nm Figure 9. Spectral intensity vs. air mass flow (m air =, T inlet =15 ). Wit te outlined approac te computation of te OH and CH cemiluminescence intensity from te ligt spectrometer data is straigtforward for a steady flame spectrum. In te case of eat release oscillations (forced or self-induced), owever, te flame spectrum is not going to be steady. For te frequency range of interest for combustion oscillations (i.e., 3 to 5 Hz), tis is generally not possible wit commercial ligt spectrometers. Te igsensitivity ligt spectrometer used in tis work, for example, as a minimal sutter speed of 8 ms, wic would allow frequencies of up to 6.5 Hz to be resolved (not accounting for readout time). Furtermore, te recording times needed to acieve a good signal-to-noise ratio are commonly muc longer, especially since premix flames feature only low ligt (( ) ) U PMT = g PMT Iλ, f lame + I λ,bb Trλ,probe Tr λ,bp Se λ,pmt dλ +U PMT,dark (7), were Tr λ,probe and Tr λ,bp denote te spectral transmission of te fiber optic probe and te optical bandpass filter, respectively, and Se λ,pmt te spectral sensitivity of te PMT. g PMT represents te PMT gain, wic was old constant for eac PMT trougout te wole test campaign. Te dark signal U PMT,dark of all PMTs was adjusted to zero before te first measurement by applying an offset voltage. Since te probe transmission and te PMT sensitivity are approximately constant witin te narrow wavelengt range of transmission of te employed optical band pass filters, tey can be combined wit te gain g PMT to a new gain G PMT. Also, te black body radiation is approximately zero witin te range of te band pass filters: G PMT = g PMT λ BP ( Trλ,probe Se λ,pmt ) dλ, (8) U PMT = G PMT λ BP ( Iλ, f lame Tr λ,bp ) dλ, (9) were λ BP denotes te band pass filter s wavelengt range of transmission, i.e., approximately 99 to 318 nm in case of te CW 38 nm band pass filter (99 nm < λ CW 38 < 318 nm). As a measure for te OH cemiluminescence intensity te output voltage of te PMT equipped wit te 6 Copyrigt 1 by ASME and Alstom Tecnology, Ltd.
7 CW 38 nm band pass filter was used. As stated earlier, te signal does not ave to be corrected for CO,sinceno CO emission is present witin te wavelengt range of tis optical filter. To obtain a signal tat only represents te CH intensity, owever, a combination of ligt spectrometer and PMT measurements wit a steady flame is required to account for te CO emission captured by te CW 31 nm filter. According to Eq. (9) te output voltage of te PMT CW 31 can be expressed as: U CW 31 = U CH,CW 31 +U CO,CW 31 = G CW 31 λ CW 31 ( Iλ,CH + I λ,co ) Trλ,CW 31 dλ, (1) were U CH,CW 31 and U CO,CW 31 represent te contribution of CH* and CO* to te total output voltage of PMT CW31. Since te (normalized) spectral intensities, te filter transmission, and te output voltage are known, te gain G CW 31 can be determined. Once te gain is known te output voltage U CW 31 can be separated into its CH and CO contribution: U CH,CW 31 = G CW 31 λ CW 31 I λ,ch Tr λ,cw 31 dλ (11) U CO,CW 31 = G CW 31 λ CW 31 I λ,co Tr λ,cw 31 dλ. (1) Since te CO intensities acquired at center wavelengts of 7, 31 and 51 nm are proportional to eac oter, U CO,CW 31 can be related to te output voltages acquired at te oter two wavelengt ranges by two proportionality constants C CO,CW 7 and C CO,CW 51 : U CO,CW 31 = C CO,CW 7 U CW 7 (13) U CO,CW 31 = C CO,CW 51 U CW 51. (1) Te proportionality constants do not only relate te PMT output voltages to eac oter, but also te integral cemiluminescence intensities, wic can be computed from te spectrometer data: I CO,CW 31 = C CO,CW 7 I CO,CW 7 (15) I CO,CW 31 = C CO,CW 51 I CO,CW 51, (16) were te integral CO* intensity for eac band pass filter is given by I CO,BP = λ BP I λ,co Tr λ,bp dλ. Te spectral CO* intensity and te filter transmissions are known, te proportionality constants can been determined, and U CO,CW 31 can be obtained from eiter te U CW 7 or te U CW 51 PMT signal. In tis work te CH signal was determined using te average of te CO contributions at 31 nm obtained from Eqs. (13) and(1). Note tat te proportionality constants are also valid for an unsteady flame wit cemiluminescence intensity fluctuations. Hence, te described approac is not limited to steady flames and te CO contribution in an unsteady flame and ence unsteady U CW 31 signal could be subtracted to obtain U CH,CW 31. SPATIAL CHEMILUMINESCENCE INTENSITY SIGNALS Using te ratio of global OH* and CH* intensity of a flame as a measure of te flame s global eat release is only exact, if te flame features a uniform spacial equivalence ratio distribution across te flame front. Tis is due to te non-linear relationsip between te flame cemiluminescence intensity and te equivalence ratio. For perfectly premixed flames te spacial equivalence ratio distribution across te flame front is uniform per definition. A tecnically premixed flame like te one investigated in tis work is typically not perfectly premixed, but can be assumed to be quasi premixed. If te standard deviation of te spacial equivalence ratio distribution is only small, te use of global cemiluminescence measurements is still justified. To assess te flame s spacial equivalence ratio distribution te spacial OH* and CH* intensity as been recorded simultaneously on one ICCD camera detector using te setup sketced in Fig.. Te recording was performed for =.6,m air = kg/,t inlet = 15 C and a PFS of.3. Figure 1 sows te obtained OH* and CH* intensity distribution. A gray color map is used wit wite indication te maximum intensity and darker colors indication lower intensity. All points wit an intensity lower ten 15 % of te maximum intensity are plotted in black to igligt te contour of te flame. A clear spacial distribution of te cemiluminescence intensities is visible. Te OH* and CH* intensity distribution is very similar. Note tat te CH* intensity as measured by te ICCD camera also includes te cemiluminescence contribution of CO*. From te spacial distribution of OH* and CH* intensity te spacial CH*/OH* ratio is computed. To illustrate te distribution of te spacial CH*/OH* ratio, te relative deviation of te local to te average CH*/OH* ratio is presented in Fig. 11. Te figure sows only small deviations 7 Copyrigt 1 by ASME and Alstom Tecnology, Ltd.
8 OH* CH* Figure 1. Simultaneous OH* (left) and CH* (rigt) intensity distribution as recorded by te ICCD camera ( =.6,m air = kg/,t inlet = 15 C, PFS of.3). constant at 15 C. At operating points witin tis parameter range, te time traces of te flame s cemiluminescence were recorded by te potomultipliers. In addition, images of te flame were taken using a standard poto camera. Note tat wen determining te coefficient beta in Eq. (17) te scaling factor k are also determined. Figure 1 sows te recorded images for selected combinations of air mass flow and equivalence ratios. In tese images, te mean flow direction is from bottom to top. Te burner plate appears on te bottom as a red glowing disc wit te burner exit in te center. Te flame is stabilized downstream of te burner exit, were its ligt emission is completely captured by te optical probe. between te local and te average CH*/OH* ratio. Most areas of te flame ave a deviation of - 5 % (wite) and te igest deviation is in te range of 15 - % in only small areas. Tis indicates an approximately uniform equivalence distribution across te flame front. Hence, te use of global cemiluminecence measurements appears justified for tis operating conditions. For premix fuel splits of.5 and 1 te spacial CH*/OH* ratio distribution was less uniform. Terefore, a PFS of.3 was selected for te investigations of te global cemiluminescence response. CH*/OH* distribution Deviation of local CH*/OH* from average CH*/OH* - 5% 5-1% 1-15% 15 - % > % Figure 11. CH*/OH* ratio distribution as deviation between te local and te average CH*/OH* ratio. m air = 18 kg/ m air = kg/ m air = kg/ =.6 =.65 =.75 Figure 1. Poto images of te flame at different air mass flows and equivalence ratios (T inlet =15 ). GLOBAL CHEMILUMINESCENCE INTENSITY SIGNALS Calibration of te Potomultiplier Signals To obtain te coefficients β OH, β CH,andβ CO in I = km β, (17) te EV-1 burner was operated at different combustion air mass flow rates (17 to 3 kg/) and equivalence ratios (.55 to.8), wile te burner inlet temperature was eld After te calibration measurements ad been performed, te constants k and β were determined by fitting Eq. (17) to te average cemiluminescence intensities of OH,CH and CO. Figure 13 sows te recorded cemiluminescence intensity obtained directly from te four potomultipliers togeter wit te corresponding intensity fits. Te recorded data points are indicated by circles. Te fit is presented as a surface plot. Te color of te data point circles indicates te deviation between fit and measurement normalized by 8 Copyrigt 1 by ASME and Alstom Tecnology, Ltd.
9 te intensity range of te measurement points. Black circles indicates an error of less tan %, magenta circles an error between to 8%. Te obtained coefficients k and β are given in Tab. 1 togeter wit te coefficients of determination R between eac fit and te respective measured values. Table 1. Coefficients k and β obtained from te calibration measurements and coefficients of determination R between fit and measured values. OH CO CH &CO CH CO CO CW 38 nm CW 7 nm CW 31 nm CW 31 nm CW 31 nm CW 51 nm k β R UPMT in V 18 OH* (CW 38 nm) CO* (CW 7 nm).8 As can be seen in Fig. 13, te trends found in te measured cemiluminescence intensity are well captured by te fits wit relative errors between fit and measurement mainly below %. Tis is also evident from te R -values in Tab.1, wic are all very close to 1. Te lowest R -value (.9) was obtained for te fit of te CW 31 nm signal, because te corresponding signal is a superposition of CH* and CO* intensity. Since te cemiluminescence intensity of eac species depends differently on te equivalence ratio (i.e., β CH β CO ), te combined cemiluminescence intensity can not be captured perfectly by a fitting function I = km air β, altoug te matc is still good. For all oter signals, te R -values is.97 or larger, wic indicates a very good fit. As previously mentioned, te PMTs capture only CO* at CW 7 nm and CW 51 nm. Terefore, te dependence of te two PMT signals on air mass flow and equivalence ratio sould be te same (i.e., β CW 7 = β CW 51 ). Indeed, te two β coefficients are approximately equal. In contrast, k CW 7 and k CW 51 cannot be expected to be equal since tey depend on te respective absolute CO* intensity, te filter transmission and potomultiplier gain. To illustrate te quality of te OH intensity fit in more detail, Fig. 15 presents te measured OH intensity as a function of te air mass flow and equivalence ratio togeter wit lines of constant air mass flow and equivalence ratio according to te fit. Te fit captures te measured trends very well. Te results confirm te linear dependence of te OH intensity on air mass flow and te exponential dependence on equivalence ratio. Te measured intensities of CH and CO cemiluminescence (not sown) also matc well wit teir fits. To estimate te CH* intensity signal, te proportionality constants C CO,CW 7 and C CO,CW 51 and te gain G CW 51 UPMT in V UPMT in V UPMT in V CH* & CO* (CW 31 nm) CO* (CW 51 nm) Figure 13. Recorded intensities of OH,CH and CO cemiluminescence measured by te potomultipliers and corresponding surface fits as a function of air mass flow and equivalence ratio. 9 Copyrigt 1 by ASME and Alstom Tecnology, Ltd
10 Figure 1. UCH,CW 31 in V UCO,CW 31 in V CH* (CW 31 nm) CO* (CW 31 nm) Approximated intensities of OH,CH and CO cemiluminescence measured by te potomultipliers and corresponding surface fits as a function of air mass flow and equivalence ratio. UCW 38 in V UCW 38 in V =.55 (fit) =.6 (fit) =.65 (fit) =.7 (fit) =.75 (fit) =.8 (fit) measurement m air = 17 kg/ (fit) m air = kg/ (fit) m = 3 kg/ (fit) air measurement Figure 15. Recorded intensity of OH cemiluminescence and lines of constant air mass flow (top) and equivalence ratio (bottom) were computed for eac calibration measurement point according to Eqs. (15), (16) and(9), respectively. Te results are presented in Fig. 16. Te actual values are normalized by teir median (indicated by te tilde) and plotted against te equivalence ratio. For te proposed approac to determine te CH* intensity from te PMT signals, te proportionality constants and te gain ave to be constant trougout te wole range of air mass flows and equivalence ratios investigated. Indeed, tey are approximately constant for all calibration points wit standard deviations of less ten %. Note, tat for furter computations te median of te proportionality constants was used for all burner operating conditions. CCO,CW 7 CCO,CW 51 GCW Figure 16. Distribution of te proportionality constants C CO (top, middle) and te gain G (bottom) needed to obtain te CH intensity from te PMT signals. Values are normalized wit respect to te median of all calibration measurement points. Using Eqs. (1), (11) and (1) te CH* and CO* contribution to U CW 31 can ten be identified. By fitting Eq. (17) (I = km air β ) to te CH* and CO* intensity, te corresponding constants k and β were determined in te same way as for te potomultiplier signals. Te intensity data and te fit are sown in Fig. 13 (bottom), wile te constants k and β are given in Tab. 1. As for te oter signals te fit captures te data trends very well. Since te CO* intensity at CW 31 nm was approximated using te CW 7 nm and CW 51 nm intensities, β CO,CW 31 is identical to β CW 7 and β CW 51. Additionally, te R -value of te CO* and CH* fits for CW 31 nm are somewat closer to 1 Copyrigt 1 by ASME and Alstom Tecnology, Ltd.
11 1 tan for te fit of te total PMT voltage. Tis indicates tat te measured intensity data better represents te combination of two intensity functions, wic furter increases te validity of te used separation approac. After te CH* intensity as been determined for eac calibration point, te I CH I OH ratio can be calculated. Figure 17 presents tis ratio as a function of te equivalence ratio (bottom). Te results for different air mass flows are indicated by different symbols and colors. For comparison, te ratio of PMT signals U CW 31 U CW 38 (i.e., no correction for CO*) are plotted as well (top). Wile bot plots sow te typical increase of te I CH I OH ratio wit equivalence ratio, te ratio of te uncorrected PMT signals sows sligtly sifted trends for different air mass flows, due to te effect of CO*. Wen using te isolated CH* signal, owever, te results from all investigated air mass flows fall on one single trend line. Tis trend line can be directly obtained from te fitting constants k and β for te OH* and CH* intensity: I CH I OH = k CHm air βch k OH m air β OH = k CH k OH (β CH β OH ) (18) Because te I CH I OH ratio is independent of te air mass flow, it can be used to approximate te equivalence ratio of te flame from optical signals only. SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS Te relationsip between te global CH*/OH* intensity ratio and te global equivalence ratio of a tecnically premixed flame in a swirl-stabilized burner as been investigated. For tis investigation a specific premix fuel gas injection pattern (PFS =.3) was selected, since for tis PFS te flame featured an approximately uniform spatial CH*/OH* intensity ratio distribution (and ence an approximately uniform spatial equivalence ratio distribution) and stable combustion. Te global flame cemiluminescence spectrum was measured and corrected for eat radiation of te combustor. Te global OH* and CH* cemiluminescence intensities were obtained from te spectrum taking into account te superposition of CH* and broadband CO* cemiluminescence. A metod was developed tat uses te spectral flame cemiluminescence results to obtain te global CH*/OH* intensity ratio of te flame from tree potomultiplier signals, wic measure te flame s OH*, CO* and superimposed CH*+CO* intensity, respectively. For increased accuracy a fourt potomultiplier was employed to obtain a second CO* intensity signal. UCW 31 UCW 38 UCH,CW 31 UCW fit m air = 17 kg m air = 18 kg m air = 19 kg m air = kg m air = 1 kg m air = kg m air = 3 kg Figure 17. Variation of te output voltage ratio of PMT CW31 and PMT CW38 (top, no correction for CO*) and te ratio of CH* and OH* intensity (bottom, CH* corrected for CO*) as obtained from te PMTs wit air flow and equivalence ratio. Te used fit function for te I CH I ratio OH is k CH k OH (β CH β OH ) wit values of k and β according to Tab. 1. Te flame cemiluminescence intensity was mapped for a range of equivalence ratios and air mass flows. Te mapping sows tat (as stated for perfectly premixed flames in te literature) te OH*, CH* and CO* intensity of te investigated flame follows Eqn. 1 (I = km β ). Te flame s global CH*/OH* intensity was sown to depend exponentially on te equivalence ratio and to be independent of te air mass flow. Hence te global CH*/OH* intensity can be employed as a measure of te global equivalence ratio for te operating conditions investigated in tis work. However, te contribution of broadband CO* cemiluminescence in te wave lengt range of CH* cemilumi- 11 Copyrigt 1 by ASME and Alstom Tecnology, Ltd.
12 nescence as to be accounted for. Note tat tis can only be done wit at least tree potomultipliers and an additional measurement of te flame s cemiluminescence spectrum and only works for quasi premix conditions in te flame front. Altoug only steady flames were investigated in tis work, te identified relationsip between equivalence ratio and CH*/OH* intensity ratio sould also be valid for unsteady flames, provided tat a uniform spatial distribution of te equivalence ratio is maintained at all times. [7] Seipel, A., Brockinke, A., and Kose-Hoingaus, K., 9. Tp3: Spectroscopic caracterization and simulation of cemiluminescence. nd International Worksop on Cemiluminescence and Heat Release, Müncen. [8] Lauer, M., and Sattelmayer, T., 9. On te adequacy of cemiluminescence as a measure for eat release in turbulent flames wit mixture gradients. ASME GT , Proc. ASME Turbo Expo 9, Orlando, June 8-1. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Te investigations were conducted as part of te joint researc program COOREFF-T in te frame of AG Turbo. Te work was supported by te Bundesministerium für Wirtscaft und Tecnologie (BMWi) undergrant number 3771J. Te autors gratefully acknowledge AG Turbo for its support and permission to publis tis paper. Te responsibility for te content lies solely wit its autors. REFERENCES [1] Higgins, B., McQuay, M., Lacas, F., Rolon, J., Darabia, N., and Candel, S., 1. Systematic measurements of o cemiluminescence for fuel-lean igpressure, premixed, laminar flames. FUEL 8, 1, PP [] Higgins, B., McQuay, M., Lacas, F., and Candel, S., 1. An experimantal study of pressure and strain rate on c cemiluminescence on premixed fuel-lean metans /air flames. FUEL 8, 1, PP [3] Nori, V., and Seitzman, J., 7. Detailed distributions of o*, c* and c* cemiluminescence in te reaction zone of laminar metane/air premixed flames. AIAA-7-66 at te 5t Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, Jan 8-11, 7. [] Kojima, J., Ikeda, Y., and Nakajima, T.,. Detailed distributions of o*, c* and c* cemiluminescence in te reaction zone of laminar metane/air premixed flames. 36t AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exibit () AIAA-339. [5] Scuermans, B., Guete, F., Pennell, D., Guyot, D., and Pascereit, C. O., 9. Termoacoustic modeling of a gas turbine using transfer functions measured at full engine pressure. ASME Paper GT9-5965, Proc. ASME Turbo Expo 9, Orlando, June 8-1. [6] Döbbeling, K., Knöpfel, H. P., Polifke, W., Winkler, D., Steinbac, C., and Sattelmayer, T., 199. Low NOx Premixed Combustion of MBtu Fuels Using te ABB Double Cone Burner (EV Burner). ASME Paper 9- GT Copyrigt 1 by ASME and Alstom Tecnology, Ltd.
PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT POTENTIALS OF LOW GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL REFRIGERANTS FOR INTERCITY BUS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
THERMAL SCIENCE: Year 0, Vol., No., pp. -4 PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT POTENTIALS OF LOW GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL REFRIGERANTS FOR INTERCITY BUS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Saban UNAL a, Cagri KUTLU a, and M.
More informationGas Temperature Measurements with High Temporal Resolution
THE GERG ACADEMIC NETWORK EVENT 2010 3 & 4 June 2010 Brussels Gas Temperature Measurements with High Temporal Resolution Supervisor: PhD Student: Dr. Alexander Fateev Vadim Evseev DENMARK Introduction
More informationNew GuideLed safety luminaires
CEAG GuideLed safety luminaires New GuideLed safety luminaires Linear design combined wit ig economy GuideLed SL 111.1, 121.1 CG-S Recessed mounting EN 1838 LED * GuideLed SL 111.1 CG-S IP1 GuideLed SL
More informationTechnical data Chimney fans, controllers & accessories
Tecnical data Cimney fans, controllers & accessories y Solid fuel and wood-burning stoves and fireplaces y Biofuel boilers y Decentralised multiple eating appliances connected to same cimney 1 a D W a
More informationSPE Logo Quick Use Guide
SPE Logo Quick Use Guide Print & Digital Tis guide as been created to elp you get up to speed quickly on te logo formats permitted and most important usage rules tat govern te SPE logo. For more information,
More informationThe Exploration on the Energy Saving Potential of an Innovative. Dual-temperature Air Conditioner and the Mechanism of the
Te Exploration on te Energy Saving Potential of an Innovative Dual-temperature Air Conditioner and te Mecanism of te Teoretical Mixed Refrigeration Cycle Zao Lei, Zao Xijin, Hu Andu Professor, graduate
More informationOpteon XP40. Opteon XP40 Retrofit Guidelines to Replace R-402A (HP80) and R-408A. Refrigerant (R-449A) Introduction. Important Safety Information
Opteon XP40 (R-449A) Opteon XP40 Retrofit Guidelines to Replace R-402A (HP80) and R-408A Introduction Opteon XP40 (R-449A) is a low global warming potential (GWP) ydrofluoro-olefin (HFO)-based refrigerant
More informationCase Study: Cabinet Cooling Using a Water and Refrigeration System C m C /
Case Study: Cabinet Cooling Using a Water and Refrigeration System Escalating computing capabilities and srinking cip packages are leading to corresponding increases in server and rack poer densities.
More informationTechnical System Catalogue Chillers for IT cooling
Tecnical System Catalogue Cillers for IT cooling Cillers for IT cooling Te Rittal IT ciller in conjunction wit free cooling supplies exceptionally energy- and cost-efficient IT cooling media. Te system
More informationOpteon XP10. Opteon XP10 Retrofit Guidelines to Replace R-134a. Refrigerant. Introduction. Important Safety Information
Opteon XP10 Opteon XP10 Retrofit Guidelines to Replace R-134a Introduction Opteon XP10 is a low global warming potential (GWP) ydrofluoro-olefin (HFO)-based refrigerant developed to replace R-134a in medium-temperature
More informationUnderstanding total measurement uncertainty in power meters and detectors
Understanding total measurement uncertainty in power meters and detectors Jay Jeong, MKS Instruments. Inc. INTRODUCTION It is important that users of calibrated power meters and detectors understand and
More informationAdvanced Monitoring and Characterisation of Combustion Flames
20 th Annual Meeting and Meetings of the Combustion and Advance Power Generation Divisions, University of Leeds, 22 nd April, 2009 Advanced Monitoring and Characterisation of Combustion Flames >1609 >1588
More informationEmergency Lighting Design Guide
Emergency Ligting Design Guide Step 1 Identify mandatory Points of Empasis for te positioning of luminaires, eamples as follows: FINAL EXIT EXIT SIGNS DIRECTION CHANGE INTERSECTIONS At eac eit door At
More informationOpteon XP40. Opteon XP40 Retrofit Guidelines to Replace R-404A/R-507. Refrigerant. Introduction. Important Safety Information
Opteon XP40 Opteon XP40 Retrofit Guidelines to Replace R-404A/R-507 Introduction Opteon XP40 is a low global warming potential (GWP) ydrofluoro-olefin (HFO)-based refrigerant developed as a direct replacement
More informationaesign of a Depth of Interaction (DOI) PET Detector Module
aesign of a Dept of Interaction (DOI) PET Detector Module R.S. Miyaoka, T.K. Lewellen, H. Yu', and D.L. McDanie1 University of Wasington and "General Electric Medical Systems 'University of Wasington Medical
More informationFIELD STUDY OF THE ROTARY DESICCANT SYSTEM USING THE CROMER CYCLE BRONISLAVA VELTCHEVA
FIELD STUDY OF THE ROTARY DESICCANT SYSTEM USING THE CROMER CYCLE By BRONISLAVA VELTCHEVA A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
More informationluxcontrol lighting control system SWITCH sensors smartswitch HF 5DP f Automatic switching based on motion and light level
Automatic switcing base on motion an ligt level Prouct escription Motion etector for luminaire installation Motion etection troug glass an tin materials (except metal) For automatic on/off switcing of
More informationFlame Monitor for Multiple Burner Furnaces D-LE 603 D-UG 660
Selectivity Adjustable by Means of - High Pass Frequency Filter - Gain - Threshold Different Adjustments for Different Conditions (e.g. According Fuel or Combustion Technology) Possible, to be Activated
More informationModelling of Specific Moisture Extraction Rate and Leakage Ratio in a Condensing Tumble Dryer
Modelling of Specific Moisture Extraction Rate and Leakage Ratio in a Condensing Tumble Dryer Lena Stawreberg, Lars Nilsson To cite tis version: Lena Stawreberg, Lars Nilsson. Modelling of Specific Moisture
More informationOperation Manual Multiparameter Transmitter M400
Operation Manual Multiparameter Transmitter M400 Transmitter Multiparameter M400 52 121 378 Transmitter M400 2 Transmitter M400 3 Operation Manual Multiparameter Transmitter M400 Transmitter M400 4 Content
More informationNAYLOR METRODRAIN TWINWALL HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEM NAYLOR METRODRAIN TWINWALL HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEM 150 MM TO 750 MM PIPES AND COUPLERS
H A P A S Naylor Drainage Ltd Cloug Green Cawtorne Barnsley Sout Yorksire S75 4AD Tel: 01226 790591 Fax: 01226 791531 e-mail: sales@naylor.co.uk website: www.naylor.co.uk NAYLOR METRODRAIN TWINWALL HIGHWAY
More informationThe Compact Automatic Garage Door. HHHHH 5 Star Quality & Service. Is your Garage Door CE Approved? New EU regulation now in force.
F u l l y A p p r o v e d Is your Garage Door CE Approved? New EU regulation now in force by Warm Protection Products Limited Te Compact Automatic Garage Door HHHHH 5 Star Quality & Service Wen space is
More informationOperation Manual Multi-parameter Transmitter M800
Operation Manual Multi-parameter Transmitter M800 Transmitter Multi-parameter M800 52 121 825 Operation Manual Multi-parameter Transmitter M800 Transmitter M800 4 Transmitter M800 5 Content 1 Introduction
More informationAn FT-NIR Primer. NR800-A-006
Industry: Product: Oils and Gas NR800 Near Infra-red Spectroscopy Like other forms of spectroscopy, light from a lamp (usually called the source ) is passed through a sample and measured by a detector.
More information6340(Print), ISSN (Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013) IAEME AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)
INTERNATIONAL International Journal of Mechanical JOURNAL Engineering OF MECHANICAL and Technology (IJMET), ENGINEERING ISSN 0976 AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume
More informationJülich Solar Power Tower System Behavior During Downtime
Jülich Solar Power Tower System Behavior During Downtime Torsten Baumann 1, a), Felix Göhring 1, b), Hannes Stadler 1,c) and Till Doerbeck 2,d) 1 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Solar Research,
More informationTemperature dependent Components within the Pyroelectric Detector
1 Introduction This application note is offered to provide some insight into how temperature affects the various components of a typical pyroelectric detector and how the effects of ambient temperature
More informationCurrent Research Topics in Optical Sensors and Laser Diagnostics
Current Research Topics in Optical Sensors and Laser Diagnostics Prof. Robert P. Lucht,Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN February 16, 2006 Patterned Border Template 1 Survey of Spectroscopic Laser Diagnostic
More informationExperimental Study to Evaluate Smoke Stratification and Layer Height in Highly Ventilated Compartments
Experimental Study to Evaluate Smoke Stratification and Layer Height in Highly Ventilated Compartments Jason Huczek a, Marc Janssens a, Kentaro Onaka b, Stephen Turner c a SwRI, 6220 Culebra Road, San
More informationDevelopment and demonstration of a diode laser sensor for a scramjet combustor
Development and demonstration of a diode laser sensor for a scramjet combustor A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Australian National University Alan David Griffiths December
More informationNote: Principal version Correction Modification Consolidated version from October Bachelor s Programme in Architecture
Note: Te following curriculum is a consolidated version. It is legally non-binding and for informational purposes only. Te legally binding versions are found in te respective issues of te University of
More informationUtilizing Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for Flexible Heater Designs
Utilizing Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for Flexible Heater Designs Ryan Mohs, Process Engineer, All Flex. Flexible heaters are commonly utilized in many different heating applications. Generally, these
More informationREVIEW ON CONDENSER AIR LEAK TEST
Volume 119 No. 16 2018, 3197-3205 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ REVIEW ON CONDENSER AIR LEAK TEST 1 Neethu Sathyan M, 2 Dr.Golda Dilip,
More informationENSC 388: Engineering Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
ENSC 388: Engineering Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Experiment 3: Free and Forced Convection Objective Determination of heat transfer coefficient for free and forced convection for different geometries.
More informationTHE CONTROL METHOD OF THE INFLOW TURBU- LENCE INTERACTION NOISE FOR ROUTER COOLING FAN
The 21 st International Congress on Sound and Vibration 13-17 July, 2014, Beijing/China THE CONTROL METHOD OF THE INFLOW TURBU- LENCE INTERACTION NOISE FOR ROUTER COOLING FAN Yingbo Xu, Xiaodong Li School
More information2. HEAT EXCHANGERS MESA
1. INTRODUCTION Multiport minichannel and microchannel aluminium tubes are becoming more popular as components in heat exchangers. These heat exchangers are used in various industrial applications and
More informationHeat Transfer in Evacuated Tubular Solar Collectors
Heat Transfer in Evacuated Tubular Solar Collectors Graham L. Morrison, Indra Budihardjo and Masud Behnia School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
More informationZONE MODEL VERIFICATION BY ELECTRIC HEATER
, Volume 6, Number 4, p.284-290, 2004 ZONE MODEL VERIFICATION BY ELECTRIC HEATER Y.T. Chan Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China ABSTRACT Selecting
More informationEXPERIMENTAL ACOUSTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A WET VACUUM CLEANER
EXPERIMENTAL ACOUSTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A WET VACUUM CLEANER Cinzia Buratti, Elisa Moretti and Michele Urbani Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia,
More informationLaser Safety and Classification Full Version (CA-1110) Advanced Version (CA-1111) Basic Version (CA-1112)
Laser Safety and Classification Full Version (CA-1110) Advanced Version (CA-1111) Basic Version (CA-1112) The spectral range of lasers vary from a few nanometer up to some hundred micrometers and is mostly
More informationA Cost Effective Multi-Spectral Scanner for Natural Gas Detection
A Cost Effective Multi-Spectral Scanner for Natural Gas Detection Semi-Annual Progress Report No. 1 Reporting Period Start Date: October 1, 2003 Reporting Period End Date: March 31, 2004 Principal Authors:
More informationMultiphase-Simulation of Membrane Humidifiers for PEM Fuel Cells
Multiphase-Simulation of Membrane Humidifiers for PEM Fuel Cells STAR Global Conference Sebastian Bilz, Vladimir Buday, Carolus Gruenig, Thomas von Unwerth Vienna, March 17-19, 2014 1 CFD Simulation of
More informationA STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOR OF STEAM CONDENSATION IN U-SHAPED HEAT TUBE
A STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOR OF STEAM CONDENSATION IN U-SHAPED HEAT TUBE Satoru Ito 1, Keisuke Tsukada 1, Nobuyoshi Tsuzuki 2, Takao Ishizuka 3 and Hiroshige Kikura 3 1 Department of nuclear Engineering, Graduate
More informationOmnisens DITEST TM FIBER OPTIC DISTRIBUTED TEMPERATURE & STRAIN SENSING TECHNIQUE
1 Omnisens DITEST TM FIBER OPTIC DISTRIBUTED TEMPERATURE & STRAIN SENSING TECHNIQUE Introduction Omnisens DITEST (Distributed Temperature and Strain sensing) is a distributed temperature and/or strain
More informationThe FEL Facility Optical Diagnostics and FEL Characterization
The FEL Facility Optical Diagnostics and FEL Characterization M. Shinn, C. Behre, S. Benson, J. Coleman, R. Evans, A. Grippo, J. Gubeli, D. Hardy, K. Jordan, G. Neil, S. Zhang G. Williams Jefferson Lab
More informationLidar System Model for Use With Path Obscurants and Experimental Validation
Portland State University PDXScolar Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations Electrical and Computer Engineering 7-28-2008 Lidar System Model for Use Wit Pat Obscurants
More informationInfrared Flame Detectors
7 719 Infrared Flame Detectors QRI... Infrared flame detectors for use with Siemens burner controls, for the supervision of gas, oil and other flames that emit infrared light. The QRI... are suited for
More informationWildland fire phenomenology experiments:
Wildland fire phenomenology experiments: 2001-2002 RIT: Bob Kremens Stef VanGorden Andy Fordham Bryce Nordgren Dave Pogolarza Adam Cisz RMSC: Dan Latham Colin Hardy Brett Butler We plan to measure unknown
More informationHeat Transfer Enhancement using Herringbone wavy & Smooth Wavy fin Heat Exchanger for Hydraulic Oil Cooling
Enhancement using Herringbone wavy & Smooth Wavy fin Exchanger for Hydraulic Oil Cooling 1 Mr. Ketan C. Prasadi, 2 Prof. A.M. Patil 1 M.E. Student, P.V.P.I.T.,Budhagaon,Sangli AP-India 2 Associate Professor,
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF THE INFRARED INSTRUMENT FOR GAS DETECTION
DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFRARED INSTRUMENT FOR GAS DETECTION Ching-Wei Chen 1, Chia-Ray Chen 1 1 National Space Organization, National Applied Research Laboratories ABSTRACT MWIR (Mid-Wave Infrared) spectroscopy
More informationTENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON SOUND AND VIBRATION, ICSV10 REAL TIME CONTROL OF SOUND PRESSURE AND ENERGY DENSITY IN A MINING VEHICLE CABIN
Colin Hansen, page number 1 TENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON SOUND AND VIBRATION, ICSV10 REAL TIME CONTROL OF SOUND PRESSURE AND ENERGY DENSITY IN A MINING VEHICLE CABIN Colin H. Hansen, Daniel A. Stanef
More informationOptical Return Loss Measurement by Gregory Lietaert, Product Manager
White Paper Optical Return Loss Measurement by Gregory Lietaert, Product Manager Introduction With the increasing frequency of high-speed transmission systems and DWDM deployment, optical return loss (ORL)
More informationLesson 25 Analysis Of Complete Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems
Lesson 25 Analysis Of Complete Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems Version 1 ME, IIT Kharagpur 1 The specific objectives of this lecture are to: 1. Importance of complete vapour compression refrigeration
More informationFREQUENCY ENHANCEMENT OF DUAL-JUNCTION THERMOCOUPLE PROBES
XXIII Biannual Symposium on Measuring Techniques in Turbomachinery Transonic and Supersonic Flow in FREQUENCY ENHANCEMENT OF DUAL-JUNCTION THERMOCOUPLE PROBES James Braun Purdue University Indiana, United
More informationMOBA-MATIC AND BIG SONIC-SKI. LEVELING to THE HIGHEST STANDARD
MOBA-MATIC AND BIG SONIC-SKI LEVELING to THE HIGHEST STANDARD MOBA-MATIC THE MOST VERSATILE CONTROL SYSTEM in te world Weter ultrasonic sensor, laser or rotary sensor, MOBA-matic te most flexible control
More informationS TAR-ORION S OUTH D IAMOND P ROJECT E NVIRONMENTAL I MPACT S TATEMENT APPENDIX A FUNDAMENTALS OF ACOUSTICS
APPENDIX 5.2.5-A FUNDAMENTALS OF ACOUSTICS Definition of Acoustical Terms Acoustics is the study of sound and noise is defined as unwanted sound. Airborne sound is a rapid fluctuation or oscillation of
More informationTheoretical and Experimental Analysis of the Superheating in Heat Pump Compressors. * Corresponding Author ABSTRACT 1.
568, Page Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of the Superheating in Heat Pump Compressors Jose N. FONSECA *, Rodrigo KREMER, Thiago DUTRA 2 EMBRACO, Research & Development Group, Joinville, Santa Catarina,
More informationA Numerical study of the Fire-extinguishing Performance of Water Mist in an Opening Machinery Space
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 31 (2012) 734 738 International Conference on Advances in Computational Modeling and Simulation A Numerical study of the Fire-extinguishing
More informationAustralian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. Leak Detection in MDPE Gas Pipeline using Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform
AENSI Journals Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences ISSN:1991-8178 Journal home page: www.ajbasweb.com Leak Detection in MDPE Gas Pipeline using Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform Nurul Fatiehah
More informationRequirements of EN 1838: illuminance of 5 lx for safety equipment
GuideLed SL 151, 152 CG-S Ceiling recessing, ceiling surface-mounting for illuminance of 5 lx vertically Requirements of EN 1838: illuminance of 5 lx for safety equipment Te aim of emergency ligting is
More informationLink loss measurement uncertainties: OTDR vs. light source power meter By EXFO s Systems Engineering and Research Team
Link loss measurement uncertainties: OTDR vs. light source power meter By EXFO s Systems Engineering and Research Team INTRODUCTION The OTDR is a very efficient tool for characterizing the elements on
More informationApplication of Golay Coded Pulse Compression in Air-coupled Ultrasonic Testing of Flexible Package Seal Defect
2016 3 rd International Conference on Engineering Technology and Application (ICETA 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-383-0 Application of Golay Coded Pulse Compression in Air-coupled Ultrasonic Testing of Flexible
More informationINDOOR CLIMATE IN HEATING CONDITION OF A LARGE GYMNASIUM WITH UNDER-FLOOR SUPPLY/RETURN SYSTEM
INDOOR CLIMATE IN HEATING CONDITION OF A LARGE GYMNASIUM WITH UNDER-FLOOR SUPPLY/RETURN SYSTEM Mingjie Zheng Research Laboratory, SANKO AIR CONDITIONING CO., LTD. Nagoya, 450-0003, JAPAN ABSTRACT In large
More informationInfrared Flame Detectors
7 719 Infrared Flame Detectors QRI... Infrared flame detectors for use with Siemens burner controls, for the supervision of gas, oil and other flames that emit infrared light. The QRI... are suited for
More informationLFE50. UV Flame Safeguard. Building Technologies Division DETACTOGYR
7 783 DETACTOGYR Flame Safeguard The... together with the QRA50M / QRA51M form a self-checking flame supervision system (DETACTOGYR ) designed for use with continuously operating oil or gas burners or
More informationOperations & Maintenance Plan for Mold and Moisture Control in Apartment Properties
Operations & Maintenance Plan for Mold and Moisture Control in Apartment Properties 2002 National Multi Housing Council, Inc. All rigts reserved. Tis O&M Plan is intended for informational purposes and
More informationLong-distance remote simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature based on a Raman fiber laser with a single FBG embedded in a quartz plate
Long-distance remote simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature based on a Raman fiber laser with a single FBG embedded in a quartz plate Young-Geun Han, Thi Van Anh Tran, Ju Han Lee, and Sang
More informationTime-resolved infrared imaging and spectroscopy for engine diagnostics
Time-resolved infrared imaging and spectroscopy for engine diagnostics Volker Sick, Lucca Henrion, Ahmet Mazacioglu, Michael C. Gross Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan Contact:
More informationMODEL-BASED OPTIMIZATION OF AN INFRARED GAS SENSOR
MODEL-BASED OPTIMIZATION OF AN INFRARED GAS SENSOR ABSTRACT Ingo Sieber Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany sieber@iai.fzk.de Manufacturing test structures of microsensors
More informationICSV14. Cairns Australia 9-12 July, Noise reduction of handheld vacuum cleaners according to geometric optimization of air passages
ICSV14 Cairns Australia 9-12 July, 2007 Noise reduction of handheld vacuum cleaners according to geometric optimization of air passages M.J. Mahjoob and H.Ashrafi Noise, Vibration, Acoustics (NVA) research
More informationDevelopment of high sensitivity radon detectors
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 421 (1999) 334 341 Development of high sensitivity radon detectors Y. Takeuchi *, K. Okumura, T. Kajita, S. Tasaka, H. Hori, M. Nemoto, H. Okazawa
More informationEuropean Ethylene Producers Conference (EEPC) October 24-26, 2012 Flame Interaction and Rollover Solutions in Ethylene Cracking Furnaces
European Ethylene Producers Conference (EEPC) October 24-26, 2012 Flame Interaction and Rollover Solutions in Ethylene Cracking Furnaces Rex K. Isaacs, Director of Burner Products, Zeeco USA, LLC Abstract
More informationHigh Performance Diesel Fueled Cabin Heater. Abstract
High Performance Diesel Fueled Cabin Heater Tom Butcher and James Wegrzyn Energy Science and Technology Division Building 526 Upton, N.Y. 11973 Brookhaven National Laboratory Abstract Recent DOE-OHVT studies
More informationDevelopment of Motor Fan Noise Prediction Method in Consideration of Operating Temperature during Engine Idling
New technologies Development of Motor Fan Noise Prediction Method in Consideration of Operating Temperature during Engine Idling Yasuhito Suzuki* Masahiro Shimizu* Abstract In these years there is an increasing
More informationNumerical Analysis of a Miniature-Scale Refrigeration System (MSRS) for Electronics Cooling
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference Scool of Mecanical Engineering 2004 Numerical Analysis of a Miniature-Scale Refrigeration System (MSRS) for Electronics
More informationHeated tools. Semiconductor equipment
Heated tools Semiconductor equipment Ceramic heating elements made of silicon nitride and aluminum nitride can be manufactured as tools in various shapes. The heating function can be integrated in complex
More informationCHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES
CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES The experimental system established in the present study to investigate the transient flow boiling heat transfer and associated bubble characteristics of
More informationPulse Firing Doubles Capacity and Cuts Fuel Costs
Honeywell Combustion Safety 11699 Brookpark Road Cleveland, Ohio 44130 www.combustionsafety.com Pulse Firing Doubles Capacity and Cuts Fuel Costs Why Pulse Fire? Many industrial manufacturing leaders are
More informationReducing the Carbon Footprint of Existing Domestic Heating: A Non-Disruptive Approach
EEDAL 2009 16-18 June 2009 Reducing the Footprint of Existing Domestic Heating: A Non-Disruptive Approach Martin O Hara Danfoss Randall Limited Abstract There is insufficient time between today and 2020
More informationEXPERIMENTAL AND CFD STUDIES ON SURFACE CONDENSATION
Eighth International IBPSA Conference Eindhoven, Netherlands August 11-14, 2003 EXPERIMENTAL AND CFD STUDIES ON SURFACE CONDENSATION Liu Jing 1, Yoshihiro Aizawa 2, Hiroshi Yoshino 3 1 School of Municipal
More informationTheoretical and Experimental Analysis of Desiccant Wheel Performance for Low Humidity Drying System
Recent Researces Power Systems and Systems Science eoretical and Analysis of Desiccant Weel Performance for Low Humidity Dryg System RI SUYONO, SOHIF MA, MUHAMMAD YAHYA, MUHD. HAFIZ RUSLAN, AZAMI ZAHARIM
More informationUV LED Measurement Status Update
UV LED Measurement Status Update Jim Raymont September 19, 2016 Presentation Overview UV Measurement Fundamentals & Variables UV LEDs Measurement of UV LEDs Save Time & Money Copy of Presentation email:
More informationINDEX 1. LAY-OUT OF ELECTRICAL BOX LAYOUT AND COMPONENTS OF E124 BOARD... 5
E124 INDEX 1. LAY-OUT OF ELECTRICAL BOX... 3 2. LAYOUT AND COMPONENTS OF E124 BOARD... 5 2.1 Description o components...5 2.2 Tecnical speciications...6 2.3 Inputs deault setting terminal board...6 3.
More informationSpectrum Detector, Inc.
Spectrum Detector, Inc. Pyroelectric detectors design and manufacture LiTaO3/LiNO3 crystal processing thin film metallization UV photo lithorgraphy hybrid assembly and packaging black absorbing coatings
More informationIR IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY 1. Infrared Radiation in Modern Technology. Brian D. Dold. Brigham Young University - Idaho
IR IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY 1 Infrared Radiation in Modern Technology Brian D. Dold Brigham Young University - Idaho IR IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY 2 Abstract Infrared radiation (IR) is invisible to the human eye
More informationSmoldering Propagation Characteristics of Flexible Polyurethane Foam under Different Air Flow Rates
Smoldering Propagation Characteristics of Flexible Polyurethane Foam under Different Air Flow Rates Zhou Y., Fei Y.*, Hu S. Q. Nanjing Tech University, College of Fire Safety Science and Engineering &
More informationThe following report is prepared and published by:
The following report is prepared and published by: Josh Dennis, Thermal Process Engineer josh.dennis@readingthermal.com of 7 CORPORATE BLVD.SINKING SPRING, PA 19608 USA T: 610-678-5890 F: 610-693-6262
More informationCharacteristics of combustion of Rich-Lean Flame Burner. under Low-Load Combustion
Characteristics of combustion of ich-lean Flame Burner under Low-Load Combustion Seigo Kurachi 1, Satoshi Hagi 1, Yoshito Umeda 1, Syuichi Mochizuki 2, Katsuo Asato 2 1 Toho Gas Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Aichi,
More informationUV Flame Supervision System
7 783 UV Flame Supervision System DETACTOGYR LFE50 Series 02 ISO 9001 The LFE50 is a self-checking UV flame supervision system designed for use with continuously operating burners or for burners running
More informationLaser Diagnostics and Optical Measurement Techniques
Laser Diagnostics and Optical Measurement Techniques in Internal Combustion Engines by Hua Zhao Preface... xi Chapter 1. Optical Engines... 1 1.1 Introduction...1 1.2 Optical Access...1 1.2.1 Optical Access
More informationRemote Detection of Leaks in Gas Pipelines with an Airborne Raman Lidar. Strategic Insights, Volume VII, Issue 1 (February 2008)
Remote Detection of Leaks in Gas Pipelines with an Airborne Raman Lidar Strategic Insights, Volume VII, Issue 1 (February 2008) by Sergey M. Bobrovnikov, Ilia B. Serikov, Yuri F. Arshinov, G. Sakovich,
More informationHeat transfer enhancement in an air process heater using semi-circular hollow baffles
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 56 ( 2013 ) 357 362 5 th BSME International Conference on Thermal Engineering Heat transfer enhancement in an air process heater using semi-circular
More informationY003 Multi-offset Seismic Acquisition Using Optical Fiber Behind Tubing
Y003 Multi-offset Seismic Acquisition Using Optical Fiber Behind Tubing C. Barberan* (Total E&P), C. Allanic (Total E&P), D. Avila (Total E&P), J. Hy- Billiot (Total E&P), A. Hartog (Schlumberger), B.
More informationISO AIR FILTERS FOR GENERAL VENTILATION: DETERMINING FRACTIONAL EFFICIENCY
ISO 16890-2 AIR FILTERS FOR GENERAL VENTILATION: DETERMINING FRACTIONAL EFFICIENCY APPLICATION NOTE AFT-005 (US) Contents Introduction to ISO 16890... 1 How ISO 16890 Compares to EN 779 and ASHRAE 52.2...
More informationAir-Conditioners PKA-RP FAL INSTALLATION MANUAL. English
ir-onditioners PK-RP FL INSTLLTION MNUL FOR INSTLLR For safe and correct use, please read tis installation manual torougly before installing te air-conditioner unit. nglis ontents. Safety precautions....
More informationQueen St E & Leslie St Noise Analysis Toronto, Ontario. Toronto Transit Commission Streetcar Department 1900 Yonge Street Toronto, ON M4S 1Z2
ASSESSMENT REPORT - Project: 151.08 Queen St E & Leslie St Noise Analysis Toronto, Ontario Prepared for: Toronto Transit Commission Streetcar Department 1900 Yonge Street Toronto, ON M4S 1Z2 Prepared by:
More informationINFLUENCE OF SOLAR RADIATION AND VENTILATION CONDITIONS ON HEAT BALANCE AND THERMAL COMFORT CONDITIONS IN LIVING-ROOMS
INFLUENCE OF SOLAR RADIATION AND VENTILATION CONDITIONS ON HEAT BALANCE AND THERMAL COMFORT CONDITIONS IN LIVING-ROOMS Staņislavs GENDELIS, Andris JAKOVIČS Laboratory for mathematical modelling of environmental
More informationCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. In the modern life, electronic equipments have made their way
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In the modern life, electronic equipments have made their way in to practically every part, which is from electronic gadgets to high power computers. Electronic components have
More informationCL4001 HEAT TRANSFER OPERATIONS
CL4001 HEAT TRANSFER OPERATIONS MODULE V Lecture Notes: Debasree Ghosh HEAT EXCHANGER Lecturer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra Heat Exchangers: Introduction and
More informationMODULATING CONTROL OF LOW NO X BURNERS
MODULATING CONTROL OF LOW NO X BURNERS ABSTRACT Manufacturers of today s wall-fired low NO X burners (LNB) recommend a single-position secondary air volume control for in-service burners. Air register
More information