2. Urban history and climate

Transcription

1 2. Urban history and climate 1. Introduction 2. Compactness: an important factor 3. Ancient oriental Cities 4. Morphology of arabic cities 5. Morphology of mediveal European Cities 6. Development from Germany: The fight against the block 8. Return to classical principles of urban planning 9. Conclusion + Questions

2 1. Introduction 2 Climate change leads to hotter cities and increased extreme weather We do not know how strong these changes will be. But we do know that the adaptation of whole cities an societies takes time Therefore, we must start to prepare the mitigation of cities now It is helpful to look to the past and to cities in hot and cold climates in order to learn how they managed such problems over centuries.

3 3 2. Compactness: an important factor The surface of buildings is the medium for temperature exchange. Compact buildings and compact arrangements reduce this exchange. We find dense building arrangements and narrow streets in Northern Europe, Southern Europe and in North African and Arab cities. These similarities go back to the same physical process: the inertia of the building mass to preserve the desired internal temperature. In both hemispheres buildings should preserve an internal temperature of about

4 Source: Wirth 2000/ Benevolo 3. Ancient oriental Cities Ur ~ BC Iraq Mohenjo Daru BC Pakistan Reasons for compact morphologies: the valuable space within the city walls cost and material reductions by wall-to-wall buildings lower costs for roads, water supply and sewage reduced distances to service locations and the energetic advantage of compact buildings 4

5 Fez, Morokko (Google Earth) Kasbah, Algiers (Google Earth) 4. Morphology of Arabic cities Design characteristics: compactness shaded streets shaded small courts short roads angled streets rotated orientation few windows white colors + roofs 5 Shibam, Yemen (upd.org.gallery)) Shibam, Yemen (upd.org.gallery

6 6 Morphology of Arabic cities Fees Aleppo Damascus Marakesch

7 Climatic elements of Arabic cities The court house Courthouse structure Wind-coolingsystems Windtowers Source of pictures: Arch+; Google; Windturmhäuser Daniel Emmel, Katharina Gruhn, Power-House TU Darmstadt; Zentral-asien-net; Deutsches Architektur-Forum:Dubai Windtürme + Wolkenkratzer

8 8 Modern morphology in Arab cities New row houses Riyadh, S.A. (Google Earth) New back-to back houses, Fees, Morokko (Google Earth)

9 5.1 Morphology of mediveal European Cities 9 Aachen Aachen, Jacob-Street Design characteristics: compactness small plots narrow roads hierarchy of space gabled houses back gardens reserve land behind buildings wind protecting hills + walls equal height of roofs vertical air movement through towers Laugingen, Bavaria Zierenberg, Hesse Source: Urkataster Aachen Topographia Suevia, Wikisource

10 10 Münster Köln / Cologne Aachen / Aix la Chapelle Stuttgart / Stoccardo Ulm Frankfurt / Francoforte 5.2. Morphology of mediveal european Cities

11 Florence / Italy 6. Examples for historical compactness Lübeck / Germany High densities! Main difference to the oriental examples: Broader streets Street orientation of facades Many windows Gardens and backspaces (Lübeck) Inside the courts: reduced light and wind Construction works as a mass storage 11 Regensburg / Germany Lyon / France Source: Google-Earth

12 6. Development from Berlin: Block and street as the basic unit in urban design 12 Example: Hobrecht-Plan Berlin 1862 Blocks Berlin-Kreuzberg Google Earth

13 7. Germany : The fight against the block Google Earth 13 Hamburg Dulsberg ~ Berlin Hufeisensiedlung 1925 Frankfurt-Westhausen Aachen-Hanbruch Bielefeld Sennestadt 1955 Berlin-Märkisches Viertel

14 8. Return to classical principles of urban planning Berlin : Street and Block Example Berlin: After war DDRplanning East-Berlin Block reconstruction plan 1993 IBA-block Blocks Berlin-Friedrichstadt ~ Stadt Berlin Google Earth

15 15 Conclusion In urban history we find a dominance of compact cities: Advantages: Short distances Mixed use Controlled roof landscape Few different types of houses Small and deep plots Narrow streets Closed squares The facade as border between public and private space Mix of poor and rich quarters within a similar pattern Can we find in the historic morphology lessons for the future?

16 16 Questions Would you live in a compact city? What are your minimum standards? Which type of house? Which mode of transport? Which form of privacy? Which form of public space?