ADEFLOR G. GARCIA, PhD.

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1 ADEFLOR G. GARCIA, PhD. Professor V1, Soil Science Department, College of Agriculture University of Southern Mindanao Kabacan, North Cotabato, Philippines 9407

2 LUZON Administrative Map of the Philippines VISAYAS North Cotabato Province, Region 12, Philippines (>637,110 ha MINDANAO Maguindanao Province, ARMM, Philippines(463,154 ha)

3 INTRODUCTION The oil palm grows best in areas with at least 1,800 mm of rainfall particularly 10 degrees south and north of the equator and this includes the Philippines. This is suited best in Mindanao and parts of Bohol, Leyte and Palawan islands.

4 The province of Maguindanao and North Cotabato, Philippines is one of the country s top producing areas of palm oil.

5 Oil Palm Area, Philippines. : (@ 2011) LOCATION MIMAROPA Palawan Provinces AREA (ha) as of 2011 (PPDCI) 4,600 (8.4%) CENTRAL VISAYAS Bohol 6,506 (11.88%) WESTERN MINDANAO NORTHERN MINDANAO 320 (0.58%) Bukidnon, Lanao del Norte, Mis. Or. 1,820 (3.32%) DAVAO REGION ComVal 1,960 (3.58%) SOCSKSARGEN CARAGA North Cot, Sarangani, South Cot, S. Kudarat 18,200 (33.24%) Agusan Norte, Agusan Sur, Surigao Sur 18,102 (33.06%) ARMM Basilan, Maguindanao 3,240 (5.92%) TOTAL 54,748

o o Soil Survey Data from 2008-2012 by the university Soils Map

6 METHODOLOGY The following were the materials used in the conduct of this study; o Soil Survey Report of Cotabato Province (1963) o o o Soil Survey Data from by the university Soils Map published by DA- BAR-2001 Global positioning system and GIS station

9 Suitability Classification Land suitability was determined by comparing crop requirement with that of the land characteristics and qualities present in a given type of land.

10 Typical Landscape Position of an Area in Carmen, Cotabato

11 The criteria used for the suitability classification was CSR/FAO (1983). For temperature C is highly suitable (S 1 ), <20 C to 32 C rated as not suitable (N) to moderately suitable (S 2 ) Dry months in water availability just only 0-1mm comprises highly suitable (S 1 ) rating 0.1-2mm is moderately suitable (S 2 ) to >3mm and has the rating of not suitable (S 3 ). Average of annual temperature <1500mm is not suitable (N) to >6000mm highly suitable (S 2 ).

12 Crop Standard for Oil Palm (FAO, 1976, CSR?FAO 1983) and Evaluation of Land Characteristics (ACT, 2011).

13 Land Suitability Class Definitions Class S1 Highly suitable are soils having no significant limitations. Class S2 Moderately suitable are soils /land having limitations which an aggregate are moderately severe for sustained application of a given use, the limitation will reduce productivity Class S3 Marginally suitable soils/land having limitations which have the aggregates are severe for sustained application of a given use. Class N - Not suitable has no class subdivision recognized.

16 Highly suitable areas These are the areas where oil palm could be raised with no significant limitations and benefits can be maximized at very manageable input levels.

17 Kidapawan series, 376 masl 21 cm 33 cm 67 cm 92 cm 125 cm

18 Moderately suitable areas. These are areas where oil palm could be raised with limitations that require higher inputs but still the benefits could be attractive but not as lucrative as on highly suitable areas..

Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4), silty clay Dark yellowish

19 Very dark brown (10YR2/2), clay loam Kabacan series includes a very small portion towards Pagalungan 26 cm 58 cm 93 cm 112 cm Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4), silty clay Dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4), silty clay Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) ; clay

20 Moderately suitable areas The uncorrectable limiting land qualities found were soil depth and the drainage. These land qualities can not be corrected at low cost. Establishment of drainage canal could be very expensive. Increasing soil depth is another costly improvement

21 Marginally suitable areas are lands having limitations which reduce productivity or benefits, or increase required inputs, that this expenditure will only be marginally justified.

22 Soil Series Suitability Rating Limitations S1 Highly suitable Adtuyon series S1 <500 /Nutrient availability Possible Interventions Sound Fertilizer management Kidapawan Series S1 Only if <500 masl Clones suitable in higher elevation La Castellana Series S1 Only if <500 masl Clones suitable in higher elevation Langkong Series S1 Only if <500 masl Clones suitable in higher elevation Miscellaneous land types (Kidapawan, La Castellana, Macolod) S1 Only if <700 masl Clones suitable in higher elevation

23 Soil Series Suitability Rating Limitations Possible Interventions Parang Series S1 Nutrient balance Sound fertilizer management Tacloban S1 Nutrient balance Sound fertilizer management San Manuel series if S1 Shallow water Sound fertilizer management well drained table Banga sandy loam S1 Nutrient and Fertilizer mgt/irrigation water retention Buayan Clay loam S1 Nutrient Fertilizer management availability Dalican clay loam S1 Nutrient Fertilizer management availability Glan clay loam S1 Nutrient Fertilizer management availability Parang clay loam S1 Nutrient Fertilizer management availability Libi loam S1 Nutrient Fertilizer management availability Matulas fine sandy S1 Nutrient Fertilizer management loam availability New Iloilo fine sandy loam S1 Nutrient availability Fertilizer management

Soil Series Suitability Rating Limitations S 2 - Moderately suitable Aroman S2 Rooting depth High fertilizer requirement (>130 cm) Banga Series S2 Dadiangas loamy sand S2 Water and nutrient Cultural

24 Soil Series Suitability Rating Limitations S 2 - Moderately suitable Aroman S2 Rooting depth High fertilizer requirement (>130 cm) Banga Series S2 Dadiangas loamy sand S2 Water and nutrient Cultural practices/irrigation retention Dadiangas sandy loam S2 Water and nutrient retention Cultural practices/irrigation Balut S2 Massive horizon deep holing to break hard pans Kabacan series Kabacan series if well drained S2 Shallow water table Sound fertilizer management Kudarangan S2 Massive horizon at 34 cm Possible Interventions Deep holing to break hard pans

25 Soil Series Suitability Rating Limitations Possible Interventions S3 - Marginally suitable Macolod S3 Massive horizon Deep holing to break hard pans Aroman series if cm depth S3 rooting depth High fertilizer requirement irrigation Sinolon sandy loam S3 Water and nutrient Fertilizer retention management/irrigation Malalag series S3 Rooting depth High inputs San Manuel series if poorly drained S3 Flooding /shallow water table Drainag canals

26 Soil Series Suitability Rating Limitations Possible Interventions Not Suitable Aroman series if <80 cm depth San Manuel series (ph >6.5 N Rooting depth High inputs/ irrigation N Soil ph Tamontaka series if well drained Tamontaka Series if poorly drained N Flooding/shallow water table Drainage canals N Flooding/drainage Drainage canals

27 Soil Series Suitability Rating Limitations Possible Interventions Quilada N Rooting depth(<80 cm) High input requirement (fertilizer & irrigation) Faraon N Rooting depth(<80 cm)/ph Lutayan sandy loam N Shallow water table/flooding Drainage canals Malandag fine sandy loam N Rooting depth

Root limiting layers of Kudarangan, Balut, and Macolod.

28 Summary Conclusions and Recommendations Shallow rooting depth of Quilada and Faraon Series Moderateley shallow rooting depth of Aroman series. Root limiting layers of Kudarangan, Balut, and Macolod. High ground water and poor drainage of Kabacan and Tamontaka series. Flooding and occassional high ground water of San Manuel series Elevation beyond masl.

29 PROBLEMS: VERY FEW SOIL TECHNOLOGIST WORKING ON SOIL SURVEY AND CLASSIFICATION GIS BASED MAPS ARE NOT YET HARMONIZED IN THE COUNTRY.

30 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING AND MABUHAY!! N P K C H O Cl S Fe Mg Ca Mo Mn B Cu Zn

Table 5. Top Contractors with Unsatisfactory CPES Ratings

Table 5. Top Contractors with Unsatisfactory CPES Ratings Table 5. Top ors with Unsatisfactory CPES s Equi-Parco Construction Company Equi-Parco Construction Company Wharf Extension Project 03/04/16 PPA 130.911 68.50 Cagayan de Oro River Basin 03/18/13 X 46.562