DensityPRO C. Gamma Density System User Guide P/N Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific. Revision D

Transcription

1 DensityPRO C Gamma Density System User Guide P/N Revision D Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific

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3 DensityPRO C Gamma Density System User Guide P/N Revision D

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5 2007 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved. Microsoft and Windows are either trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. and its subsidiaries. Thermo Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher) makes every effort to ensure the accuracy and completeness of this manual. However, we cannot be responsible for errors, omissions, or any loss of data as the result of errors or omissions. Thermo Fisher reserves the right to make changes to the manual or improvements to the product at any time without notice. The material in this manual is proprietary and cannot be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from Thermo Fisher.

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7 Revision History Revision Level Date Comments A Initial release (ERO 5600). B Revised per ECO C Revised per ECO D Revised per ECO Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide v

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9 Contents Safety Information... xi Safety Considerations...xi Safety Summary...xi Quick Setup...xiii Setup...xiii Standardization...xiii Calibration... xiv Common Direct Entry Codes... xiv Chapter 1 Product Overview Introduction Function Source Detector-Transmitter Communications & Measurement Display Inputs & Outputs Features Dynamic Menu System Instantaneous Response Multiple Readouts Extensive Alarms Totalizers & Batch Control Output Signals Additional Documents Chapter 2 User Interface Start-Up Entering Data The Setup Menus Direct Entry Locating Direct Entry Codes Using the Direct Entry Method The Measurement Display Chapter 3 Basic Configuration Overview Set up Density Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide vii

10 Contents Set up Process Alarms Set up Flow Input Standardization Description Using as a Default Calibration Value Deferring Standardization Calibration Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Calibration Procedures Overview One-Point Calibration Two-Point Calibration Process Temperature Learned Attenuation Coefficients Density Slope Correction Factor Set up Additional Measurements Set up Alarms Enable/Disable the Display Display Scales Custom Messages Set the Decimal Rate Measurements Special Measurements & Equations Chapter 6 Gauge Fine Tuning Time Constant Setup Temperature Compensation Setup Temperature Input Source Temperature Compensation Polynomials Predefined Temperature Polynomials Reference Temperature User-Defined Temperature Polynomials Finding Coefficients Using Temperature Compensation during Standardization Temperature Offset Correction Sensor Head Standardization When to Standardize Standardization Menu Items Standardization Service Only Menu Items Density Gauge Calibration Flow Input Setup Chapter 7 Current Output, Alarms, & Totalizers Overview viii DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

11 Contents Modify / Reassign Current Outputs Fault Alarm Setup & Process Alarm Assignment Set up Alarms to Execute Commands Assign Actions to Fault, Warning, & Mode Alarms Warning & Fault Alarms Mode Alarms Totalizer Setup & Control Assign Totalizers Set up Totalizer Commands Chapter 8 Action Items Overview Common Action Items Alarm Action Items Hold Action Items Serial Port Related Action Items Totalizer Action Items Chapter 9 Serial Ports & Special Functions Overview Serial Port Setup RS485 Configuration Data Transmission Setup Party-Line Communications Party-Line Modes Party-Line Commands Party-Line Limitations Special Functions Multiple Setups Setting Up Custom Units Messages Chapter 10 Diagnostics & Service Menus Set a Password The Diagnostics Menu The Snapshot Menu User Service & Related Items Factory Service & Related Items Chapter 11 Maintenance The Source Housing The Electronics Unit Replacing the Fuse Board Replacement Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide ix

12 Contents Chapter 12 Appendix A Appendix B Troubleshooting & Service General The Current Output Service & Returns Warranty Ordering Information...A-1 Specifications...B-1 Appendix C Solution Characterization... C-1 Defining a Solution Polynomial... C-1 Built-In Polynomial Coefficients... C-2 Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Attenuation Coefficients...D-1 Loading New Application Software... E-1 Menu Structure Quick Reference...F-1 Toxic & Hazardous Substances Tables*...G-1 x DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

13 Safety Information This chapter contains information that must be read and understood by all persons installing, using, or maintaining this equipment. Safety Considerations Safety Summary Failure to follow appropriate safety procedures or inappropriate use of the equipment described in this manual can lead to equipment damage or injury to personnel. Any person working with or on the equipment described in this manual is required to evaluate all functions and operations for potential safety hazards before commencing work. Appropriate precautions must be taken as necessary to prevent potential damage to equipment or injury to personnel. The information in this manual is designed to aid personnel to correctly and safely install, operate, and/or maintain the system described; however, personnel are still responsible for considering all actions and procedures for potential hazards or conditions that may not have been anticipated in the written procedures. If a procedure cannot be performed safely, it must not be performed until appropriate actions can be taken to ensure the safety of the equipment and personnel. The procedures in this manual are not designed to replace or supersede required or common sense safety practices. All safety warnings listed in any documentation applicable to equipment and parts used in or with the system described in this manual must be read and understood prior to working on or with any part of the system. Failure to correctly perform the instructions and procedures in this manual or other documents pertaining to this system can result in equipment malfunction, equipment damage, and/or injury to personnel. The following admonitions are used throughout this manual to alert users to potential hazards or important information. Failure to heed the warnings and cautions in this manual can lead to injury or equipment damage. Warning Warnings notify users of procedures, practices, conditions, etc. which may result in injury or death if not carefully observed or followed. Caution Cautions notify users of operating procedures, practices, conditions, etc. which may result in equipment damage if not carefully observed or followed. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide xi

14 Safety Information Safety Summary Note Notes emphasize important or essential information or a statement of company policy regarding an operating procedure, practice, condition, etc. xii DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

15 Quick Setup The procedures described in this section assume you will access the menu items directly. A list of common direct entry codes is provided at the end of this section, and instructions on using direct entry codes are provided in Chapter 2. Setup Standardization The minimum data needed to make a density measurement is listed below: Pipe inside diameter Mea #1 reading for ma output Mea #1 reading for ma output Position of decimal in readout 1 Cal density point 1 Standardization and/or Calibration There are four methods of standardization: on water, on process, deferred, and other. Standardization on water is the most common standardization method. In this case, Cal density point 1 would be.9982 (density of water at 20 C). Standardization can be done on process by taking process samples during the standardization cycle. The average of these samples is then entered into the Cal density point 1. In many cases, no other calibration is needed for the gauge to operate satisfactorily. Standardization may be deferred if the process is running and cannot be stopped to standardize on water or empty pipe. When standardization is deferred, the standardization is skipped and a calibration is done in the same manner standardization on process is done. At any time later, the standardization can be done on water or an empty pipe. Other methods of standardization are: on an empty pipe, on an empty pipe with standard block, and on fluid other than the process. When any of these other methods are used, a first point calibration must be done on process. The standardization in this case is not associated with any density. It is only a repeatable radiation condition. The first point calibration is associated with the standardization through the first point cal density and a CAL/STD ratio where the ratio is equal to the signal at the cal density divided by the standardization signal. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide xiii

16 Quick Setup Calibration Calibration Common Direct Entry Codes There are two types of calibration: a first point calibration and a second point calibration. The two calibration points allow you to have two calibration points in the region of interest, and standardization can then be used to compensate for pipe wear and process buildup on the pipe walls. The first point calibration can be thought of as an offset. It will move the response curve up or down. The second point calibration is a slope correction. The slope correction pivots around the first cal point. The slope can be set using the second point calibration or entered directly. If the gauge is standardized on water or on process, the standardization serves as the first calibration point. Table QS 1. Data Primary measurement Density units Pipe inside diameter Mea #1 reading for ma output Mea #1 reading for ma output Position of decimal in readout Cal density point CAL/STD ratio STD value from latest cycle STD value in use Density slope Carrier gravity Solids gravity Atten. coef of carrier Atten. coef of solids Internal value of sensor signal Direct Entry Code xiv DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

17 Chapter 1 Product Overview Introduction The Thermo Scientific DensityPRO C is designed to provide reliable, accurate process material density measurements for a wide variety of challenging applications. The instrument is mounted outside of the process vessel and never contacts the process material. It can also measure the density of almost any liquid, slurry (solid material in a carrier fluid), emulsion (two different fluids), or solution (a solute material dissolved in a solvent fluid). After the gauge calculates the process material density, it can convert the measurement into a number of forms. For slurries, the gauge can provide measurements based on the ratio of solid to carrier. Similar measurements can be made for emulsions and solutions. By inputting flow data, the gauge can generate mass flow measurements. It can also accept a 4 20 ma current output from a magnetic flow sensor. For applications that require temperature compensation, the gauge accepts a temperature input to compensate the density measurement for changes in process temperature. The gauge consists of the source head, which contains the radioisotope source, and the detector-transmitter, which contains the scintillator detector and electronics. The radioisotope source emits gamma radiation that passes through the process material. The detector measures the energy of the radiation arriving at the detector after passing through the process material (and vessel walls). The gauge determines the density of the process material by measuring the amount of radiation arriving at the detector, which varies with the density of the process material. Figure 1 1. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 1-1

18 Product Overview Function Function Source A Cesium (Cs-137) radioisotope source is used for most applications, and a Cobalt (Co-60) source is available for applications requiring a higher energy source. The radioisotope is bound in ceramic pellets and doubly encapsulated in a pair of sealed stainless steel containers. The resulting source capsule is highly resistant to vibration and mechanical shock. The source capsule is further enclosed in the source head, a lead-filled, welded steel housing. A shaped opening in the lead shielding directs the gamma radiation beam through the process material towards the detector. Outside of the beam path, the energy escaping the source head is very low and well within prescribed limits. Closing the source shutter allows the beam to be turned off (the shutter blocks the radiation) during installation or servicing of the gauge. All source housings meet or exceed the safety requirements of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and Agreement State regulations. Refer to the gamma radiation safety guide (P/N ). Detector- Transmitter The gauge uses a scintillator-type detector to measure the radiation reaching the detector from the source. The detector consists of a special plastic scintillator material and a photomultiplier tube with the associated electronics. When radiation strikes the plastic scintillator material, small flashes of light are emitted. As the density of the process material increases, more gamma radiation is absorbed by the process material and fewer light pulses are generated by the scintillator material. The photomultiplier tube and associated detector electronics convert the light pulses into electrical pulses that are processed to determine the process material density and related measurement values. Communications & Measurement Display Communication with the gauge is via the RS485 serial port from the Thermo Scientific Handheld Terminal (HHT), a PC running terminal emulation software, or a standard ANSI or VT-100 terminal. Once the gauge is set up, the primary measurement (density) can be viewed on the external display and on the remote terminal or HHT. 1-2 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

19 Product Overview Features Inputs & Outputs Table 1 2. Type Characteristics Comments Input power Current output Serial communications 115 Vac, 50/60 Hz, 12 VA or 230 Vac, 50/60 Hz, 12 VA ma dc (adjustable range) Isolated, self-powered, 750 ohm maximum load RS485: One terminal block and one RJ11 jack The power supply is factory configured for either 115 Vac or 230 Vac, not both Default range is 4 20 ma Half-duplex communication to PC or HHT Flow input 4 20 ma current input Current output from a flow sensor can be input to the gauge, which the input to compute mass flow readouts Temperature compensation Optional temperature compensation board: 100-ohm RTD sensor Temperature compensation board/sensor allows the gauge to compensate the density measurement for temperature effects Features Dynamic Menu System The setup menus enable you to quickly configure the gauge by requiring you to enter all of the basic parameters. Additional menu groups contain fields in which you can enter specialized parameters and commands, allowing you to customize the gauge for a wide variety of applications. Instantaneous Response Thermo Fisher s Dynamic Process Tracking (DPT) ensures there is no lag time in the system response to significant changes in process density. When changes occur, the DPT feature reduces the normal averaging time constant by a factor of eight, ensuring a rapid, smooth output response. When the process stabilizes, a longer time constant is applied to reduce the fluctuations inherent in radiation-based measurements. In this way, process density changes are immediately reflected in the transmitter output, while the effects of statistical variations in the radiation measurement are greatly reduced. Multiple Readouts Select up to eight measurement values for display: density, bulk density, solids concentration, carrier concentration, ratio of solids to carrier, bulk mass flow, bulk volume flow, and the rate of change of any of these measurements. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 1-3

20 Product Overview Additional Documents Extensive Alarms You can set up a maximum of eight process alarms in addition to system fault alarms and warning alarms. Totalizers & Batch Control You can set up a maximum of four independent totalizers to count elapsed time or cumulative mass/volume when a flow input signal is provided and a mass/volume flow measurement is defined. Output Signals Additional Documents You can assign any measurement to the 4 20 ma current output, or you can send the measurement values to a remote terminal or host computer as serial data. In addition to this guide, the following documents must be read and understood by all persons installing, using, or maintaining this equipment: DensityPRO C installation guide (P/N ) Gamma Radiation Safety (P/N ) 1-4 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

21 Chapter 2 User Interface Start-Up Entering Data Connect the serial port on a PC (COM1 or COM2) to the instrument s RS485 serial port using a RS485/RS232 adapter. This connection enables you to communicate with the gauge from a PC running terminal emulation software. The table below provides descriptions of the keys used to operate the gauge. Table 2 1. Key Right arrow Up arrow Left arrow Down arrow Period Number keys Action Enter the setup menus and step through the top-level menu headings. Also use to scroll through the list of menu options. Returns you to the previous menu item or allows you to scroll through menu items in the reverse direction. Returns you to the previous option. Press to select an option and continue to the next menu item. Press to enter a decimal. Press twice to enter the decimal in scientific notation. If you are entering data from a terminal keyboard, you can type E or e before entering the exponent value rather than pressing the decimal key twice. Use to enter data values. The Setup Menus The setup menus provide you with a step-by-step procedure for entering the data required for gauge operation. In each menu item, data values that can be entered or changed are flashing. When accessing the setup menus, the display times out and returns to the measurement display if no entries are made for five minutes. Changes or entries you made up to that point are saved and used by the gauge. Continue with the setup by using the arrow keys to return to the menu most recently accessed. To exit, press EXIT SETUP on the HHT or x on the terminal keyboard. This saves any changes you made and returns you to the measurement display. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 2-1

22 User Interface Direct Entry Direct Entry The direct entry method allows you to bypass the menu structure and directly access a specific menu item. Note that most menu items display a slightly different message when accessed directly. In order to use the direct entry method, you must know the direct entry code (keypad code). Data entry codes have six-digit entry codes, and commands have one-digit, twodigit, or three-digit entry codes. To find the direct entry code for a particular menu item: 1. Scroll to the desired menu item. 2. If the menu item is NOT for a floating point number entry (an entry containing a decimal point), press the period key to display the direct entry code information screen. If the menu item IS for a floating point entry, press the period key followed by the up arrow to display the direct entry code information screen. Note Use the direct entry method with caution. When entering or changing a parameter value for one menu item, you may also need to enter or modify the value of other menu items. Locating Direct Entry Codes Following is an example of how to locate a direct entry code for a menu item that is not for a floating point number entry. At the Sensor Uses screen, press the period. The following screen displays the keyboard code Enter this number to access this menu item using the direct entry method. Press the down arrow to return to the previous screen. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

23 User Interface The Measurement Display Following is an example of how to locate a direct entry code for a menu item that is for a floating point number entry. At the Pipe Inside Diameter screen, press the period followed by the up arrow. The following screen displays the keyboard code Press the down arrow to return to the previous screen. Figure 2 2. Using the Direct Entry Method Following is an example of how to use the direct entry code to access the Pipe ID screen directly. 1. From the measurement display, press EXIT SETUP on the keypad or x on a remote terminal keyboard. 2. Enter the direct entry code (048003) in the screen that follows. Figure Press the down arrow. 4. The Pipe ID screen is displayed. Press EXIT SETUP key to retain the value or change it if necessary. The Measurement Display When you have completed setting up the gauge, the measurement display shows the primary (density or density related) measurement along with any additional measurements that you defined in the setup. The measurement display is shown continuously, except when the setup menus are being accessed. The displayed measurement values are updated approximately once every two seconds. All measurements are updated even when they are not being displayed. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 2-3

24 User Interface The Measurement Display By default, the fourth line displays the For Setup message or alarm/warning messages when they occur. The measurement display can display up to six measurements by alternating between showing measurements 1 3 and measurements 4 6. You can also set up the display to show up to eight measurements by disabling the For Setup message. Figure 2 4. Example density measurement 2-4 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

25 Chapter 3 Basic Configuration Overview Figure 3 1. The first time you apply power to the gauge, the message shown in Figure 3 1 should display. If the message does not appear, the gauge has been at least partially set up. If you are unsure about what settings have been entered or if the gauge has been moved to a new location, we recommend that you reset the gauge to the factory defaults and then set up the gauge. Use command 82 to clear all entries except for the communication settings. Use command 74 to reset all entries, including the communication settings, to the factory defaults. The measurement display appears. Press the right arrow to move to the Set up Density & Flow menu (Figure 3 2). Figure 3 2. Set up Density 1. At the Set up Density & Flow menu, press the down arrow to begin setting up the gauge. 2. At the next menu item, press the down arrow to access the remaining density menu items. Press the left arrow to exit the setup menu. Figure 3 3. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 3-1

26 Basic Configuration Set up Density Note Help screens (Figure 3 4) can assist you with the setup process. Press the right arrow to access the screens or the down arrow to proceed to the next menu item. Figure Specify the source head model. The gauge tunes responses using a geometry factor associated with the selected head model. Scroll through the source head models by pressing the right arrow repeatedly. Press the down arrow to continue. Figure 3 5. If your gauge head type is not listed, select user s geometry factor. An additional item is displayed that allows you to enter a custom geometry factor. Contact the factory for assistance with determining the correct geometry factor for your gauge head type. The default geometry factor is Select the material type that best matches your process material. Figure 3 6. Note If you want to measure the overall density of the process material only, you can select single-phase regardless of the material s makeup. 3-2 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

27 Basic Configuration Set up Density Note The basic setup does not include gamma ray attenuation coefficients. The default settings are usually adequate; however, you should change attenuation coefficients in certain situations or if your source is not Cs-137. Refer to Appendix D. 5. After you select the material type, additional menu items are displayed that allow you to enter the required specific gravity values for that material type. If you select slurry, enter the carrier gravity (specific gravity of the carrier liquid) in g/cc. The default value is , the correct value for water at 20 C (68 F). Enter the solids gravity (the dry solid density of suspended solids) in g/cc. The default value is 3.0 g/cc. If you select solution, enter the solvent gravity (the specific gravity of the solvent liquid) in g/cc. The default value is , the correct value for water at 20 C (68 F). At the next screen, enter the solution characterization (the setting that relates the solution s density to its concentration) using a polynomial formula. You can select one of several aqueous solutions for which the gauge has built-in polynomials. Each built-in solution is listed with the concentration range over which the setting can be used. For example, if you select D-Fructose 0-60%, the gauge can measure fructose concentrations up to 60% in water. If the correct solution is not listed, refer to Appendix C for information about entering a user-defined solution characterization polynomial or break point table. Select single-phase when it is unnecessary or impossible to describe the process material as slurry, emulsion, or solution. For example, foam plastic, a mixture of plastic and gas, might be measured as a single-phase material if the gas in the mixture only varies the material s density and has little effect on the measurement. For an emulsion, the Fluid_1 Gravity is the specific gravity of the carrier liquid in g/cc. The default value is , the correct value for water at 20 C (68 F). The Fluid_2 Gravity is the specific gravity of the suspended liquid in g/cc. The default value is 3.0 g/cc. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 3-3

28 Basic Configuration Set up Density 6. Material density varies with temperature. In many applications, this variation is insignificant. However, for certain materials, temperature compensation is required to provide accurate density measurements as the process temperature changes. For example, temperature compensation may be required for solutions or emulsions (and in some cases, for slurries) if the solids gravity is less than 2.0. In these cases, this menu item is displayed. Because the Process Temperature Compensation Setup menu item can always be accessed from the Gauge Fine Tuning menu (Chapter 6), specific instructions on setting up temperature compensation are provided in that section. Figure 3 7. Note To use temperature compensation, specify material densities that are correct at a reference temperature outside the expected process temperature range. The default reference temperature is 20 C (68 F). 7. By default, the primary measurement is displayed as readout #1 and is assigned to the current output signal. The primary measurement cannot involve mass or flow; these must be assigned as additional measurements (Chapter 5). Available primary measurement types are provided in the table below. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

29 Basic Configuration Set up Density Table 3 1. Measurement Type Density Bulk density Solids content/vol Carrier content/vol Solids/carrier Percent by weight solids/carrier Percent by volume solids/carrier Solute content/vol Solvent content/vol Solute/solvent Percent by weight solvent/solute Percent by volume solvent/solute Fluid_2 content/vol Fluid_1 content/vol Fluid_2/Fluid_1 Percent by weight Fluid_2/Fluid_1 Percent by volume Fluid_2/Fluid_1 Description The ratio of mass to volume. For example, a material has a density of 500 g/l if 1 L of the material weighs 500 g on a balance scale. If you selected a solution or single-phase material type and have set up temperature compensation, the density value is compensated for temperature. The value displayed is the density as it would be at the reference temperature. In this situation, you could select bulk density to measure and display the uncompensated density of the material at the process temperature. For slurry material types. The concentration, or mass, of solids suspended in a volume of slurry. For example, if 1 L of slurry contains 270 g of suspended solids, the slurry has a solids concentration of 270 g/l. For slurry material types. The concentration, or mass, of carrier in a volume of slurry. If 1 L of slurry contains 910 g of carrier liquid, the slurry has a carrier concentration of 910 g/l. For slurry material types. The ratio of suspended solids mass to the volume of the carrier liquid. For example, if 2 lb. of solids are mixed with every 1 gal. of carrier liquid, the slurry has a solids/carrier ratio of 2 lb./gal. Note that in some applications, this measurement is called pounds of sand added because it measures the mass of solids added to a volume of carrier. For slurry material types. The percentage of a component that makes up the process material s mass. For example, the slurry is 30% by weight solids if 1 kg of material contains 300 g of suspended solids. For slurry material types. The percentage of a component that makes up the process material s volume. If 1 L of material contains 800 ml of liquid carrier, the slurry is 80% by volume liquid and 20% by volume solids. For solution material types. The concentration, or mass, of solute dissolved in a volume of solution (similar to the solids content/vol selection for slurries). For solution material types. The concentration, or mass, of solvent in a volume of solution (similar to the carrier content/vol selection for slurries). For solution material types. This measurement is similar to the solids/carrier measurement for slurries. For solution material types. This measurement is similar to the percent by weight solids/carrier measurement for slurries. For solution material types. This measurement is similar to the percent by volume solids/carrier measurement for slurries. For emulsion material types. The concentration, or mass, of fluid_2 suspended in a volume of emulsion (similar to the solids content/vol selection for slurries). For emulsion material types. The concentration, or mass, of fluid_1 suspended in a volume of emulsion (similar to the carrier content/vol selection for slurries). For emulsion material types. This measurement is similar to the solids/ carrier measurement for slurries. For emulsion material types. This measurement is similar to the percent by weight solids/carrier measurement for slurries. For emulsion material types. This measurement is similar to the percent by volume solids/carrier measurement for slurries. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 3-5

30 Basic Configuration Set up Density 8. Access the Display Units menu item to change the type of units that is displayed. The default is All (display English and metric units). Figure Select the primary measurement units. Figure The units available for the primary measurement display are listed in the table below. Table 3 2. Displayed Unit g/ml lb/us gal lb/uk gal lb/cu ft ston/cu yd lb/cu yd lton/cu yd g/l oz/cu in lb/cu in g/cu in deg API deg Be (L) deg Be (H) deg Tw Comment gram/milliliter pound/gallon (U.S. liquid) pound/gallon (UK or imperial gal.) pound/cubic foot short ton (2000 pounds)/cubic yard pound/cubic yard long ton (2240 pounds)/cubic yard gram/liter ounce/cubic inch pound/cubic inch gram/cubic inch degree American Petroleum Institute degree Baumé, light scale degree Baumé, heavy scale degree Twaddle 3-6 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

31 Basic Configuration Set up Density 10. Specify the unit applied to the pipe inside diameter. Figure Enter the pipe inside diameter in the unit selected in step 9. Note that if the gauge head installation uses a Z pipe mount, you should select Z pipe in the Sensor Uses menu item (step 3). Figure By default, the 4 20 ma current output is assigned to the primary or density measurement (measurement #1). These menu items prompt you to specify the measurement values that correspond to the maximum and minimum current output values. Note that the range for the primary measurement value specified for the current output does not affect the range of the measurement values that are displayed. Figure Note The operational range for current output can be set anywhere within the ma range. The default range is 4 20 ma. The Fault Low and Fault High current output levels are 3.6 ma or lower and 20.8 ma or higher, respectively. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 3-7

32 Basic Configuration Set up Process Alarms 13. The Display Scale menu items are enabled if you specify a value greater than 9999 for the maximum current output. Display scaling allows values ranging from 0 to to be scaled by a factor of 100 to a range of 0 to This prevents the displayed values from exceeding the limits of the four-digit numerical display. Because these menu items can always be accessed from the Set up Additional Measurements menu (Chapter 5), specific instructions on setting up this function are addressed in that section. Figure Set the decimal position for the primary measurement readout. The decimal position only affects how the measurement value is displayed. It has no effect on the precision of the internal value of the measurement computed by the gauge. Figure Set up Process Alarms The Set up Alarm menus allow you to assign and set up a process alarm for the primary measurement. You can set up to eight process alarms. We recommend keeping a written record of the setup (assigned measurement, set point, clear point, etc.) for each alarm. Figure By default, all process alarms are assigned to measurement #1. After you set up additional measurements (Chapter 5), you can assign process alarms to these measurements also. 3-8 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

33 Basic Configuration Set up Process Alarms 1. If you have more than one measurement set up, you must first assign an alarm to the measurement (Chapter 7). 2. From the Set up Alarm menu, press the right arrow to access the menu items. 3. Enter a set point, the measurement value at which the alarm activates. Figure Enter the clear point value, the measurement value at which the alarm clears. This value determines whether the alarm is a low limit or high limit alarm. A low limit alarm is an alarm for which the set point value is less than the clear point value. In this case, the alarm activates if the measurement value falls below the set point value and remains active until the measurement value is greater than the clear point value. Conversely, you can set up a high limit alarm, which is an alarm for which the set point value is greater than the clear point value. In this case, the alarm activates if the measurement value becomes greater than the set point value and remains active until the measurement value falls below the clear point value. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 3-9

34 Basic Configuration Set up Process Alarms 5. Specify the action used to indicate when the alarm is activated. The default is to do nothing. Press the right arrow repeatedly to scroll through the following options: Output 1 to Fault Low: Hold current output at fault low (approximately 3 ma). Output 1 to Fault High: Hold current output at fault high (approximately 21 ma). #1 act on ALM action: Execute a command pair assigned as the #1 action when the alarm activates/clears. This option is only displayed if an alarm action is assigned ( Assign Actions to Fault, Warning, and Mode Alarms in Chapter 7). Figure Set up another alarm by pressing the right arrow, or continue to the next section by pressing the down arrow. Figure Note Although additional menu items are located within the Set up Density menu, you have completed basic configuration of the gauge DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

35 Basic Configuration Set up Flow Input Set up Flow Input The gauge can accept a 4 20 ma current input signal from an external flowmeter. This submenu prompts you to enter the parameters required to set up the flow inputs and the units for volume and mass flow measurements. These parameters must be set up before flow-related measurements are available. This item is also available within the Gauge Fine Tuning menu chain. Refer to Chapter 6 for specific instructions on configuring these parameters. Standardization Description Figure The standardization measurement provides the gauge with a standard configuration reference point. During the standardization cycle, the gauge averages the detector signal. The default cycle time lasts about 17 minutes. This averaged detector signal provides a repeatable measurement of the signal produced in the standard configuration. Once the standardization measurement is completed, it can be repeated later to compensate for any changes, such as increased attenuation due to process material buildup on the pipe walls. The gauge can then adjust the calibration values based on the new standardization value. The calibration values are adjusted automatically whenever a new standardization is performed. Thus, it is not necessary to repeat the calibration measurements. The Sensor Head Standardization menu provides additional menu items that allow you to adjust the length of the standardization cycle and how the standardization value is compensated to account for the reduced source level due to radioactive decay. Detailed instructions are provided in Chapter 6. Using as a Default Calibration Value By default, the gauge uses carrier gravity as the calibration (CAL) point. For some applications, this default CAL point may provide adequate measurement accuracy without performing any additional calibration measurements. For example, if the standardization is performed on a pipe full of clean carry (for a slurry material type) and solids concentration is selected as the primary measurement, the measurement readout should be reasonably accurate. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 3-11

36 Basic Configuration Standardization Deferring Standardization Although we recommend performing the standardization measurement after setting up the gauge, you may defer the process if it is not convenient or possible to empty or fill the pipe with reference fluid to perform the measurement. In this case, you can proceed directly to the calibration procedure (Chapter 4). The gauge uses a dummy standard value for its calculations until the standardization measurement is performed. It is recommended that you set up a standard configuration and perform standardization as soon as possible and then update the standardization measurement when needed. This is generally much easier than having to repeat the calibration measurement(s) when changing conditions affect the measurement. Calibration Calibration procedures are discussed in Chapter DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

37 Chapter 4 Calibration Procedures Overview When the gauge requires calibration, a one-point calibration measurement is adequate for many applications. The calibration measurement should be performed on actual process material with a density near the nominal process density expected during normal operation. In general, it is necessary to take samples of the process material to determine the process density at the time of the calibration measurement. A one-point calibration provides a reference measurement at one density in the range of interest. The gauge is able to measure other density values by calculating the change in density corresponding to the change in the detector signal using information about the source head (geometry factor), the pipe dimension, and the process material. If greater measurement accuracy is required, a two-point calibration measurement can be performed. The second calibration measurement applies a slope correction factor to the calculation that is used by the gauge to convert the detector signal to the material density. When using a twopoint calibration, perform the first-point calibration on process material with a density near one end (high or low) of the operational density range. Perform the second calibration measurement on process material with a density near the opposite end of the range. Note If temperature compensation is active when you calibrate on a solution or single-phase material, determine the density of the process sample(s) at the reference temperature. Note The calibration density value must be entered in terms of the measurement type and units selected for the primary measurement. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 4-1

38 Calibration Procedures One-Point Calibration Access the calibration menu chain via the Set up Density menu (Chapter 2) or the Density Gauge Calibration menu (Chapter 6). Figure 4 1. One-Point Calibration The calibration measurement replaces any previous CAL point 1. The accuracy of the gauge s density measurement depends on how accurately you can determine the actual density of the process material. Note We recommend performing the standardization measurement prior to performing the calibration measurement if possible. 1. Fill the pipe with process material at a density in the range of interest. Keep the process density as stable as possible during the calibration measurement, and be prepared to take samples of the material during the calibration cycle. 2. Leave CAL point 1 as is to perform a one-point calibration. Figure Specify the number of time constant periods used for the calibration measurement: CAL cycle time = N x time constant. The default value for N is 8. The default value for the time constant is 128 seconds, and the calibration cycle time is approximately 17 minutes. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

39 Calibration Procedures One-Point Calibration If you shorten the CAL cycle time, the precision of the calibration measurement is reduced, which can result in reduced measurement accuracy. Setting the CAL cycle to less than two time constants causes the cycle to abort automatically. 4. Enter a nonzero value as the CAL density to enable the remainder of the calibration menu items. If you do not know the exact density value, enter an approximate value. You can enter the actual density value later. The value entered for this menu item must be in terms of the measurement type and units you selected for the primary measurement. Figure Press the right arrow to begin the calibration measurement. By default, the calibration cycle lasts about 17 minutes. After starting the calibration measurement, a menu item is displayed that allows you to abort the calibration measurement, continue with the setup menus, or return to the measurement display where a countdown timer displays the time remaining in the calibration measurement. During the cycle, take several samples of the process material, and determine the average of the sample densities. Figure 4 5. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 4-3

40 Calibration Procedures Two-Point Calibration 6. The Attenuation Coefficient of Carrier item is only displayed for the one-point calibration. The gauge uses an assumed attenuation coefficient to calculate the density value from the detector signal. You can use this value to improve the measurement accuracy. Figure The Attenuation Coefficient of Solids item displays the attenuation coefficient for the other component of the process material. Figure 4 7. Two-Point Calibration The reference measurement provided by a one-point calibration allows the gauge to compute based on the change in the detector signal using information about the source head (geometry factor), the pipe dimension, and the process material. For the best possible accuracy, perform a second calibration measurement at another density in the range of interest. Calibrating at another density enables the gauge to take accurate measurements over the entire range of interest. The CAL point 2 measurement and density values are used to calculate a slope correction. Refer to Density Slope Correction Factor (later in this chapter) for more on the gauge response curve. The gauge uses this slope correction and the CAL 1 measurement to compute the final density value. The process densities for a two-point calibration should be selected at opposite ends (maximum and minimum) of the density range of interest. If the difference between the process densities at the calibration points is too small, the measurement accuracy can actually be degraded by the second CAL measurement rather than improved. 4-4 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

41 Calibration Procedures Process Temperature Learned The procedure for the two-point calibration is essentially the same as for a one-point calibration: 1. Prepare to calibrate and take samples as described for the one-point calibration, but fill the pipe with process material of a different density. It can be either more or less dense than the density used for CAL point 1, but make it as different as is practical within the range of interest. 2. Start the calibration cycle and take samples exactly as you did for CAL point When the cycle is finished, return to the calibration menu, if necessary, and step down to the CAL Point 2 menu item. Enter the actual density of the samples you took. Process Temperature Learned If you have set up temperature compensation, this menu item displays the process temperature that was measured during the most recent calibration cycle. This value is displayed until you execute the Use Latest CAL Value command. At this point, the gauge begins using the value for either the first or second CAL point. 1. CAL #1 temperature: If you have set up temperature compensation, this menu item displays the process temperature that is used for the first calibration point. 2. CAL #2 temperature: If you have set up temperature compensation and have performed a two-point calibration, this menu item displays the process temperature that is used for the second calibration point. Attenuation Coefficients In order for the gauge to calculate the density based on the detector signal, it must assume a value for the attenuation coefficient for each component of the process material (carrier and solids for slurries, solvent and solute for solutions, etc.). The attenuation coefficient is a measure of how well a material blocks gamma rays. For typical slurries using a Cs-137 source, the default coefficients of for the carrier (water) and for solids (good for many minerals) generally provide good results. If you are using a Co-60 source, you should change the coefficients to for the carrier (water) and for solids (minerals). Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 4-5

42 Calibration Procedures Density Slope Correction Factor You may need to fine tune the gauge by entering coefficients specific to your process material. In particular, you may need to adjust the attenuation coefficients if any of the conditions listed below are true for your application: Only a very narrow range of density values are of interest The carrier is not water The process material contains a significant amount of hydrogen The process material contains a significant amount of elements with an atomic number greater than 56 (atomic number of Barium) Appendix D lists the attenuation coefficients for the individual elements and describes how to determine the attenuation coefficient for a process component from the attenuation coefficients of the individual elements. Contact Thermo Fisher if you need assistance determining the correct attenuation coefficient for your process material. Density Slope Correction Factor This menu item displays the density slope correction factor. The value is normally computed based on the value for CAL density point 2 and the CAL 2 calibration measurement. In some cases, it may be useful to adjust this value manually to match the gauge s output to a sample density rather than perform a two-point calibration measurement. Figure 4 8. Note If the CAL 1 density value is not accurate, adjusting this factor to match the gauge s output to a second sample density may actually degrade the overall measurement accuracy. 4-6 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

43 Chapter 5 Set up Additional Measurements The primary measurement (measurement 1) is set up using the Set up Density menu as detailed earlier in this guide. Up to seven additional measurements can be defined using the Set up Additional Measurements menu group. The first time you access this menu, the Assign & Set up Measurement 2 menu appears. Measurement 1 is assigned to the primary measurement by default. After setting up each additional measurement, you are prompted to assign and set up the next measurement. Figure 5 1. Note It is good practice to make a list of all the measurements you set up for future reference. 1. Press the right arrow repeatedly to scroll through the available options. Press the down arrow to accept the currently displayed measurement type and continue to the next menu item. Figure 5 2. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 5-1

44 Set up Additional Measurements Set up Alarms In addition to the usual density related measurements, you can select among the measurements listed below: Any material type: bulk mass flow, bulk volume flow, velocity ft./sec., velocity m/sec., temperature ( C)*, temperature ( F)* *Temperature readouts are available only if you have selected a temperature input in the Process Temperature Compensation Setup menu. Slurry material type: solids mass flow, carrier mass flow, solids volume flow, carrier volume flow, bulk solids flow Solution material type: solute mass flow, solvent mass flow, solute volume flow, solvent volume flow, bulk solute flow Single-phase material type: Fluid_2 mass flow, Fluid_1 mass flow, Fluid_2 volume flow, Fluid_1 volume flow, bulk solute flow 2. Select the units for the measurement type. Figure 5 3. Set up Alarms Once you have set up additional measurements, you can assign alarms to them. By default, all alarms are assigned to the primary measurement. Refer to Fault Alarm Setup and Process Alarm Assignment in Chapter 7 for instructions on how to assign alarms to the additional measurements. You can then set up the alarms for the additional measurements the same way you set up alarms for the primary measurement ( Set up Process Alarms in Chapter 3). Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

45 Set up Additional Measurements Enable/Disable the Display Enable/Disable the Display Access this menu item to select whether to display the measurement value. If you choose not to display the measurement value, you can still use the measurement to drive alarms or the current output. Figure 5 5. Display Scales Measurement readout values are displayed using four numeric digits and a decimal point. The menu items described in this section allow you to scale the displayed readout values. The display scaling menu items are enabled when a value greater than 9999 is entered for the highest expected reading menu item. For example, if you set up a flow measurement and expect readings in the range of to gal./day, you can scale the readout by a factor of 1000 so that the range of the flow readout is to Display scaling does not change the units displayed for the readout. If the measurement is assigned to drive the current output, the Reading for ma Output and Reading for ma Output menu items (Figure 3 15) are displayed instead of the Highest Expected Reading and Lowest Expected Reading menu items. For display scaling purposes, these menu items are equivalent. Display scaling only affects the displayed readout value, not the actual measurement value computed by the gauge. The actual values (not scaled) are used for any alarms you assign to this measurement. Figure 5 6. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 5-3

46 Set up Additional Measurements Display Scales 1. If you expect the maximum measurement readout to exceed four digits (value greater than 9999), enter an estimate of the maximum measurement value in the Highest Expected Reading item. If you set a highest expected reading value of or greater (more than four digits), three additional menu items are displayed that allow you to set up display scaling so the gauge s display is meaningful throughout the expected range. The value for the highest expected reading is not critical; pick a convenient number with the correct order of magnitude. If the actual measurement exceeds the range you expect, the readout still displays the correct, scaled measurement value as long as the scaled value can be displayed in four digits. In the example where gal./day is scaled by a factor of 1000 to read on the display, if the gauge measures gal./day, the displayed value is Any value up to can be displayed correctly (divided by 1000 and displayed as 99.99). 2. The Lowest Expected Reading item is displayed if you set a highest expected reading value greater than 9999 for a measurement. To scale the displayed value by a constant factor (displayed value = actual value/10), leave this parameter and the Scale to Low End Readout menu item (Figure 5 8) set to zero. If you scale both the highest expected and the lowest expected readings, the gauge performs an interpolation to scale the actual measured value from the range specified by the highest and lowest expected readings to the range specified by the scale high end and low end readout values. 3. The Scale to High End Readout item is displayed if you set a highest expected reading value greater than 9999 for a measurement. Enter the desired readout value to be displayed for the highest expected reading. For example, to scale a highest expected reading value of to a display value of 40.00, enter for the high end readout value. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

47 Set up Additional Measurements Custom Messages 4. The Scale to Low End Readout item is displayed if you set a highest expected reading value greater than 9999 for a measurement. Enter the desired readout value to be displayed for the lowest expected reading. To scale the displayed value by a constant factor (displayed value = actual value/1000), leave this parameter and the lowest expected reading parameter set to zero. If you scale both the highest expected reading and the lowest expected reading, the gauge performs an interpolation to scale the actual measured value from the range specified by the highest and lowest expected readings to the range specified by the scale high end and low end readout values. Figure 5 8. Custom Messages The Custom Units Messages item is displayed if you set a highest expected reading value greater than By default, the original units are displayed for the scaled value on the measurement display. This menu item allows you to set up a user-defined units message up to ten characters long. If the flow measurement with units of gal./day is scaled by a factor of 1000, the displayed value has units of Kgal./day. In this case, you can set up a custom units message to read kgal/d. Up to eight custom messages with a can be defined using any combination of ASCII characters. These menu items can be accessed via the Special Functions menu (Chapter 9). Figure 5 9. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 5-5

48 Set up Additional Measurements Set the Decimal Set the Decimal Press the right and left arrows to position the decimal point in the value displayed for the measurement readout. Figure Note You have completed setting up this additional measurement. Press the down arrow to continue to the final setup screen (Figure 5 11). From this screen, press the left arrow to exit the additional measurement setup menus or the down arrow to set up another measurement. Follow the same procedures to set up additional measurements. Figure Rate Measurements The rate measurement computes the time rate of change for the selected measurement. 1. Select the measurement for which you want to compute the rate of change. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

49 Set up Additional Measurements Rate Measurements 2. Set a threshold for the minimum change required before a rate value is computed. Once a rate value is computed (the change in the measurement exceeds the threshold), a new rate is computed when the threshold is again exceeded or when the change in the measurement should have exceeded the threshold based on the last computed rate estimate. This allows the estimated rate to settle back towards zero if the change in the process measurement stops. Figure Set the degree of smoothing applied to reduce fluctuations in the rate measurement using exponential averaging. A factor of 1.0 corresponds to no smoothing (estimated rate equals the last computed rate). Use a smaller rate smoothing factor if the measurement tends to fluctuate rapidly, resulting in noisy rate readouts. The minimum factor is 0.01 and corresponds to the greatest amount of smoothing. Figure Select the time interval associated with the rate measurement. For example, you can measure the change in density per second, per minute, etc. Select one of the following time intervals: s (seconds), m (minutes), h (hours), or d (days). Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 5-7

50 Set up Additional Measurements Special Measurements & Equations Special Measurements & Equations If you select the special measurement type, you are prompted to enter the four-digit code for the measurement. These special measurements are typically used for diagnostic purposes and are only available if Service Only items are enabled ( Special Functions in Chapter 9 or User Service & Related Items in Chapter 10). There are three special measurement codes with three digits each that invoke the special equations function. The special equations allow the value from the flow measurement (based on the 4 20 ma flow input) to be combined with a function of the density measurement from the gauge, f(density), to create a new measurement value. The special equations have the following form: Value = M 1 /M 2, where M 1 = A 1 * f(density) + B 1 * Flow + C 1 * f(density) * Flow + D 1 M 2 = A 2 * f(density) + B 2 * Flow + C 2 * f(density) * Flow + D 2 A 1, B 1, C 1, D 1, A 2, B 2, C 2, and D 2 = user-defined constants The values for density and flow measurements are converted from the userdefined units to CGS units (centimeter, gram, second) before being used in the special equations. The default values for the user-defined coefficients are all zero, except D 2 = 1 so that the denominator value (M 2 ) is not zero. The function of density, f(density), depends on the special measurement code: 147: f(density) = density 148: f(density) = sqrt(density) 149: f(density) = (density) DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

51 Chapter 6 Gauge Fine Tuning After completing the basic setup, you can use the Gauge Fine Tuning menus to modify the gauge s time constant or to perform additional standardization or calibration cycles. Figure 6 1. Time Constant Setup 1. The Time Constant Setup menu item lets you modify the gauge time constant and related items. Press the right arrow to access the menu items. Figure A certain amount of noise or fluctuation is inherent in any radiationbased measurement. The effectiveness of the gauge s filtering to reduce the effect of statistical variations in the radiation measurement depends on the primary time constant. Increase the density signal time constant to improve the measurement stability at the expense of increasing the response time of the gauge to process changes. The larger the time constant, the less variability (due to randomness inherent in counting radiation events) in the measurement. Decrease the time constant to improve the gauge s response at the expense of increased measurement fluctuations. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 6-1

52 Gauge Fine Tuning Time Constant Setup The default setting for the time constant is 128 seconds. The time constant also determines the cycle time for standardization and calibration. Figure Dynamic Tracking can also be accessed via the Special Functions menu (Chapter 9). Do not disable dynamic tracking during normal operation. Figure The Source Half Life item is only displayed if the Service Only items are enabled ( Special Functions in Chapter 9 or User Service & Related Items in Chapter 10). The gauge uses this value to adjust the standardization value for source decay. The default value, 30.0 years, corresponds to the half-life for Cs-137 (30.17 years). The half-life for Co-60 is 5.27 years. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

53 Gauge Fine Tuning Time Constant Setup 5. The default alternate time constant is 8 seconds. This value is typically set to a much shorter time than the primary time constant. During periods when the process is known to be changing, switching from the primary time constant to the shorter, alternate time constant makes measurements more responsive but less stable. Switch to the longer time constant when the process has again stabilized to increase the measurement stability. Figure 6 6. Do not confuse the alternate time constant with the built-in Dynamic Process Tracking (DPT). The DPT time constant is automatically used when a sudden change in the process is detected. The DPT time constant is a factor of eight smaller (faster) than the time constant in use, whether it is the primary or alternate time constant. 6. The alternate time constant is not used for any gauge function until you enable it, either by pressing the right arrow from this menu item (shown in Figure 6 7) or by entering command 53. The command to switch to the primary constant is 54. Figure 6 7. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 6-3

54 Gauge Fine Tuning Temperature Compensation Setup Temperature Compensation Setup Temperature compensation was introduced in Chapter 3, but as this menu item can always be accessed from the Gauge Fine Tuning menu, a more detailed explanation is provided here. Temperature Input Source Use this menu item to select the source of the temperature input signal. Source options are listed below: Not used: If selected, the remaining temperature compensation menu items are not displayed, and temperature compensation is not performed. 100-ohm American RTD: Select if the optional temperature signal amplifier/temperature sensor (RTD) is installed. Manual entry: Useful if the process temperature only changes seasonally. Via serial port: Enables the process temperature to be input using the RS485 serial port. Specify which serial port to use, the parameter number to interpret as the temperature input, and the unit number of the gauge sending the temperature data. Temperature Compensation Polynomials The gauge uses polynomial equations to compute the change in density of the process material(s) as a function of the change in temperature relative to the reference temperature. You are prompted to define temperature compensation polynomials based on the selected material type. Refer to the following table. Table 6 1. Material Type Polynomial to Define Description Slurry Carrier Specifies density change of the carrier as process temperature changes. Solids Specifies density change of the suspended solids as process temperature changes. Solution Solvent Specifies density change of the solvent as process temperature changes. Solution Specifies density change of the entire solution (solvent and solute combined) as process temperature changes. Single-phase Reference fluid Specifies density change of the reference fluid used for the standard configuration as temperature changes. Product Specifies density change of actual process material as process material changes. 6-4 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

55 Gauge Fine Tuning Temperature Compensation Setup Material Type Polynomial to Define Description Emulsion Fluid_1 Gives the density change of fluid_1 (carrier) as process temperature changes. Fluid_2 Gives density change of fluid_2 (suspended liquid) the process temperature changes. Predefined Temperature Polynomials The gauge includes a predefined temperature compensation polynomial that can be selected for a water-based carrier (slurry), solvent (solution), reference fluid (single-phase), or fluid_1 (emulsion). This polynomial (H 2 O, < 90 C, REF 20) is suitable for water at temperatures less than 90 C (194 F) with a reference temperature of 20 C (68 F). If you select solution as the material type, predefined temperature compensation polynomials are provided for sugar solutions at four different concentrations: 10%, 25%, 50%, or 75%. These polynomials are suitable for the stated concentrations of sugar in water at temperatures below 90 C (194 F) with a reference temperature of 20 C (68 F). For all other cases, a user-defined polynomial must be entered for the temperature compensation polynomial. User-defined polynomials are discussed later in this chapter. Reference Temperature The gauge performs all of its temperature compensation calculations relative to the reference temperature. The default reference temperature is 20 C (68 F). In this manual, the density of a material at the reference temperature is called its reference density. The density values specified in the Set up Density menu are used as the reference densities. For example, the carrier gravity and the solids gravity values are used as the reference density when the material type is slurry. If you use temperature compensation, the material density values you enter must be correct at the reference temperature. For example, the density of water is at a temperature of 20 C. If you change the reference temperature to 4 C, you should change the carrier gravity to The reference temperature must be outside the expected range of process temperatures. For example, if your process temperature varies from 15 C to 50 C, you should select a reference temperature outside that range. Typically, the reference temperature is selected below the temperature range of interest. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 6-5

56 Gauge Fine Tuning Temperature Compensation Setup User-Defined Temperature Polynomials For user-defined temperature compensation polynomials, the gauge prompts you to enter three coefficients (A, B, C). These coefficients specify the relationship between the change in the density of the process material and the change in the process temperature relative to the reference temperature using the following equation: where Δ d 2 3 = A ΔT + B ΔT + C ΔT, Δd = change in density due to change in temperature relative to reference temperature ΔT = difference between process temperature and reference temperature A = slope of the density change (Δd) versus temperature change (ΔT) response curve; if the response is linear over the temperature of interest range, higher order coefficients (B and C) not required B, C = higher order coefficients that can be defined if a linear approximation to the density change (Δd) versus temperature change (ΔT) response curve is not adequate In many cases, a linear approximation to the density change (Δd) versus temperature change (ΔT) response curve is adequate, and it is only necessary to define the A coefficient. The higher order coefficients (B, C) can be set to zero. Finding Coefficients For many processes, it is adequate to measure the density of a sample at two temperatures and find the slope of the density change (coefficient A). If coefficients are required for a second- or third-order temperature compensation polynomial, contact Thermo Fisher for assistance with determining the coefficients. To do so, information about the process material composition is needed. It is likely that density measurements are also required at one or more sample concentrations, both at the reference temperature and at two or three different temperatures within the range of interest. Note If the process material s temperature density response formula is nonlinear (higher order coefficients B and C are not zero), you must calculate new coefficients if you ever change the reference temperature. 6-6 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

57 Gauge Fine Tuning Temperature Compensation Setup If your process material is not prone to settling or separation, such as a solution, you can use the gauge to measure sample densities. Temporarily set the gauge to read out density and temperature with all temperature compensation coefficients set to zero. Stop the process with the pipe full and let the material cool down through the range of interest while you record temperatures and corresponding densities. Also record the density at the reference temperature. Note The polynomial equation is based on the change in the density relative to the reference density and the change in the temperature relative to the reference temperature, not on the measured values of the density and temperature. Using Temperature Compensation during Standardization After you have defined the temperature compensation polynomials, the Use Temperature Compensation on Standardization Cycle menu item is displayed. If you standardize with the pipe full and the temperature is different than the reference temperature, the density during the standardization measurement may be significantly different from the reference density value (e.g., the carrier gravity for slurry) than is assumed to correspond to the standardization. After setting up temperature compensation, you can compensate for this by enabling the menu item. With this setting, the gauge uses the process temperature measured at the end of the standardization cycle and the temperature compensation polynomial to normalize the standardization measurement to what it would have been at the reference temperature. Temperature Offset Correction Installation differences and other factors might cause the gauge temperature readout to be somewhat higher or lower than the actual process material temperature at the gauge head. You can compensate for this by entering a temperature offset correction. For example, if the gauge consistently reads 2 C over the actual process temperature, enter an offset correction of -2 C. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 6-7

58 Gauge Fine Tuning Sensor Head Standardization Sensor Head Standardization Note If you plan to use temperature compensation and if temperature has significant effect on your process, set up temperature compensation before standardizing. To ensure good results, the gauge readings must be stable before performing a standardization measurement. Diagnostic measurements which indicate gauge stability are included on the main screen: VD: The raw radiation counts as seen by the gauge scintillator. CTLSIG: The HV control signal being applied to the scintillator. Should be constant when stable. ERRSIG: The error in the HV control. Should be less than 10 when stable. REF(cps): The high energy radiation count rate observed by the gauge scintillator. The ratio VD/REF should be approximately 6.0 when stable. Access these measurements by using the direct entry method to enter command 72. To perform the standardization measurement, turn on (open) the source shutter. Go to the Start Standardize Cycle menu item. Press the right arrow to begin the cycle. After beginning standardization, a menu item is displayed, allowing you to abort the measurement, continue to the setup menus, or return to the measurement display where a countdown timer shows the time remaining in the standardization measurement. When to Standardize The standardization measurement establishes a reference measurement for a standard (repeatable) process configuration. During the standardization cycle, the gauge averages the detector signal. Once the standardization measurement is completed, it can be repeated at a later time to compensate for any changes in the gauge/process pipe configuration, such as increased attenuation due to process material buildup on the pipe walls. The gauge then uses the new standardization value to adjust the calibration value(s). It is not necessary to repeat the calibration measurements, since the calibration values are stored as a ratio of the calibration-to-standardization measurement values. 6-8 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

59 Gauge Fine Tuning Sensor Head Standardization Whenever the standardization measurement is repeated, the gauge calibration points are adjusted based on the new standardization value. Determining how often standardization should be performed depends largely on your particular process. A consistent error in the density measurement can indicate that the gauge requires standardization. It is generally a good idea to standardize the gauge when one or more of the following conditions occur: Pipe wear caused by corrosive or abrasive materials Buildup of process material in the pipe Cleaning or spontaneous break up of material built up in the pipe Repairs or changes to the pipe or gauge head mount Shifting or realignment of the gauge head mount whether planned or unintentionally (the source and detector must be aligned and securely mounted) Repair or replacement of source or detector parts and wiring Installation or removal of nearby nuclear gauges The gauge s measurement accuracy might seem to be off if there is debris, such as spilled process material, between the source and the pipe. If debris is present, you should remove the debris rather than standardize the gauge. Caution Do not place your hand between the source and the pipe. Use a brush or other tool to remove any accumulated debris. Standardization Menu Items 1. Press the right arrow to access the Sensor Head Standardization items. Figure 6 8. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 6-9

60 Gauge Fine Tuning Sensor Head Standardization 2. The default standardization cycle averages the measured radiation level over eight time constant periods. When using the default time constant (128 seconds), the standardization cycle lasts about 17 minutes (8 x 128). You can change the duration of the standardization cycle by altering the density signal time constant ( Time Constant Setup, earlier in this chapter) or by changing the number of time constant periods used. Specify the number of time constant periods used for the standardization measurement. Figure 6 9. Note The standardization cycle time must be set to at least two time constant periods or the gauge automatically aborts the standardization cycle. 3. The Time Since Last Standardization item displays the amount of time in weeks since the last standardization cycle was performed. The standardization value is automatically adjusted to account for the reduced source level due to the radioactive decay of the source. Whenever a standardization measurement is performed, the gauge resets the source decay counter. The accuracy of this value is not particularly important if you use a Cs-137 source (30-year half-life) and standardize periodically. However, if you use a Co-60 source, source decay has a greater effect due to the shorter half-life (5.3 year). Make sure the source half-life value is set correctly. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

61 Gauge Fine Tuning Sensor Head Standardization 4. The gauge maintains a counter (time since last standardization) to adjust the standardization value for the effects of source decay. By default, the counter assumes that power is applied to the gauge continuously. If the gauge is shut down periodically, such as over the weekend, an error will accumulate in the counter over time. To improve the decay counter accuracy, enter the number of days per week that power is applied to the gauge. Figure Press the right arrow to begin a standardization cycle. Figure Standardization Service Only Menu Items The following menu items are only displayed in the standardization menu when the Service Only items are enabled (see Special Functions in Chapter 9 or User Service & Related Items in Chapter 10). These tools are useful in certain situations but are not generally required. 1. Specify the maximum allowable difference between the standardization value measured during a qualify standardization cycle (next menu item) and the standardization value currently in use. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 6-11

62 Gauge Fine Tuning Sensor Head Standardization 2. A qualify standardization cycle performs a standardization measurement but does not use the new value if it differs from the current value by more than the allowable difference specified in the previous menu item. This type of standardization is useful if level or conditions change during the cycle. Press the right arrow to perform a qualification standardization. Figure A hold standardization cycle performs a standardization measurement but holds the measured value instead of replacing the value in use. To apply the held value, execute the Use Latest Value command (step 6). This type of standardization can be used as a manual version of the qualify standardization. Figure The STD Value from Latest Cycle item displays the detector signal value from the most recent standardization cycle. A large change in the standardization value may indicate a problem with the gauge or an anomalous condition, extraneous radiation sources for example, during the standardization measurement. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

63 Gauge Fine Tuning Density Gauge Calibration 5. The STD Value in Use item differs from the latest standardization value if several weeks have passed since you last standardized the gauge (source decay correction) or if you performed a hold standardization cycle but did not execute the Use Latest Standardization Value command. Figure You can copy the standardization value from the latest cycle to replace the value in use by executing this command. Note that this is done automatically if you use the normal standardize command. Figure The value displayed in the Data/Ref Cnt Ratio screen shown in Figure 6 19 affects the control of the high voltage (gain) applied to the photomultiplier tube in the detector. Do not change this value unless instructed to do so by Thermo Fisher. Figure Density Gauge Calibration The Density Gauge Calibration submenu provided under the Gauge Fine Tuning menu is the same as it is under the Set up Density menu. Refer to Chapter 4 for detailed instructions on calibrating your gauge. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 6-13

64 Gauge Fine Tuning Flow Input Setup Flow Input Setup 1. Press the right arrow to enter the Flow Input menu. Figure Select Current Input if you have connected a flow sensor with a 4 20 ma current output to the flow input terminals of the gauge. If this is not the case with your application, select None. Figure Scroll through the volume units for the flow measurement (flow = volume/time). The units available depend on whether you selected all, metric, or English units. Figure The complete list of available volume units is listed below. Table 6 2. Displayed Unit ml (cu cm) cubic meter cubic inch cubic foot cu yard US gallon (liquid) Comment milliliter (cubic centimeter) 1000 liters milliliters liters liters liters 6-14 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

65 Gauge Fine Tuning Flow Input Setup Displayed Unit UK gallon mega gallon beer gallon liter acre foot US pint US quart US oz acre inch K Gallon UK quart UK pint UK oz oil barrel beer barrel US barrel UK barrel Comment liters, 1.2 U.S. gallons 1,000,000 U.S. gallons 4.62 liters liter 43,560 cubic feet milliliters, 0.5 U.S. quart milliliters, 0.25 U.S. liquid gallons milliliters, 1/16 U.S. pint 3630 cubic feet 1000 U.S. liquid gallons 1137 milliliters, 0.25 UK gallons milliliters, 0.5 UK quart milliliters, 1/20 UK pint 159 liters, 42 U.S. liquid gallons liters, 31 U.S. gallons liters, 31.5 U.S. liquid gallons liters, 36 UK gallons 4. Set the volume flow time units. You can select from seconds (s), minutes (m), hours (h), days (d), weeks (w), months (M), or years (y). Figure Set the mass units for the flow measurement. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 6-15

66 Gauge Fine Tuning Flow Input Setup The following table lists the available units. Table 6 3. Displayed Unit gram Kgram pound metric ton short ton long ton oz Comment gram kilogram pound 1000 kilograms 2000 pounds 2240 pounds avoirdupois ounces 6. Select the time units for flow measurement. Figure Specify the time constant used to filter the flow input signal. The default of 4.0 seconds is usually adequate. Figure Specify the minimum value for the current output signal that will be produced by the flowmeter. The default value is 4.0 ma. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

67 Gauge Fine Tuning Flow Input Setup 9. Specify the maximum value for the current output signal that will be produced by the flowmeter. The default value is 20.0 ma. Figure Specify the flow rate that corresponds to the minimum flow (current input) value. Note that the flow rate must be specified in the same units as selected in previous menu items. Figure Specify the flow rate corresponding to the maximum flow (current input) value. Note that the flow rate must be specified in the same units as selected in previous menu items. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 6-17

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69 Chapter 7 Current Output, Alarms, & Totalizers Overview The primary measurement (density) is assigned to the current output in both normal and alternate modes by default. To assign a measurement other than the primary measurement to a current output, the measurement must first be set up using the Set up Additional Measurements menu (Chapter 5). You can then use the Modify or Reassign Current Output menu to assign the current output to the desired measurement. Finally, to specify the measurement range for the current output, return to the Set up Additional Measurements menu, enter the setup menu for the desired measurement number, and enter the measurement values corresponding to the maximum and minimum current output values. Two different measurements can be assigned to control the current output, with one assigned to the current output in normal mode and the second assigned to the current output in alternate mode. The current output can be set up to switch from normal mode to alternate mode when an alarm is triggered, as described in the next section of this chapter. You can also directly enter a command to force a switch between normal and alternate modes. For example, if you are interested in monitoring a density range of g/ml during one portion of the process and a density range of g/ml during another part of the process, you can set up the measurements and current output as follows: 1. Set up measurement 1 (the primary measurement) as density and assign it to drive the current output in normal mode with a density range of g/ml. 2. Set up measurement 2 as density, but assign measurement 2 to drive the current output in alternate mode with a density range of g/ml. The measurement values corresponding to the maximum and minimum current output values are entered in the Set up Additional Measurements menu (Chapter 5). Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 7-1

70 Current Output, Alarms, & Totalizers Modify / Reassign Current Outputs Modify / Reassign Current Outputs 1. Press the down arrow to access the Current Output menu items. Figure Enter the maximum current output. The default value is 20 ma. Figure You can set the minimum current output value between.0001 ma and the maximum current output (20.00 ma default). The default value is 4.0 ma. The actual minimum output value is approximately 3.5 ma. Figure 7 3. Note Enter a value of exactly 0.0 to reset the minimum current output to the default value of 4.0 ma. This value should be set to 3.5 ma or greater. 7-2 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

71 Current Output, Alarms, & Totalizers Modify / Reassign Current Outputs 4. The screens shown in Figure 7 4 are only displayed if you set up two or more measurements. Assign a measurement to the current output in normal mode or alternate. Select from the primary measurement (Mea 1) and any additional measurements. Figure You can fine tune the maximum current output value to correct for any variation among systems. (The maximum current output value is scaled by this value.) Figure You can fine tune the minimum current output value to correct for any variation among systems. (The minimum current output value is scaled by this value.) Figure Enter the desired value for the midrange hold value for the current output. Value is entered as a percentage of the maximum current output value. The default is 50 percent. Figure 7 7. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 7-3

72 Current Output, Alarms, & Totalizers Fault Alarm Setup & Process Alarm Assignment Fault Alarm Setup & Process Alarm Assignment Use these menu items to assign commands for up to three pairs of alarm actions. Each alarm action pair consists of a command to be executed when an alarm is activated (set) and a second command to be executed when the alarm is cleared. Once an alarm action pair is defined, the alarm action is added to the list of alarm indicators and can be assigned as an alarm indicator for a specific alarm. To assign a command action set to a process measurement alarm, you must have set up the measurement and assigned an alarm to the measurement. To assign a command action set to a fault, warning, or mode alarm, use the Assign Actions to Fault, Warning and Mode Alarms menu items described later in this section. Note Due to the limited display space, the Alarm Indicated By selection in the Set up Alarm menu cannot display the full command name. The alarm action pairs are referred to as #1 act on ALM action, etc. We recommend writing down each command action pairs that you assign for future reference. Set up Alarms to Execute Commands 1. Press the right arrow to access the menu items. Figure Press the right arrow to scroll through the list of commands available to be executed when the alarm is activated. Selecting a command other than Do Nothing makes the #1 Action on Alarm Clear menu item available. Select the command to be executed when the alarm clears. Typically a command is selected to undo the effects of the command executed when the alarm is activated. These menu items are repeated for alarm action sets #2 and #3. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

73 Current Output, Alarms, & Totalizers Fault Alarm Setup & Process Alarm Assignment 3. Assign alarms to monitor specific measurements. This menu item is only displayed if you have set up at least one measurement in addition to the primary measurement. Figure By default, all eight alarms are assigned to the primary measurement. The Alarm Monitors Measurement # screen enables you to assign alarms to other measurements. Press the right arrow to scroll through the list of measurements that are set up until the one you want appears. The message on the third line indicates the measurement type that corresponds to the measurement number. This menu item is repeated for alarms 2 8 if they are set up. Figure Assign Actions to Fault, Warning, & Mode Alarms Alarm indicators can also be assigned to system fault/warning and mode alarms. By default, the alarm indicator is always set to Nothing. You must specify the desired alarm indicator for each alarm. For example, in some cases when the standardization or calibration modes are active, a warning message is displayed even if no other alarm indicator is assigned. Any of the alarm indicators can be assigned to fault and warning alarms or to mode alarms using the assign actions menu items. Warning & Fault Alarms Warning and fault alarms alert you to potential problems with the operation of the gauge. At the Assign Actions to Warning Alarms and Fault Alarms screen, press the right arrow to access each alarm type. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 7-5

74 Current Output, Alarms, & Totalizers Fault Alarm Setup & Process Alarm Assignment Fault and warning alarms include: System fault Calibration (CAL) cycle aborted Sensor under range (occurs whenever the radiation level is less than the background level) Sensor over range Current output maximum/minimum reached (indicates the current output has reached the maximum/minimum value) Figure Mode Alarms Mode alarms provide information about the status of the gauge and include: Standardization (STD) mode Calibration (CAL) mode Holds are active Output on alternate measurement (indicates the current output has switched to the alternate measurement) Alternate time constant in use Keypad in use (indicates the serial port is being used to access the gauge s setup menus) Power has been off (generally not a concern unless there is an unexpected interruption in power; once saved, the gauge s setup parameters are preserved even when power is disconnected) Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

75 Current Output, Alarms, & Totalizers Totalizer Setup & Control Totalizer Setup & Control Access this menu group to set up the gauge s four totalizers. This top-level menu is only displayed if the flow input has been set up ( Flow Input Setup in Chapter 6) and if a flow-related measurement has been assigned as an additional measurement readout ( Set up Additional Measurements in Chapter 5). Assign Totalizers A totalizer is a counter that can be set up for volume flow, mass flow, and time measurements. You can set them up in any order. 1. The Assign and Set Up Totalizer item displays the status of the specified totalizer. Press the right arrow to set up the totalizer. Figure Select the measurement to totalize. For example, in Figure 7 15, totalizer 1 will totalize the number of gallons of carrier that pass the flow sensor. Figure Select the number of units you want each count to represent. For example, if your measurement is in gallons and you want to count tens of gallons, enter Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 7-7

76 Current Output, Alarms, & Totalizers Totalizer Setup & Control 4. Set up the totalizer to display or not display. Figure Set the decimal position to count tenths, hundredths, etc. Press the left and right arrows to adjust the decimal position. Figure Totalizer commands are addressed in the following section. Figure Set up Totalizer Commands 1. From the Totalizer Commands screen (Figure 7 19), press the right arrow to access the menu items. 2. The Zero Totalizer item allows you to set the specified totalizer count to zero. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

77 Current Output, Alarms, & Totalizers Totalizer Setup & Control 3. Stop the totalizer count by accessing this menu item. Start (or restart) the totalizer count by accessing the following item. Figure Program the totalizer to stop counting if the volume (or mass) flow rate falls below the specified value. Alternatively, you can program the totalizer to stop counting if the volume (or mass) flow rate exceeds a specified value. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 7-9

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79 Chapter 8 Action Items Overview Common Action Items This top-level menu consists of five menu subgroups. Common action items Alarm action items Hold action items Serial port related action items Totalizer action items 1. Common action items include commands to restart the system, erase all entries, and clear all holds. Press the right arrow to access the menu items. Figure The System Restart command causes the system to restart (perform a warm boot ). Temporary memory is erased, but user-entered setup data is not affected. Figure 8 2. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 8-1

80 Action Items Common Action Items 3. Execute the Erase All Entries (Except COMM Setup) to erase previously entered setup data. All settings except for the serial communication settings are reset to factory defaults. Figure The Clear Totalizers item is only displayed if totalizer menus are active (flow input has been set up). Executing this function resets all the totalizers. Refer to Totalizer Setup & Control in Chapter 7 for instructions on setting up totalizers. Figure Execute the Clear All Holds command to clear all holds that are in effect. Figure 8 5. Note If more than three measurements are set up, readouts 4 6 are displayed in alternate mode. The display toggles between normal and alternate modes. The next two items hold the display in either alternate or normal mode. Execute a Clear All Holds command to resume toggling. 8-2 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

81 Action Items Alarm Action Items 6. Switching to alternate mode is only an option when the number of measurements set up is greater than the number of measurements that can be displayed at one time. Stop display alternate by choosing alternate mode (readouts 4 6 displayed) or normal mode (readouts 1 3 displayed). Figure The Switch Current Out to Alternate Mode screen is only displayed when different measurements are assigned to the current output in normal and alternate modes. The command toggles between switching to alternate and switching to normal current output modes. Figure 8 7. Alarm Action Items 1. Alarm action items include commands to clear, acknowledge, disable, erase, show history, and end delays for all alarms. Figure 8 8. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 8-3

82 Action Items Alarm Action Items 2. The View Alarm Status and View Alarm History screens allow you to review all alarms currently in effect and the history of all alarms that have occurred since the last Clear All Alarms command. Both menu items include process, warning, fault, and mode alarms. Figure Execute the Clear All Alarms command to acknowledge, clear, and reset all alarms. This command does not affect the alarm setup. Figure Execute the Acknowledge All Alarms command to acknowledge but not clear or reset alarms. All alarm actions are cleared, but the actual alarm remains activated. The alarm action is not re-established until the alarm is cleared (by command or change in process) and the alarm is again activated. Figure The Disable All Alarms command causes the system to ignore alarms (all alarms are off until manually turned on). Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

83 Action Items Alarm Action Items 6. The Erase All Alarm Action Assignments command resets alarm assignments to their default command execution, display flash, and zeroing current output. Figure Note The following two menu items are only displayed if you enable alarm delay times (from the Special Functions menu) and you enter delay times for alarm activation or alarm clear for one or more alarms. 7. If an alarm condition is true but alarm activation is delayed (due to an alarm delay time), execute the End Alarm Delay command to cancel the delay time and activate the alarm. Figure If an alarm clear condition is true but alarm clear is delayed (due to an alarm clear delay time), execute End Un-alarm Delay command to cancel the delay time and clear the alarm. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 8-5

84 Action Items Hold Action Items Hold Action Items 1. Hold action items include commands to clear, hold current output, set hold mode value, scale, and set holds for density and flow. Press the right arrow to access the menu items. Figure Execute the Clear All Holds command to clear any holds currently in effect. Figure The items shown in Figure 8 18 enable you to hold the current output at the value entered for the maximum or the minimum current output. Figure The items shown in Figure 8 19 enable you to hold the current output at the fault low level (3.6 ma or lower) or fault high level (20.8 ma or higher). Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

85 Action Items Hold Action Items 5. Enter the value (in percentage) of the midrange current output hold value. The default value is 50.00%. Then press the down arrow. Execute the command in the next screen (Hold Current Output) to hold the current output at the midrange value specified. Figure Enter the hold value for the primary measurement (density). Press the down arrow. At the next screen, press the right arrow to hold the primary measurement value at the hold value specified. Figure The Flow Hold Mode Value item is only available if a flow related measurement is defined. Enter the hold value for the flow-related measurement. Press the down arrow. At the next screen, press the right arrow to hold the flow measurement at the hold value specified in the previous menu item. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 8-7

86 Action Items Serial Port Related Action Items Serial Port Related Action Items 1. Serial port related action items include menu items that enable you to update, set up, and enable the serial ports. Figure Update data output to port 2, RS485: Executing this command causes the instrument to send a data set, as defined by the serial transmit setup or its default, to the RS485 port. Figure Totalizer Action Items Totalizer action items are only displayed if totalizer menus are active (if a flow input is set up and a volume- or mass-flow related measurement is assigned to one of the additional measurements). Figure The totalizer action items include the following commands: Inhibit all totalizers Enable all totalizers Clear, but not do enable, all totalizers 8-8 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

87 Chapter 9 Serial Ports & Special Functions Overview Serial Port Setup RS485 Configuration The following menus are located within the Set up Serial Ports menu group: Modify Port 2 RS485 Configuration Set up Port 2 RS485 Data Xmit Special Functions The gauge incorporates a RS485 multi-drop serial interface. Communication with the gauge may be via a remote terminal, a PC with terminal emulation software, or a Thermo Scientific handheld terminal (HHT). To connect the RS485 port of the gauge to the com port on a PC requires an RS232/RS485 adapter. Alternately, you can connect an HHT directly to the RS485 port on the gauge. The RS485 port supports multi-unit party-line communications. A maximum of 32 units can be connected to the party-line. Party-line communications are discussed later in this chapter. When you make entries for the parameters, the actual port operation does not change until you save the entries by exiting the menus. 1. The Modify Port 2 RS485 Configuration item enables you to configure the RS485 port, baud rate, parity, etc. Press the right arrow to access the menu items that allow you to configure the port. At the next screen, turn the port on or off. Figure 9 1. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 9-1

88 Serial Ports & Special Functions Serial Port Setup 2. Assign a unit identification number for party-line communications. Available assignments are Assign 0 (zero) for single unit operations. Assign 1 to the master gauge for party-line communications. Figure You can set the RS485 to interface with the following serial devices: ANSI terminal (or PC emulation): The gauge sends ANSI escape sequences for screen and cursor control that are supported by ANSI terminals and most PC-based communication packages. Handheld terminal: Supports Thermo Scientific HHT. Blind mode: Special mode that supports access to the gauge via a user-written program or script. The menu system is not available; rather the hexadecimal version of the direct entry keyboard codes must be used to enter parameters. The gauge echoes a > character (ASCII code 62) if the code is understood, or it sends a < character (ASCII code 60). Supports user-written scripts from within a terminal emulation communications package to automate setup or a data monitoring procedure. Figure 9 3. Note The Thermo Scientific HHT does not support the hexadecimal direct entry codes required for blind mode. Do not attempt to use this mode with the HHT. 9-2 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

89 Serial Ports & Special Functions Serial Port Setup 4. Press the right arrow to scroll through the available baud rates. Figure Set the current word length (7 bit or 8 bit). Figure Select the parity (even or none). Figure Specify whether the instrument should send a line feed (ASCII character 10) after a carriage return (ASCII character 13). Figure 9 7. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 9-3

90 Serial Ports & Special Functions Serial Port Setup Data Transmission Setup Note Only use data streaming when communicating with a remote terminal or a PC running terminal emulation software. Due to display limitations (4-line x 20-character), the HHT does not support data streaming. 1. The Set up Port 2 RS485 Data Xmit menu, set up the parameters controlling the selection, format, and transmission of measurement readouts to the terminal over the RS485 port. This menu also allows you to set up party-line communications. Press the right arrow to access the menu items that allow you to set up data streaming. At the next screen, turn data streaming on or off. When a port is set up for data streaming (continuous transmission of readings), the system sends a readout update on a regular basis. Data streaming on a party-line is automatically suspended when you send the Sleep command and is normally suspended when you send the Connect command to any unit on the party-line. You can set up a unit to continue to data stream, except while you are in the menu system. Figure The screen shown in Figure 9 9 is repeated for all measurements that are set up. Enable or disable the transmission of the data for each measurement individually. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

91 3. Choose whether or not to data stream in connect mode. Serial Ports & Special Functions Serial Port Setup Figure Assign the unit as a slave or master. Assign unit 1 as master in partyline communications. Figure The Set up Data Format items establish the formatting used for text transmission (such as labeling, tabulation, and pagination) for measurements sent to a terminal or printer. In the following menu items, a reading refers to a particular measurement such as density or flow. A data set refers to all the readings being transmitted by a particular gauge. By default, a NewLine is sent after each reading. A Home and a Clear are sent after each data set. This causes the data to update at the same place on the screen. Figure Within this menu group, you can: a. Select whether the instrument should put the measurement number (1, 2, 3, etc.) before each reading. b. Select whether the gauge should send a logical NewLine after each reading. c. Select whether the gauge should send the measurement s unit string. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 9-5

92 Serial Ports & Special Functions Serial Port Setup d. Select whether the unit number is displayed. e. Select whether to append a Tab (ASCII character 9) after each reading. This function is useful when sending columnar data to a printer. f. Stop the ANSI Clear/Home escape string that is sent after each data set by default. g. Select whether the gauge should send a logical NewLine after each data set. h. Select whether a custom (user-defined) message is sent before each data set. i. Select whether the unit number is displayed before each data set. 6. The item shown in Figure 9 13 only appears in the setup for the master unit. Enter the highest unit number assigned to any gauge on the party-line. Figure Enter the update time for the master unit. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

93 Serial Ports & Special Functions Party-Line Communications Party-Line Communications To communicate with multiple gauges via a RS485 party-line, each unit must be assigned a unique unit number that allows each unit to be addressed individually. All gauges are assigned to zero by default. To assign a unique unit number to each gauge, you must be able to communicate with each gauge individually. This can be achieved by disconnecting each gauge from the party-line in turn and then communicating with the disconnected gauge directly. Alternately, remove power from all gauges except one, assign a unit number to the powered gauge, and repeat the process for each gauge. To set up party-line communications: 1. Wire all units to the RS485 common lines as per the wiring instructions in the installation manual provided with your gauge. 2. Program each unit s port communication settings (baud rate, parity, and handshake) exactly the same. 3. Assign each gauge a unique nonzero unit number. 4. Set the desired RS485 measurement selections, data format, user messages, etc. for each unit. 5. Configure the master unit (usually assigned the lowest unit number) by specifying the unit as the master and setting an appropriate RS485 update time. 6. Configure each slave unit by specifying it as a slave and setting update time as zero. Party-Line Modes The party-line has three distinct modes of operation: unconnected, connected, and sleep. Normally, the party-line operates in the unconnected mode. A unit in unconnected mode only responds to: A connect Escape sequence with the proper unit-number suffix A command code with the proper unit-number suffix An all units Sleep command An all units Wakeup command A data streaming sync character Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 9-7

94 Serial Ports & Special Functions Party-Line Communications When a unit is in Connect mode, the unit s setup menus can be accessed (if not in blind or printer mode) and the unit continues to send updates if the Data Stream in Connect Mode parameter is enabled. Connect mode is exited when a valid Disconnect command is received. A unit in Sleep mode does not respond to anything except a valid Wakeup command. Party-Line Commands Some useful escape codes are provided in the table below. Table 9 1. Code ESC [Z## ESC O Q ESC X C ESC X D ESC X 1 ESC X 2 ESC O V Description Connect command: ## = unit number in XX format (01, 02, 24, etc.) Disconnect command Sleep command (ANSI) Wakeup command Connect acknowledge: sent by the gauge to acknowledge Connect command Acknowledge Disconnect command ID Request command ESC X 4 ID ESC [Yuu;cc;vvdd Request Terminated command Polling command, where: uu = unit number (in hex) on party-line, cc = command (in hex), vv = unit number + 3 (in hex), dd = command number + 3 (in hex) Three cc command values are supported: 86: Single data stream update on RS485 8B: Download NVRAM contents to PC on RS485 8D: Upload NVRAM contents to gauge Example: ESC [Y01;86;0489 sends the single update command to unit 1. Party-Line Limitations The RS485 party-line uses half-duplex communications. Thus, only one system can send information at any given time. For instance, if you enter data during the time window for a gauge to send its output, garbled characters may result. This occurs mainly when the gauge s menu system is being accessed in Connect mode. In this situation, verify that the gauge received the correct setup information before continuing. 9-8 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

95 Serial Ports & Special Functions Special Functions The party-line also behaves erratically when more than one device issues sync characters. This can happen if there is more than one master on the link or if sync characters are sent from a terminal or PC. Data streaming must be explicitly turned off in the data transmission menu. Deselecting all measurements from data streaming does not inhibit data streaming. Rather, the gauge sends a default update with all measurements, escape string positioning, and the For Setup message. This default update is intended to appear after a complete NVRAM erasure (such as performing a CMD 74), when data streaming is not yet configured. Also, the data formatting and update time menus are not available until at least one measurement is selected. Special Functions 1. The Special Functions submenu includes specialized menu items for specifying what is shown on the measurement displays and enabling the Service Only menu items. Figure Disabling the For setup message on line 4 of the normal readout allows four lines to be used for measurement readouts. Figure Leave the Dynamic Tracking menu item set to Do Not to ensure that dynamic tracking remains enabled. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 9-9

96 Serial Ports & Special Functions Special Functions 4. Enable or disable the Service Only items. By default, these items are not enabled. This item may also be accessed via the User Service & Related Items in Chapter 10. Figure Enabling multiple setups allows the gauge calibration data to be stored in one of eight data sets. When enabled, the Store/Retrieve Multiple Setups menu chain (see next section) is displayed under the Set up Density menu. Figure The Set up Custom Units Messages menu item is discussed later in this chapter. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

97 Serial Ports & Special Functions Special Functions Multiple Setups When multiple setups are enabled, the following menus are available under the Set up Density menu. 1. The item shown in Figure 9 21 contains commands that allow you to select the desired data set to store calibration data. Figure The item shown in Figure 9 22 contains commands to retrieve calibration data previously stored in a data set. Figure The item shown in Figure 9 23 allows you to view the calibration values in previously stored data sets. Figure When a stored data set is retrieved for use, the number of the data set is displayed next to the For Setup message on the fourth line of the display. For example, if the fourth line displays 2 For setup, press... then stored data set 2 is currently in use. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 9-11

98 Serial Ports & Special Functions Special Functions Setting Up Custom Units Messages User-defined messages can redefine units and provide headers for serial data. The system supports up to eight custom message strings of up to ten characters each. Custom message menus are found in the Special Functions menu and in the Set up Data Format submenu of the Data Transmission menu. Finally, this menu option is displayed when you enable display scaling. In each case, you can select any of the custom messages that have been entered. You can also modify an existing message or add a new message. Enter message characters by using the right and left arrows to scroll through the available character selections or by using the ASCII codes for the characters given in the table below. The entry screen for each character shows the rest of the ten-character message to provide context for your selection. Note Enter a value of 0 (zero) for the first character to reset the message to the null string (default value). Table 9 2. Code Character Code Character Code Character Code Character Code Character 32 SP(ace) F 89 Y 108 l 33! G 90 Z 109 m H 91 [ 110 n 35 # I 92 \ 111 o 36 $ J 93 ] 112 p 37 % K 94 ^ 113 q 38 & L 95 _ 114 r : 77 M 96 ` 115 s 40 ( 59 ; 78 N 97 a 116 t 41 ) 60 < 79 O 98 b 117 u 42 * 61 = 80 P 99 c 118 v > 81 Q 100 d 119 w 44, 63? 82 R 101 e 120 x 83 S 102 f 121 y A 84 T 103 g 122 z 47 / 66 B 85 U 104 h 123 { 48 0 (zero) 67 C 86 V 105 l D 87 W 106 j 125 } E 88 X 107 k 126? 9-12 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

99 Serial Ports & Special Functions Special Functions 1. Press the right arrow to access the Set up Custom Units Messages menu items. You can set up a maximum of eight messages, with ten characters per message. The custom units message has no effect on the measurement readout. Figure Enter the first character of the custom message by using the right and left arrow keys to scroll through the available characters or by entering the ASCII character code from the table above. Enter 0 (zero) to reset to default (null) value. Press the down arrow after selecting a character to move to the next character in the message. Press the down arrow again to move to the next custom message setup. Figure The item shown in Figure 9 26 is repeated for each measurement that has been set up. Use the arrow keys to scroll through the custom messages, or assign message 0 (zero) to use the default message. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 9-13

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101 Chapter 10 Diagnostics & Service Menus The Security, Service and Diagnostic Functions menu is divided into four primary menu subgroups: Security Items Diagnostics: System Test, Related Items User Service and Related Items Factory Service and Related Items (only available if Service Only items are enabled) Set a Password Access the Security Items menu to require a password be entered to edit setup menus. Figure The Diagnostics Menu The gauge is highly fault tolerant; however, if you encounter a problem the Diagnostics menu offers several helpful tools. 1. Press the right arrow to access the menu items. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 10-1

102 Diagnostics & Service Menus The Diagnostics Menu 2. Execute the self-test command to test the various types of memory and data integrity. Press the right arrow to run the test. Figure View any alarms resulting from the self-test as well as other alarms presently in effect (process, warning, fault, and mode alarms). Figure Review all alarms that have occurred since the last Clear All Alarms command (process, warning, fault, and mode alarms). Figure The Serial Port Error Logs item contains error logs for the RS485 serial port. Press the right arrow to view the logs or the down arrow to continue. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

103 Diagnostics & Service Menus The Diagnostics Menu 6. The Program Rev item displays the software version number. Note this number when calling Thermo Fisher with questions. The software build date and time stamp is only displayed when Service Only items are enabled (see Special Functions in Chapter 9 or User Service & Related Items in Chapter 10). Figure The Snapshot Menu is a service only item that shows instantaneous value of various dynamic internal parameters. Further details are provided later in this chapter. Figure View values of various internal constants that are computed based on user entries. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 10-3

104 Diagnostics & Service Menus The Diagnostics Menu The Snapshot Menu The Snapshot Menu items display the current (instantaneous) value of various dynamic internal parameters and are only available if you enable Service Only items in the Special Functions menu (Chapter 9) or User Service & Related Items menu (Chapter 10). 1. Press the right arrow to access the menu items. Figure Screens such as those shown in Figure are snapshots. Snapshots are displayed for each additional measurement you set up. Figure The Counter Chip Register Status is used for diagnostic purposes only and displays the values of scintillation detector counter chip registers. These values are frozen when you access this item. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

105 Diagnostics & Service Menus The Diagnostics Menu 4. The value of the effective path length is used in the calculation of the density based on the detector signal. The gauge computes this value based on the pipe inside diameter and the source head model. Figure Temperature readout is displayed only if process temperature compensation is set up. Figure The Flow and Internal Value of Flow Signal screens are displayed only if flow is set up. Figure View the filtered value of radiation level (counts per second) measured by the scintillation detector after the background level is subtracted. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 10-5

106 Diagnostics & Service Menus The Diagnostics Menu 8. The screen shown in Figure displays the following ratio: (measured radiation counts background counts) to (standardization counts background counts). Figure The Internal Value of IOUT1 % screen displays the internal value of the current output in a percentage of range. Figure From the Internal Value of IOUT1 (fp) screen, you can view the internal value of the current output relative to the range of (floating point). Figure The Internal Value of IOUT1 (fixed pt) screen displays the internal value of the current output relative to the range of (fixed point). Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

107 Diagnostics & Service Menus User Service & Related Items 12. The CTLSIG screen displays the current high voltage control (internal software) value. Figure The ERRSIG screen displays the current high voltage control adjustment (internal software) value. Figure User Service & Related Items 1. The System Restart command erases temporary memory, but it does not affect user-entered setup data. Figure This command causes all entries except for the serial communications settings to reset to factory defaults. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 10-7

108 Diagnostics & Service Menus User Service & Related Items 3. The Clear All Holds command clears any holds in effect. Figure Cause the unit to hold the current output at the value entered for the maximum or minimum current output. Figure Cause the unit to hold the current output at the fault low (3.6 ma or less) or fault high level (20.8 ma or more). Figure Enter the value (in percentage) for the midrange current output hold value. Default value is 50.00%. Press the down arrow. At the next screen, press the right arrow to execute the command to hold the current output at the value specified. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

109 Diagnostics & Service Menus User Service & Related Items 7. Enter the hold value for the primary measurement (density). Press the down arrow. At the next screen, press the right arrow to execute the command to hold primary measurement value at the value specified. Upon execution, Execute CMD changes to Clear holds?. Press the right arrow to clear the hold. Figure Enter the hold value for the flow-related measurement. This item is only displayed if a flow-related measurement is defined. Press the down arrow. At the next screen, press the right arrow to hold flow measurement value at the hold value specified. Upon execution, Execute CMD changes to Clear holds?. Press the right arrow to clear the hold. Figure Press the right arrow to view current measurements. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 10-9

110 Diagnostics & Service Menus Factory Service & Related Items 10. Enable or disable the Service Only menu items. Enabling the items also enables the Factory Service & Related Items menu discussed in the following section. Figure Factory Service & Related Items This menu is only displayed if you have enabled Service Only items from the Special Functions menu (Chapter 9) or User Service & Related Items menu (Chapter 10). 1. View the program revision number and the date/time of the software build. Figure The Stack Statistic item is for service diagnostic purposes only and displays statistics regarding memory usage. Figure View the bootloader software revision. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

111 Diagnostics & Service Menus Factory Service & Related Items 4. The Hardware Diagnostics screen is a menu subgroup header. This subgroup contains menu items summarizing the hardware. Press the right arrow to enter the subgroup. Figure The View Error Status screen is a menu subgroup header. This subgroup contains menu items that display various memory related status messages and is for service diagnostic purposes only. Figure The RS485 test mode is for factory service diagnostic purposes only. Figure Typically, band entry testing should not be disabled, except for diagnostic purposes. Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 10-11

112 Diagnostics & Service Menus Factory Service & Related Items 8. The Signal Diagnostics screen is a menu subgroup header. This subgroup contains menu items that display various signal related messages and is for factory diagnostic purposes only. Figure Access the screen shown in Figure to scroll through a list of the codes for commands, special measurement code base numbers, and alarms. Figure DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

113 Chapter 11 Maintenance The Source Housing 1. Periodically check the source and remove any debris that may have accumulated in the beam path between the source housing and the outer wall of the process vessel. Caution Do not place your hand between the source and the tank. Use a brush or other tool to remove accumulated debris. 2. Check the shutter to make sure it works correctly. For source housings with an exposed shutter lever pivot, you can apply grease to the pivot, if necessary to prevent corrosion and jamming. Note Do not paint or overcoat the source housing without first masking its identification tag and other labeling. All labels on the source housing must remain visible. The Electronics Unit Warning Remove all power from the unit before servicing. Electrocution can result if power is present. Warning In hazardous locations, ensure that power is removed from the detector before removing the housing cover. Be sure that the housing cover is replaced and that the grounds are properly connected before reapplying power. Caution Close the shutter on the source housing before servicing the detector unit. Replacing the Fuse The F1 fuse on the AC power board must be replaced with an approved fuse. Refer to the ordering information in Appendix A. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 11-1

114 Maintenance The Electronics Unit Board Replacement 1. Make sure the source shutter is in its OFF position. 2. Remove all power to the gauge. 3. Remove the housing access cover: For the explosion proof housing, loosen the screw on the cover retaining bracket and slide the bracket off the housing cover. Unscrew the housing access cover. For the non-explosion proof housing, remove the bolts that attach the housing cover to the enclosure. 4. Disconnect the plug-in screw terminals from the board connector. If the connector is tight, brace the board with your hand (but do not touch the circuit or components) and pull firmly but carefully. Lay the cables and connectors back over the edge of the housing so they will not be in the way when lifting the unit out of the housing. 5. Remove the screw that secures the unit in the housing. Using a pull and turn motion, lift the unit a few inches out of the housing so that the electronics boards are exposed DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

115 Chapter 12 Troubleshooting & Service General If the unit does not perform satisfactorily, follow these steps until the problem is resolved. 1. Enable the Service Only items from the Special Functions menu (Chapter 9) or User Service & Related Items menu (Chapter 10). a. If you suspect a detector problem, check the detector output and access the Internal Value of Sensor Signal menu item in the Snapshot menu (Chapter 10). This value (count rate in counts per second) should be much larger with the source shutter on than with the shutter off (typically more than 10 times larger). b. If standardization has been completed, set up the standard configuration and compare the internal value of sensor signal to the STD value in use displayed in the Sensor Standardization submenu of the Gauge Fine Tuning menu (Chapter 6). If the gauge was working properly when standardized, the two values should be similar. c. If the displayed signal value is not behaving correctly, consider misalignment of the gauge head, buildup, wear, debris in the beam path, or faulty shutter operation before testing the detector signals. 2. If you can eliminate these factors, the cause is probably on the CPU board. Verify that the connectors on the cable connecting the detector board to the CPU board are securely seated on both boards. 3. Execute a self-test (from the Diagnostics menu in Chapter 10). 4. If the problem remains, contact Thermo Fisher to attempt to resolve the problem over the phone. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 12-1

116 Troubleshooting & Service The Current Output The Current Output Service & Returns If you suspect a problem with the current output, attach an ammeter in series with the current output load and verify the current output at various levels. Use the commands in the User Service & Related Items submenu to hold the current output at specific levels for testing (Chapter 10). The local representative is your first contact for support and is well equipped to answer questions and provide application assistance. You can also contact Thermo Fisher directly. In the United States: Thermo Fisher Scientific 1410 Gillingham Lane Sugar Land, TX Phone: Fax: In Canada: Thermo Fisher Scientific 14 Gormley Industrial Avenue Gormley, Ontario L0H 1G0 Phone: Fax: On the Web: For returns, contact Thermo Fisher for specific instructions DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

117 Troubleshooting & Service Warranty Warranty Thermo Scientific products are warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship at the time of shipment and for one year thereafter. Any claimed defects in Thermo Scientific products must be reported within the warranty period. Thermo Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher) shall have the right to inspect such products at Buyer s plant or to require Buyer to return such products to Thermo Fisher plant. In the event Thermo Fisher requests return of its products, Buyer shall ship with transportation charges paid by the Buyer to Thermo Fisher plant. Shipment of repaired or replacement goods from Thermo Fisher plant shall be F.O.B. Thermo Fisher plant. A quotation of proposed work will be sent to the customer. Thermo Fisher shall be liable only to replace or repair, at its option, free of charge, products which are found by Thermo Fisher to be defective in material or workmanship, and which are reported to Thermo Fisher within the warranty period as provided above. This right to replacement shall be Buyer s exclusive remedy against Thermo Fisher. Thermo Fisher shall not be liable for labor charges or other losses or damages of any kind or description, including but not limited to, incidental, special or consequential damages caused by defective products. This warranty shall be void if recommendations provided by Thermo Fisher or its Sales Representatives are not followed concerning methods of operation, usage and storage or exposure to harsh conditions. Materials and/or products furnished to Thermo Fisher by other suppliers shall carry no warranty except such suppliers warranties as to materials and workmanship. Thermo Fisher disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, with respect to such products. EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE AGREED TO IN WRITING BY Thermo Fisher, THE WARRANTIES GIVEN ABOVE ARE IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, AND Thermo Fisher HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, INCLUDING THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR PURPOSE. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide 12-3

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119 Appendix A Ordering Information Table A 1. P/N Description Processor (CPU) board AC power board, configured for 115 Vac AC power board fuse (F1): 250 V, A (1/5 A SB), 3 AG AC power board, configured for 230 Vac AC power board fuse (F1): 250 V, A (1/10 A SB), 3 AG Detector board Temperature compensation board Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide A-1

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121 Appendix B Specifications Results may vary under different operating conditions. Table B 1. Product specifications Operating principle Power supply CSA/UL approvals* European approvals* Dimensions Operating temperature Serial interface Current output Gamma radiation from the source passes through the process pipe and material. The amount of radiation reaching the detector decreases as the process density increases. Standard: 115 Vac ±15%, 50/60 Hz, 12 VA Optional: 230 Vac ±15%, 50/60 Hz, 12 VA 9719C (non-hazardous areas): Class II, Div. 1, Groups E, F, & G Class III, Div. 1 Type C (hazardous areas): Class I, Div. 1, Groups B, C, & D Class II, Div. 1, Groups E, F, & G Class III, Div. 1 Type C (hazardous areas): ATEX II2 GD Ex d IIC T6 (T amb -40 C to 60 C) T80 C CE for heavy industry 9719C (non-hazardous areas), D x H: 6.5 x 14 in. (165 x 360 mm) 9720C (hazardous areas), D x H: 6.5 x 15 in. (165 x 380 mm) -40 C to +60 C (-40 F to +140 F) Serial ports allow input and output of all viewable settings and measurements RS485: Half-duplex, party-line communication among multiple gauges or between gauge and remote terminal or HHT Isolated, self-powered, 750 ohm maximum load *Refer to the tag on your gauge to verify the hazardous location approval information. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide B-1

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123 Appendix C Solution Characterization For most solutions, the relationship between density and concentration is not linear. The gauge uses a polynomial to characterize a solution s concentration (in grams per milliliter) as a function of differential density (the difference between the solution density and the solvent density). Chapter 3 explains how to select a predefined polynomial if your solution is in the list of built-in types. This appendix explains how to set up a userdefined characterization. You can use one of two methods: Enter coefficients to define the solution polynomial. Call Thermo Fisher for help finding coefficients, or use mathematical curve-fitting techniques to find them. Set up a characterization table consisting of several break points (data points) on the curve of the solution s concentration-to-density function. Thermo Fisher can help you define a solution characterization if you have trouble using either of these methods. Defining a Solution Polynomial It is likely that you know or can find your process material s density-toconcentration relationship. To define a solution characterization polynomial, you need to express this relationship as a suitable fourth-order polynomial and enter its coefficients in the Set up Density menu. To be suitable, the polynomial must meet the following criteria: It must track the solution s density-to-concentration relationship over a broad range, not just the range of interest. Its slope must be non-zero and have the same sign (either positive or negative) over the entire range of possible densities. These requirements ensure that the gauge s iterative calculations can converge (produce a definite result) for every possible density. If the calculation cannot converge at a given concentration, the gauge produces an error when you try to measure material of the corresponding density. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide C-1

124 Solution Characterization Built-In Polynomial Coefficients The solution characterization polynomial takes the following form: where Concentration = Adc + Bdc + Cdc + Ddc, Concentration = grams of solute per milliliter of solution (not % solute) d c = density change from pure solvent (solution density minus solvent density) A, B, C, D = polynomial coefficients to be entered For most applications, it is sufficient to specify only the A and B coefficients and leave C and D set to zero. This usually ensures a reasonably well-behaved polynomial. You can use computer curve-fitting software or matrix computation to find the coefficients you need. Select several data points on your solution s density-to-concentration curve. Remember to use the change from pure carrier density; in other words, at zero concentration the density change is also zero. Then use computer curve-fitting software or matrix computation (enter up to four data points and solve for the coefficients) to find coefficients for a second, third, or fourth order polynomial. Graph the resulting equation to make sure it meets the criteria described earlier in this section. To enter the coefficients, select User Defined in the solution polynomial menu item of the density setup menu. Enter the coefficients in the subsequent items. Enter 0 for coefficients you do not need to use. Built-In Polynomial Coefficients The following table lists the coefficients used for the built-in solution polynomials. Table C 1. Solution Concentration (%) Coefficients A B C D SUCROSE 0 to E E D-FRUCTOSE 0 to E D-GLUCOSE 0 to E NaCl 0 to NaOH 0 to E KCl 0 to KOH 0 to E E HCl 0 to C-2 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

125 Solution Characterization Built-In Polynomial Coefficients Solution Concentration (%) Coefficients A B C D H 3 PO 4 0 to A-LACTOSE 0 to H-LACTOSE O to E Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide C-3

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127 Appendix D Attenuation Coefficients To find the attenuation coefficient for a given process component, multiply the coefficient for each element in the material by the element s mass fraction (the number of grams found in one gram of the component material). Then add these weighted values together. For example, a gram of solids contains 0.3 g iron, 0.6 g oxygen, and 0.1 g silicon. From the table below, find the attenuation coefficients for iron (0.074), oxygen (0.078), and silicon (0.078). Then the attenuation coefficient is computed as: x 0.3 (Fe) x 0.6 (O) x 0.1 (Si) = = Note Ensure that you select coefficients from the correct column for your source (Cs-137 or Co-60). Table D 1. Element Atomic Weight Cs-137 Coefficient 1 H Hydrogen He Helium Li Lithium Be Beryllium B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen O Oxygen F Fluorine Ne Neon Na Sodium Mg Magnesium Al Aluminum Co-60 Coefficient Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide D-1

128 Attenuation Coefficients Built-In Polynomial Coefficients Element Atomic Weight Cs-137 Coefficient 14 Si Silicon P Phosphorus S Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar Argon K Potassium Ca Calcium Sc Scandium Ti Titanium V Vanadium Cr Chromium Mn Manganese Fe Iron (Steel) Co Cobalt Ni Nickel Cu Copper Zn Zinc Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic Se Selenium Br Bromine Kr Krypton Rb Rubidium Sr Strontium Y Yttrium Zr Zirconium Nb Niobium Mo Molybdenum Tc Technetium Ru Ruthenium Rh Rhodium Pd Palladium Co-60 Coefficient D-2 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

129 Attenuation Coefficients Built-In Polynomial Coefficients Element Atomic Weight Cs-137 Coefficient 47 Ag Silver Cd Cadmium In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Te Tellurium I Iodine Xe Xenon Cs Cesium Ba Barium La Lanthanum Ce Cerium Pr Praseodymium Nd Neodymium Pm Promethium Sm Samarium Eu Europium Gd Gadolinium Tb Terbium Dy Dysprosium Ho Holmium Er Erbium Tm Thulium Yb Ytterbium Lu Lutetium Hf Hafnium Ta Tantalum W Tungsten Re Rhenium Os Osmium Ir Iridium Pt Platinum Au Gold Co-60 Coefficient Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide D-3

130 Attenuation Coefficients Built-In Polynomial Coefficients Element Atomic Weight Cs-137 Coefficient 80 Hg Mercury Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth Po Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon Fr Francium Ra Radium Ac Actinium Th Thorium Pa Protactinium U Uranium Np Neptunium Pu Plutonium Am Americium Cm Curium Bk Berkelium Cf Californium Es Einsteinium Co-60 Coefficient D-4 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific

131 Appendix E Loading New Application Software This appendix describes the procedure to upgrade the gauge s main software. Equipment Required: PC loaded with Microsoft Windows operating system and at least one serial port Thermo Fisher s downloader program for Windows (P/N ) RS485/RS232 adapter Suitable interconnect cables (from gauge to adapter and from adapter to PC) Procedure: 1. Open the downloader program and select File > Download PROM Image. Figure E 1. Thermo Fisher Scientific DensityPRO C User Guide E-1

132 Loading New Application Software 2. The PROM Image Transfers dialogue appears. Either enter the location of the PROM image or click Browse to locate the image. Figure E Restart the gauge by cycling power. Note The gauge only accepts software updates within 20 seconds of reboot. In this mode, the gauge flashes the yellow LED on its CPU card. 4. Initiate the download by clicking DNLD to Gauge. If successful, the program displays Starting Download on the bottom status bar. The download takes approximately four minutes to complete. Once done, the program reports Download Successful. After performing a validity check of the newly received image, the gauge then boots with the software upgrade. The yellow LED stops flashing and remains on. E-2 DensityPRO C User Guide Thermo Fisher Scientific