Planning Circulation Tracks and Green Open Space for Tourism Amenities In Old Urban District in Makassar, Indonesia

Transcription

1 Planning Circulation Tracks and Green Open Space for Tourism Amenities In Old Urban District in Makassar, Indonesia Graduate School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology Marly Valenti, Yuzuru Miyata and Hiroyuki Shibusawa Abstract Circulation is an element, which can directly control a pattern of tourism activities. The circulation track plays a significant role in connecting tourism destinations to other sightseeing amenities, such as hotels, restaurants, souvenir shops, and retail stores. The existence of circulation tracks and open space can change the atmosphere of different environmental life in the old town Makassar. This paper tried to explain a planning of circulation tracks and green open spaces in an old town in Makassar. The units of analysis were all the street tracks spread in four segments. The field survey conducted to collect primary data to inventory street corridors, which described via photo mapping. FGD (Focus Group Discussion) and Visual Preference Survey (VPS) were arranged to collect respondent s preferences upon the circulation tracks and green open spaces. These activities involved the local people who lived in the old town, NGO, entrepreneurs or owners buildings of tourism facilities, and those who worked in the old city of Makassar. The data gained will become input to develop concepts of the circulation tracks and green open spaces. The findings were: 1). The condition of planning circulation tracks and green open spaces in the old city of Makassar consists of collector street, local road, and lorong'. Sidewalks near the government offices were safe and usable, however, in other areas, some of them were of poor condition and distractedly visual pollution due to the existence of street banners and billboards set up on the sidewalks; 2). Preference of respondent toward of street webs was necessary to prepare a no entry route for vehicles, especially near a beach bank area. Preference toward the pedestrian paths: trees and decorative plants provided along the pedestrian paths. Preference toward the green open space was necessary to provide seats and green vegetation regarding structuring open space. Preference toward the structuring of tertiary lanes: should be facilitated with green space and it should be integrated into the function of restaurants or cafes; 3) The concepts for circulation tracks and green open spaces were a concept of segregation between vehicle and pedestrian, concept of pedestrian way, and green route space concept. The ideas for green space were PSE concept, the idea of street trees, a concept of structuring city parks, and the idea of green pockets. Keywords: Tourism Development, Circulation Track, Green Open Space, Focus Group Discussion

2 Planning Circulation Tracks and Green Open Space for Tourism Amenities In Old Urban District in Makassar, Indonesia Graduate School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology Marly Valenti, Yuzuru Miyata and Hiroyuki Shibusawa 1. Introduction The number of international tourists visits Indonesia in 2016 reaches to 10,41 million people. This figure increases to 10.46% compared with tourists visit in 2015 in the same period, which is 9,42 million visitors (Ministry of Tourism, 2017). Based on the data collected by the Government Tourism Office of South Sulawesi, a total of both local and international tourists visiting Makassar in 2016 increases as well, reaches a point from 3,970,306 million in 2015 to 4,774,325 million in Most tourists visit the Old Town of Makassar, which has old and historic buildings. The number of proper infrastructures and facilities, as well as standards of service and amenities, should accommodate the number of tourists visiting which is increasing significantly. The following five 'A' factors represent the essential requirements for successful tourism: Attractions, Access, Accommodation, Amenities, and Activities. These five factors if combined will result in interesting tourism planning (Dickmans, 1997). Circulation and green space are part of Access factor. Circulation is an element, which can shape, direct, and control a pattern of tourism activities in an area so that it gives a character to a tourist area. The circulation plays a major role in connecting tourism objects and other amenities, like hotels, restaurants, travel agents, mini markets, souvenir shops, retail stores, hair salons, bars, karaoke houses, and cafes. The movement of travelers from one tourist destination to other attractions and from the tourism amenity to the other tourism amenities connected with the street and pedestrian way. The circulation track is closely related to green open space. In this writing, the definition of green open space is restricted to a city park and the green space located along the circulation track, either public or private. Pedestrians should facilitate to interact with tourism objects and amenities located in the research area. Pedestrian paths are structured based on the following accounts: safe, enjoyable, comfortable, aesthetic and attractive. 2. Methodology The research area is located in the city center of Makassar, at the old urban district in Ujung Pandang and Mariso sub regencies. this area, there were some tourism destinations with complete tourism amenities, such as hotels, restaurants, travel agents, mini markets, souvenir shops, retail stores, hair salons, bars or discotheques, karaoke houses, and cafes. The analyses units were all the circulation tracks and green open spaces spread in four segments. The field survey is conducted to collect primary data in the form of inventories of circulation roads and green open space, which is then described, via photo mapping. FGD is carried out to collect data about the respondent s perception and preferences upon the circulation and green open space involving the local people lived in the old urban district, NGO, entrepreneurs or owners buildings of tourism facilities, and those who worked in the old urban district of Makassar. The number of respondents was 64 people. The data gained will then become input materials to structure the concept of circulation and green open space

3 Tourism Destination & Tourism Amenities SEGMENT I SEGMENT II SEGMENT III SEGMENT IV Figure 1. Research Location Figure 2. Map of Tourism Destination and Tourism Amenities 3. Discussion The old urban area of Makassar has several tourist destinations, including Losari Beach, Fort Rotterdam, Tomb of Datu Museng, Dutch Dwelling House, Stella Maris Hospital, and Mayor's House. Around the old urban district of Makassar, there are several other tourist destinations also such as Tanjung Bunga, Paotere, and several other colonial buildings. Street hierarchies found in segment IV consist of collector streets, local streets, and lorong. Meanwhile, in Segment I and II were a collector and local street and Segment II was only a local street. Pedestrians were available in several streets in all segments. The pedestrians, which are located near government offices or tourism objects, the sidewalks look well-ordered, and the vegetative trees also look well-arranged. On the other hand, pedestrians in adjacent commercial buildings like shop houses and restaurant, there are no sidewalks found in the location because the pedestrians are used as parking lot for customers of the commercial buildings. There is also an area without sidewalks in this place. Furthermore, the pedestrian paths in the research site often experience distractedly visual pollution due to the existence of street banners and billboards set up on the sidewalks. Green open spaces are available only in segment I and III. Perception and Preference of Respondents The respondents perception and preference toward the circulation tracks and green open spaces in the old urban district of Makassar were collected to find out their interests about circulation and green open space in where they lived and worked. There are 48 female respondents (75%), while there are 16 male respondents (25%). The number of respondents is based on their jobs. The highest rank jobs are private employees and businessmen, following by housewives, students and employer. Perceptions and Preferences toward of Street Webs There are 52 respondents (81.25%) think that most of the streets were in good condition. The others of the interviewees' perception are not good (8 respondents) and not know (4 respondents). However, there are still some jams in some spots since the roads are unable to load the number of vehicles like on Jl. Somba Opu, on Jl. Penghibur, on Jl. Lasinrang, and on other streets where commercial and - 2 -

4 service activities are located. In order to create a typically particular situation at the old urban district of Makassar, it is necessary to structure street webs by the potential and condition of the location. Regarding structuring the street webs, 56.25% respondents say there is a need to prepare a no entry route for vehicles, especially near a beach bank area. However, 43.75% respondents think a pedestrian path should be enough. To create a type specific situation at the old urban district of Makassar, it is necessary to structure street webs following the location, area s potential and condition. Perception and Preferences toward the Pedestrian 52 respondents (81.25%) comment the existence of pedestrians in old city area is not in good shape. The others of the respondent perception of pedestrian were not good (8 respondents) and not know (4 respondents). The reason is that the condition of pedestrians was comfortless to the users. All the respondents suggest well-arranged pedestrian paths at certain routes based on the area and location % or 44 respondents think providing trees and decorative plants along the pedestrian paths should be a necessity, particularly at a beach bank and elsewhere needed. Another preference of those interviewed (20 people) is only to plant some trees. Perception and Preferences toward the City Parks 62,5% respondents or 40 people think the existence of city parks in the old urban district of Makassar is in good condition. However, 25% respondents believe that the availability of city parks is not in good condition. The rest of answers are very well (6.5%) and not know (6.25%). There are 87.5% of 64 respondents, who want an open spatial must be done in the region. However, 12.5% of respondents think that only in some places need to be compiled. 62.5% respondents believe it is necessary to provide seats and green vegetation concerning structuring open space. In addition to available seats and vegetation, 37.5% respondents think it is important to organize the street vendors in the area. Perception and Preferences toward the Structuring of Tertiary Lanes (Lorong) All the respondents agree with the structure of tertiary pathways called Lorong. There are a lot of Tertiary Lanes (Lorong) found at Makassar s Old City area. 37.5% respondents think that the structuring of Tertiary Lanes (Lorong) should be facilitated with green space, 37.5% respondents want that the green space should be integrated into the functions of restaurants or cafes. 25% respondents, like the rest, think that the structuring of Tertiary Lanes (Lorong) should be facilitated with green space integrated into the functions of retail stores. Structure Guidance The structure concept, which follows the idea of building and spatial planning applied in all Makassar s Old City areas, is arranged more details to become a micro-scale guidance or refer to all the segments in the area. With this guideline, it is expected to create a harmony between the buildings and the surrounding environments. Structure street networks in the plan location use two concepts, namely 1) Traffic and lone pedestrian are strictly applied in all the street webs which can then be used by vehicles in the plan location, except Jl Pasar Baru which uses the concept of no vehicle/full pedestrian area; 2) Circulation routes of traffic on some street webs are arranged to one direction. Vehicles can use only some certain street webs as a two direction. Furthermore, in some road networks, vehicle circulation is made in one direction. Just a particular path can be traversed 2-way car

5 Structuring pedestrian way should be integrated with street webs structuring. The structure concept of pedestrian paths equipped with stripes and footways is applied on Jl Somba Opu. Next, the structuring concept of pedestrian with lines, footways, and verge is being implemented on the corridor of Jl Pasar Baru. Then, the structure concept of pedestrian paths with footways is applied on all the street webs, but it is associated with street width and vehicle directions on the street. Street webs used by vehicles with one direction are < 6m wide, so they will apply one side footway, while street webs with one direction are > 6m wide, so they use one side footway equipped with green routes. For street webs with two directions, they use footways on both sides of the street powered by green ways. Applying the concept of green routes follows the pattern of pedestrian paths. Street webs with > 6m wide are equipped with green routes on the side of pedestrian paths. Green structure for street webs with no vehicles is directed to the street body so that it can provide a shelter on both sides. Structuring green routes in the plan location are directed to the routes with street shoulders, which are possible to plant some trees. Legend Car Legend Figure 3. Map of Street Webs Concept Figure 4. Map of Green Routes Concept The structuring concept of open space at the old urban district Makassar is conducted to support the functions and activities in open space. The revitalization concept is applied in segment II. (1) The PSE Concept The PSE concept consists of Protection, Safety, and Enjoyment. Protection means the protection from street accidents, the protection from crime and violence, and the protection from extreme weather like - 4 -

6 lightning, hurricanes, floods, and so on. Safety means the safety to walk, stand, sit, and spend time in the open space. It can also mean the safety to enjoy a landscape, to chat, to interact with other visitors, and to play in the open space. The enjoyment concept is related to the scale of buildings and the open space. This concept is made by positive climates which mean that visitors can enjoy sunlight and fresh air, and they can also enjoy the aesthetic quality of plants, water, flowers, nature, and so on. (2) The Concept of Street Trees and City Parks The idea of street trees and other vegetation functions as a green infrastructure, which is also a green part of the old urban district of Makassar. Structuring city parks is an essential need, and it should be following the area s characteristics. Regarding city parks structuring, there should be pedestrian paths, jogging tracks, benches, and play grounds for children available in the parks. All the respondents agree with these ideas. The revitalization concept of city parks at the old urban district of Makassar is conducted by the function of the parks. The revitalization concept of city parks is applied in segment III (Segitiga Park), which includes the infrastructure and facilities are increased from people s needs and activities, solid materials from a combination of natural and artificial substances are used to make water absorption comfortable, local vegetation that can absorb air pollution and dust are planted. Besides, trees with dense leaves are also important to provide shelters at Segitiga Park, the use of typical ornaments from Makassar like traditional sculpture is an identity impression at Segitiga Park. (3) The Concept of Green Pockets The concept of green pockets is applied in either private open space like in the front yard of the citizens houses, or public open space like in the alleys of the residents houses. The concept of green pockets makes the old city area more attractive as it produces fresher air. OPEN SPACE Figure 5. Open Space Concept - 5 -

7 4. Conclusion Preferences respondent toward of street webs is necessary to prepare a no entry route for vehicles. Preference toward the Pedestrian Paths is trees and decorative plants are providing along the pedestrian paths, particularly at a beach bank and elsewhere needed. Preference toward the Green Open Space is necessary to provide seats and green vegetation concerning structuring open space. Preferences toward the Structuring of Tertiary Lanes should be facilitated with green space, and the green space should be integrated into the functions of restaurants or cafes. Preferences of respondents to streets are required to prepare a route for vehicles, especially near a beach Bank area. Preferences toward the Pedestrian Paths, particularly in a beach Bank and elsewhere needed. Preferences toward the green open space are required to provide seats and green vegetation regarding structuring open space. Preferences toward the structuring of tertiary lanes should be facilitated with green space, and the green space should be integrated into the theories of restaurants or cafes. The concept of open space is conducted to support the functions and activities in open space. The concepts are the PSE Concept and the Concept of Street Trees and will apply in segment II.. Structuring city parks is an essential need, and it should be under the area s characteristics. Concerning city parks structuring, there should be pedestrian paths, jogging tracks, benches, and play grounds for children available in the parks. The structure concept of city parks is applied in segment III (Segitiga Park). The concept of green pockets is applied in either private open space like in the front yard of the citizens houses, or public open space like in the alleys of the residents houses. The concept of green pockets makes the Old City area more attractive as it produces fresher air. Acknowledgement The Authors would like to thank the Laboratory Regional Planning, Tourism, and Disaster Mitigation, Department of Urban and Regional Development, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia who gives the opportunity to publish this research. References Agistiananda, A.P. (2012). Urban Heritage Conservation in Surakarta, Indonesia: Scenarios and Strategies for the Future. International Journal of Civil Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol, 12 No 2. Andalih, A, (2013). Analysis for Urban Heritage Conservation Versus Development Trends in Shiraz, Iran. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development. Vol. 3 No. 1, Winter Ashworth, G., Page, S.,J., (2010). Urban Tourism Research: Recent Progress and Current Paradoxes. Tourism Management, doi: /j.tourman Dickman, S. (1997) Tourism: An Introductory Text. Holder Education, Rydalmere, New South Wales. Martokusumo, W. (2010). The Old Town Jakarta: Perspectives on Revitalization, Conservation and Urban Development. Trisakti University, Jakarta, 2-3 August Naser (2003). Planning for Urban Heritage Places: Reconciling Conservation, Tourism, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Planning Literature, Vol.17, No.4. London:Sage Publications. Orbasli, Aylin. (2000). Tourists in Historic Towns: Urban Conservation and Heritage Management. London and New York: E & FN Spon