spatial coexistance while meeting human needs

Transcription

1 The development of settlement systems Urban planning endeavors to give order to spatial coexistance while meeting human needs on the level of the city or the community.

2 Tell es-sultan Old Jericho dated at 9000 BC With its Neolithic settlement dating to 8000 B.C.E., Jericho lays claim to being the world s oldest city Was this destruction at the hands of the Israelites? The correlation between the archaeological evidence and the Biblical narrative is substantial: The city was strongly fortified (Joshua 2:5,7,15, 6:5,20). The attack occurred just after harvest time in the spring (Joshua 2:6, 3:15, 5:10). The inhabitants had no opportunity to flee with their foodstuffs (Joshua 6:1). The siege was short (Joshua 6:15). The walls were leveled, possibly by an earthquake (Joshua 6:20). The city was not plundered (Joshua 6:17-18). The city was burned (Joshua 6:20).

3 Ur, Iraq Ur, the Babylonian port at the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris river the street layout -organic, a city sewerage system, the typical home - two stories, containing up to 15 rooms

4 Catal Hüyük in Anatolia in modern Turkey 7500 BC No streets, houses mainly of rectangular in shape, abutting each other to form what is close to a rectilinear pattern. Catal Huyuk, an artist impression from

5 Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa 3500 BC 1900 BC Planned street network, originally square in outline. Twelve main streets divided it, of which eleven blocks were residential with the twelfth section being dominated by the Citadel (separation of land uses). The city had a sophisticated sewage system with regular manhole covers. Public latrines for every block and sewers large enough to walk in. House drains, which were enclosed systems, were made of clay pipes and were connected to the sewers by open brick gutters.

6 Chinese settlements Traditional principles of Chinese architecture to urban design fengshui geomancy and astronomy the well-field system gaitian cosmology qi as a medium of energy connecting man, earth, and heaven political power shared between a military aristocracy and educated advisers the holy place bo; a three-tiered economic system under absolute state control; early writing; the walled yet portable capital city as a diagram of political power

7 Ancient Egipt city development of agriculture and the emergence of the state as the unifying and predominant form of political organization. as early as 3500 BC, towns and regional capitals linked to the population centers of smaller administrative districts. floodplain, with a preference for proximity to the Nile, unlike temples and tombs, most housing and public buildings in these cities and settlements made of mudbrick throughout pharaonic times and shifts in the course of the Nile, the build-up of the floodplain by the annual deposition of silt and the impact of high Nile floods cult of pharaons, sfinx,

8 Ancient World Cities Priene Greek cities did not follow a single pattern. Cities growing slowly from old villages often had an irregular, organic form, adapting gradually to the accidents of topography and history. Colonial cities, however, were planned prior to settlement using the grid system. The grid is easy to lay out, easy to comprehend, and divides urban land into uniform rectangular lots suitable for development. plan v. Gerkana

9 Roman cities Generally organic growth, particular temple and public districts - highly planned. the Roman military and colonial towns - laid out in a variation of the grid. -ESTER, London, Paris, sprang from these Roman origins. The ancient Roman castrum, (at left) a gridded military encampment, became the basis for the plans of later settlements including Florence, Italy (below). Figure 13 courtesy Google Earth

10 Issues to remember - ancient times From simple settelments (Catal Hüyük) to well technically developed cities (sewage system - Mohenjo-Daro, aquaducts Rome), From organic layout (Ur) to grid layout, city centre and streets (Priene), From the cosmic order and philosophy (chinese city) to pragmatic basic structure (the Roman military camp), From religion and cult (ancient Egypt) to culture and democracy (ancient greek cities with agora and theatre), From just houses to public architecture.

11 Medieval cities from A.D to 1500 We usually associate medieval cities with narrow winding streets converging on a market square with a cathedral and city hall. Many cities of this period display this pattern, the product of thousands of incremental additions to the urban fabric. However, new towns seeded throughout undeveloped regions of Europe were based upon the familiar grid. In either case, large encircling walls were built for defense against marauding armies; new walls enclosing more land were built as the city expanded and outgrew its former container.

12 Medieval cities European Feudal Cities Begin in 11th Century Independent cities formed in exchange for military service to feudal lord. Improved roads encouraged trade Dense and compact within defensive walls Patterns 1. The fortress 2. The charter 3. The wall 4. The marketplace 5. The cathedral Paris, France Cittadella, Italy

13 Issues to remember medieval city Market square with a cathedral and city hall Walls enclosing the city City, monastery, military sevice and trade, production Growing cities: Paris, London, Cologne New technologies

14 Renaissance Architects study the shaping of urban space, (aesthetically pleasing and functional order) Parts of old cities rebuilt to create elegant squares, long street vistas, and symmetrical building arrangements. Perspective projection, monuments New city walls were designed with large earthworks to deflect artillery, Star-shaped points provide defenders with sweeping lines of fire. Grid of streets with a central plaza, defensive wall, and uniform building style. Renaissance London

15 Renaissance Palma Nuova Architects study the shaping of urban space, (aesthetically pleasing and functional order)

16 Baroque We associate the baroque city with the emergence of great nation-states between 1600 and new palaces, courts, and bureaucratic offices. The grand scale in urban public spaces:

17 Baroque long avenues, radial street networks, monumental squares, geometric parks Gardens!!. Strict zonning In 1870, after significant redevelopment, Paris was the wonder of the world. Here, its radial planning is evident, with the boulevards radiating from the Arc de Triomphe. (Roslyn Russell Collection)

18 Issues to remember renaissance and baroque Utopia as a idea (Palmanovua) Diagram city and its composition Perspective projection star plan Monumental scale: new functions and buildings, Military system

19 Industrial revolution new manufacturing processes that occurred in the period from about 1760 to some time between 1820 and 1840 from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power development of machine tools. the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, new Factories!!!! Encouraged migration to cities!!!! Demand for labour

20 Industrial City The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, new Factories!!!! Encouraged migration to cities!!!! Demand for labour Rapid city growth social effects Housing density crude shanties and shacks, some not being completely enclosed, some with dirt floors Sanitary facilities were nonexistent. These slum areas had extremely high population densities Disease was spread through a contaminated water supply

21 Utopias Growth of unti-urbanismurbanism Renaissance - harmony, geometric cities, imaginative urban Socialism Pullman city for workers. New building standards (1875, GB); Robert Owen: Krupp s factory in Germany,

22 Issues to remember Industrial city Production and technology Encouraged migration to cities!!!! Demandfor labour Pullman - new standards Pullman - new standards New urban technologies

23 Utopia ideal city Garden city - Edward Howard Modernism - Le Corbusier Futurists - Archidram s city The organic image Frank Lloyd Wright Modern new city Brasil Eco/green/Sustainable City

24 Utopias - Garden city Ebenezer Howard Howard s To-morrow: a peaceful path to real reform An idealised garden city: house 32,000 people a site of 6000 acres (2400 ha), planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the centre. self-sufficient When full population, another garden city developes nearby. a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail.

25 Utopias technicolor Walking city Plug in City Futurists -Archidram s city On the swinging streets of 60s London, the group Archigram. Part architectural visionaries, part cultural commentators, part machine, the future collision of architecture, technology, and the society of tomorrow.

26 Utopias Modernism Le Corbusier - social engineering very high density multi-level traffic system to manage the intensity of traffic In "Contemporary City for Three Million People" of 1922 and "Radiant City" of 1935, advocated a high-density urban alternative, with skyscraper office buildings and mid-rise apartments placed within park-like open spaces. Different land uses were located in separate districts, forming a rigid geometric pattern with a sophisticated system of superhighways and rail transit

27 Utopias New urbanism New Urbanism is an urban planning and design movement that began in the United States in the early 1980s. Its goals are to: reduce dependence on the car, to create livable and walkable, neighborhoods with a densely packed array of housing, jobs and commercial sites. New Urbanism also promotes: a return to the traditional town planning seen in places such as downtown Charleston, South Carolina and Georgetown in Washington, D.C. These locations are ideal for New Urbanists because in each one there is an easily walkable "Main Street," a downtown park, shopping districts and a gridded street system.

28 Utopias Eco/green City

29 Issues to remember utopian city Garden city Modernism Futurists The organic image Eco/green/Sustainable City