Hanoi -Vietnam. Conference Paper November author: Truong XUAN Nguyen Deakin University

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2 Hanoi - Vietnam Dominic

3 Introduction Laos Hanoi China Location Hanoi is the capital of Republic Socialist Vietnam. Located in the north of Vietnam, with an area of 3,344 square kilometers including 12 urban districts and 18 rural districts. Population 6,448,837 people (2009). Terrain and rivers Hanoi has two main types of terrain is plain and hills. In plain which accounted for 75% of the natural area. Hanoi has a dense system of rivers and lakes. Especially the Red River flows through the city with 163 km length. Cambodia Hanoi map boundaries (2013) Climate Hanoi climate characterized by humid subtropical, hot summers, rainy and cold winters. A clear characteristic of Hanoi's climate change and difference of two seasons hot and cold. The hot season lasts from May to September, accompanied by heavy rainfall, average temperature of 28.1 C. From November to March the following year's winter with an average temperature of 18.6 C. The city has all four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. Each season, divided among three months of the year. Vietnam national map

4 The history and origins formation Early 19th century The king built the palace in a high position with a large area. Surrounding the palace is the wall includes four gates east, west, south and north. Outside the walls has the moat defense system. Inside the walls is the palace residence of the King, landscaping and small commercial area. King Ly Thai To Source: From the 10th century to the late 18th century, the city barely developed by In history, Hanoi has been the dominant countries for more feudalism and the war between dynasties. than 2000 years. Origins of Hanoi officially began in 1010 State of exploitation of people and hamper when King Ly Thai To chosen this land as capital and commercial development (Papin 2001). bastion built his empire on the right bank of the Red River, the origin of rice culture (Fanchette 2009). Paddy field Wet rice agriculture Instruments of labor Structure of bastion Source: Rice

5 The history and origins formation Landscape of King Nguyen Source: Quang, NX Paintings of the French Source: Map of pre- colonial Hanoi Source: Tho, D.N et al 2002

6 19th century At the end of the 19th century, the French dominated northern Vietnam and settled in Hanoi. At the time in 1874, Hanoi's settlement of a very small part of about 100,000 people. Structure of Hanoi is simple, it is a combination of three separate components created societies, including the castle of King Nguyen, a small commercial area residents and rural areas around the wall castle (Logan 2000). From outside the gate From inside the gate Map of Hanoi, 1873 (Bach, D.P) South gate of Hanoi, (Dr.Hocquard)

7 Hanoi in the late of 19th century On , Sadi Carnot, President of France, signed a decree to establish Hanoi. By 1902, Hanoi became the capital of the federal Indochina. With the French plan, the city gradually get a new face. Accumulation of time Nguyen was shut down gradually, since 1897 as the break finished (Papin 2001). In determining the boundaries of the city, dividing the living area between the Europeans and the natives, demolished mud-walled cottage in the center, construction of roads, drainage, electricity lines and planning street grid networking, chessboard, the French were quickly turned from a menstrual Hanoi abandoned a city on the European style 1.220ha area, then growing in depth with of the detailed planning, feasibility and excellent work (Parenteau & Champagne 1994). Planning map of Hanoi Source: Planning map of Hanoi Source:

8 Hanoi in the first half of the 20th century South gate of Hanoi When the French capital to Hanoi on a lot more, cinemas, theaters, hotels... gradually emerging, the city also changed to match the new strata. 1921, the city has about 4,000 Europeans and 100,000 natives (Wright 1991). Hang Dao Street Long Bien Bridge Opera House

9 Dong Xuan Market Trams System Hotel Hanoi Station

10 Hanoi in the late of 20th century September 2, 1945 Vietnam became independent countries. However, Hanoi has happened in consecutive wars until That was because the return of the French and intend to invade the territory of the United States, Japan and China. This leads to the city of Hanoi continued to be devastated by 30 years of war. However, in reality many planned projects have not been officially approved, but a number of industrial clusters, some offices of schools and hospitals were built. Experts socialist countries helped the planning of urban construction. During this period the war rages on established planning should be done only in part, but which also aware that the construction of urban planning is indispensable and the implementation of planned construction under difficult. The population has grown to reach a million people (Logan 1994). Planning Map of Hanoi, 1940 (Bach, D.P) Bach Mai Hospital Kham Thien Street

11 By 1975, Vietnam was completely independent and Hanoi began to rebuild the city while maintaining form of urban planning in European style of the French. In the period from 1975 to 2000, Hanoi planning has made significant changes by the policies of national development. That's territorial expansion added 3,000 km square for urban development (Rossi 2002). The economy's shift from agriculture to the development of key industries and business services. Planning Map of Hanoi, 1990 (My, N) Trang Tien Street, 1975 After a series of innovation policy of the government during the 1990s, and in the suburbs gradually urbanized, Hanoi's population increased steadily, reached 2,672,122 people in Population growth rate reached 3% annually (Ledent 2002). After the subsidy period, from the late 1990s, economic growth leads to the suburban areas of Hanoi rapidly urbanized. These buildings springing up in the inner areas and industrial centers were built in the suburban districts. The development also entails consequences. The population density is so high that the inner population living under cramped conditions and lack of facilities.

12 Hanoi early years of the 21st century Population is a major problem in Hanoi, caused by the high speed of urbanization. Control policy of the government in Hanoi is the center of politics, culture, education, health and recreation. This makes the migration from rural areas increased sharply and uncontrollably. But the rapid population growth and urbanization process lacks good planning makes Hanoi became overcrowded, pollution and traffic congestion inner regular. Many architectural heritage are disappearing, replaced by the tube houses on the street clutter. Hanoi is also a city with uneven development between regions and between urban districts and rural districts, many people still do not have the basic living conditions. In addition, Hanoi was one of the most polluted cities in Asia and is the most polluted cities in Southeast Asia, a high dust content here many times the permitted level Housing Collective apartment building

13 Hanoi during the crisis by the population explosion, urban planning asynchronous and unsustainable. System infrastructure weaknesses still use French colonial rule. However, the high-rise buildings being built massively. Transportation system can not meet the needs of the people, along with the overload of personal transport and a lack of public transport modes (Tana 1996). The industrial park has been relocated outside the city, but also a significant impact to the city. All these reasons lead to Hanoi as a large construction site. It is a strong threat to environmental pollution and quality of life of people in urban areas. Construction Trafic household waste Industrial park Water Deforestation

14 Hanoi City of Peace In 2010, the government approved a planning of the capital Hanoi in 2030 with a vision towards 2050 for a city of 9.1 million people by 2030 and around 10 million people in Urbanization and urban development must meet the goals of economic development, social towards industrialization and modernization, population distribution and sustainable harmony. Hanoi is the center of economic growth, promote development of the region through the expansion and spread of economic activities, urbanization around the provincial capital. In contrast, this region provides food for Hanoi, labor, land development fund for functional areas linked nature and function of the share Link between Hanoi with neighborhood Source: Ministry of Construction Planning Map of Hanoi, 2030 Source: Ministry of Construction

15 Hanoi City of Peace Urban nature It is the administrative center - the country's politics. As the cultural center of science and technology and the importance of education in the country. As the economic center - commercial services and Asia - Pacific. Vision Construction and Development Hanoi sustainable development environment, balancing conservation and development, sustainable Development based knowledge economy The main objective of the planning Enhance the role and position, the competitiveness of Hanoi, the capital city worthy of a country of over 100 million people, sustainable development and integration with the world economy. Construction photos of Hanoi, a city of history, culture and traditions, landscapes, architecture specific, development and conservation of the unique characteristics of Hanoi. Orientation, perform deployment of policies, strategies of economic development, culture, society, security defense of the National and Capital. Develop a model of urban administration, autonomy and decentralization for urban reasonable under to create dynamic urban management and investment attraction. Construction of new urban areas Heritage conservation

16 Hanoi City of Peace Modern intersections Shopping mall Hanoi street Conclusion In conclusion, the process of formation and development of the city of Hanoi has undergone thousands of years and many wars. Hanoi Planning driven by many factors, such as the transition between political feudalism, colonial and socialist. Economic poverty and the ravages of war in history. However, nowadays due to integration with the world economy should have strong growth. The population growth brings abundant labor resources. The government has the right awareness and need for urban planning, environmental protection Hanoi to guide sustainable development in the future.

17 Reference Fanchette, S Conservation of Traditional Villages: The Necessities in Urban Planning Projects in Hà Nội. International Workshop on Hanoi: A Livable City for All, Hanoi, July 1-2, Kim, A. M The role of Decentralization and Discourse in Land Compensation Changes in Transitional Vietnam. Property & Property Rights in Vietnam, Harvard University, May 23-24, Ledent, J La population: évolution passée et développement futur. Hanoi: enjeux modernes d'une ville millénaire. Charbonneau, F. and D. Hau (eds). Montréal, Trames: Logan, W. S Hanoi townscape: symbolic imagery in Vietnam's capital. Cultural Identity and urban change in Southast Asia: Interpretative essays. Askew, M. and W. S. Logan (eds). Victoria, Australie, Deakin University Press: Logan, W. S Hanoi: Biography of a city. Syndey, UNSW Press. Papin, P Histoire de Hanoi. Paris, Fayard. Parenteau, R. and L. Champagne, Eds La conservation des quartiers historiques en Indochine. Paris, Karthala. Rossi, G. and Pham Van Cu Atlas infographique de la province de Hanoi. Bordeaux, Maison d'édition de la cartographie. Tana, L Peasants on the Move: Rural-Urban Migration in the Hanoi Region. Occasional Paper No. 91, Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Wright, G The Politics of Design in French Colonial Urbanism. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.