Adaptibility Analysis of nzeb and Passivhaus in Mixture Climates of China

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1 Adaptibility Analysis of nzeb and Passivhaus in Mixture Climates of China Vice President of CCHVAC Ph.D. & Prof. Xu Zhang, Director, Institute of HVAC Eng., Tongji University, Shanghai, PRC

2 Contents The Route of Building Energy Efficiency Development in CHINA Adaptive analysis for Passive house in mixture climate region Effects of passive house on energy performance How to deal with high temperature and high relative humidity

3 The Route of Building Energy Efficiency Development in CHINA Origin of Building Energy Issue Max von Pettenkofer, , German chemist and hygienist. He studied medicine at Munich. Pettenkofer is considered a founder of epidemiology and is known for his researches in the ventilation of dwellings, sewage disposal, and the spread of cholera. He developed a reaction for the detection of bile acids and a method for the quantitative determination of carbon dioxide. John Shaw Billings ( ) was instrumental in the establishment of the first comprehensive national medical library and provided much of the ideas and innovations that made the medical school of Johns Hopkins University the foremost learning center of its kind. Billings, noted Frank B. Rogers in a memorial essay that appeared in John Shaw Billings Centennial, did "more to advance American medical education than any other individual of his generation." Willis Carrier ( ) was inventor of the modern air conditioner units and it was first made in 1902 by an American enginee. The machine at that time was called "Apparatus for Treating Air" and was built for the printing house Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Theory

4 The Route of Building Energy Efficiency Development in CHINA Development Route of Thermal Performance Severe Cold zone U wall = U window = Standard for energy efficiency of residential building Severe Cold zone U wall = U window = Cold zone U wall = U window = U wall =1.7 U window = U wall =1.0 U window =4.0 Hot summer and cold winter zone U wall = U window = U wall =1.0 U window = U wall =0.2 U window = U wall =0.6 U window =2.7 Cold zone U wall = U window = Hot summer and cold winter zone U wall = U window = U wall =0.1 U window =

5 The Route of Building Energy Efficiency Development in CHINA Roadmap of Building Energy Efficiency Envelope Energy Efficiency Technology Insulation of envelope Bio-fiber anti-condensation Shading techniques Building Energy Efficiency High Performance of Energy System High efficient heat and cold resource Low exergy Terminal device Dehumidification technology Behavior Of Energy Saving Heating Habits investigation Heating behavior Variety of domestic heating methods New Energy or Renewable Energy Solar Energy Nature ventilation Geothermal techniques Evaporative cooling

6 Adaptive analysis for Passive house in mixture climate region in CHINA Five Basic Principles of PASSIVE HOUSE 1. Heat recovery 75 % 2. Airtightness 0.6 h Window, U Roof, U 0.12 Ext. wall, U Thermal bridge free

7 Adaptive analysis for Passive house in mixture climate region in CHINA Heating consumption Public buildings Urban residences Rural residences Energy Consumption (108 tce/a) Total building area (billion m2) 0 Public buildings Rural residences Urban residences Northern Heating Biomass Statistical data were updated according to 2016 Annual Report on China Building Energy Efficiency by Tsinghua University

8 Adaptive analysis for Passive house in mixture climate region in CHINA Climate between and Heating Degree Days Cooling Degree Days Relative humidity Average temperature

9 Adaptive analysis for Passive house in mixture climate region in CHINA Annual months average temperature( ) Annual months average temperature in Summer Annual months average RH% Climate adaptability analysis Month 巴黎 Paris 柏林 Berlin 上海 Shangh 武汉 Wuha 重庆 Chongqi ai n ng Month 巴黎柏林上海 上海重庆柏林汉堡慕尼黑 Shanghai Chongqing Berlin Hamburg Munich

10 Adaptive analysis for Passive house in mixture climate region in CHINA Limitation for passive house area Hot in summer with long duration Building envelope should take heating, heat insulation and moisture proof into consideration Building envelope system which is suitable for this region should be established Climate characteristic in the mixture climate Cold in winter with short duration High humidity throughout whole year Passive ventilation in summer should be restricted Great demand on indoor dehumidification Looking for low energy cooling technology Looking for low energy dehumidifying technology

11 Adaptive analysis for Passive house in mixture climate region in CHINA Passive technology pathway Building envelope system of Passive residential building in Yangtze River basin External conditions Humidity(rainwater & air moisture) Temperature, wind speed, sunlight Load Internal conditions Humidity Temperature lamplight Energy consumption / efficiency Humidity control Air tightness requirements

12 Effects of passive house on energy performance Energy efficiency (kwh/m 2 ) Energy efficiency (kwh/m 2 ) Energy efficiency (kwh/m 2 ) Energy efficiency (kwh/m 2 ) Effects of U values on energy efficiency Winter External wall External wall Indoor temperature (C) Indoor temperature (C) Summer Window Window Indoor temperature (C) Indoor temperature (C)

13 Effects of passive house on energy performance Effects of U values on energy efficiency 夏季负荷冬季负荷总负荷 Cooling load 30 W/ m Total load ACH = 0.6 h 外墙传热系数 K W/( m2 K ) Heating load U value for external wall (W/m 2 K)

14 Effects of passive house on energy performance Effects on heat and moisture transfer Building mateirals Insulation T in T P in T out P P out Outdoor Condensation within wall Indoor

15 Effects of passive house on energy performance Moisture Balance Management In mixed climate zone, high RH and rain penetration control is the most critical moisture management function Other moisture control functions such as control of condensation, vapor flow, air flow and heat transfer also need to be addressed A balance between wetting and drying mechanisms is required when walls get wet and need to drain or dry Moisture Balance Moisture Uptake Exceeds Dryings

16 Effects of passive house on energy performance 温度 \ CFD simulation & condensation problem Steady state 外保温内保温 墙体厚度 /m Winter 相对湿度 外保温内保温 condensation 冷凝区 墙体厚度 /m 温度 \ 外保温内保温 墙体厚度 /m Summer 相对湿度 外保温内保温 墙体厚度 /m Unsteady state 临界压力 临界压力 外温保内温保 时间 外温保内温保 时间

17 Effects of passive house on energy performance Exterior Insulation VS interior insulation Winter Summer Condensation

18 How to deal with high temperature and high relative humidity Effects of airtightness on moisture issue Moisture doesn t increase much when airtightness is good Moisture increases when airtightness is not good Source: Hagentoft CE, Harderup E. Moisture conditions in a north-facing wall with cellulos loose-fill insulation: construction with and without a vapor retarder and air leakage. ASHRAE Transactions 1995;101(1):639 46

19 How to deal with high temperature and high relative humidity How to deal with cooling in summer is same as heating in winter Refrigeration Driven by electricity Not driven by electricity Vapor compression Semiconduc tor Solar cooling Gas boiler + Absorption refrigerator Evaporative cooling Passive ventilation Semiconductor refrigeration Solar cooling adsorption absorption ejector

20 How to deal with high temperature and high relative humidity How to deal with dehumidification in summer Rotary adsorptive dehumidification Membrane dehumidification Dual-evaporator ASHP 电子膨胀阀 A Panel Cooling System 供水 冷凝器 压缩机 蒸发器 A 蒸发器 B 回水 送风 回风 + 新风 电子膨胀阀 B Double water temperature heat pump + Radiant cooling Air source heat pump + Membrane dehumidification

21 Conclusions Increase insulation on external wall is beneficial for winter, But NOT for summer Airtightness is important on the residential building for moisture control issue Cooling and dehumidification is both important for this particular area, innovation of enclosure and HVAC system should be devaloped in future

22 Thank you very much for your suggestions Contact info: Dr. Xu Zhang, Prof. Vice President of CCHVAC Director, Institute of HVAC Engineering, Tongji University Phone Number: