EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF FENNEL, CARAWAY AND ROSEMARY ON GREENHOUSE WHITEFLY (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

Transcription

1 EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF FENNEL, CARAWAY AND ROSEMARY ON GREENHOUSE WHITEFLY (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) H. Aroiee 1*, S. Mosapoor and M. Hosainy 1 Hortiultural Department, Agriulture Faulty, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, IRAN ABSTRACT The insetiidal ativities of the essential oils of three different mediinal plants (araway, fennel and rosemary) were investigated the ontrol of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). The ativities of the essential oils were evaluated on basis of fatalities perentage of greenhouse whitefly after three days of appliation. The results indiated that the most effetive essential oils from araway (Carum arvi L.) and fennel (Foeniulum vulgar MILL) were ative at onentrations of 7.5 and 5 ppm, respetively. KEYWORDS: Mediinal Plants, Essential Oils, White fly 1. INTRODUCTION The warm temperatures of the summer bring on a rush of new foliage growth, attrating a wide variety of pests. Whitefly one of the most diffiult pests to ontrol, pose a speial hallenge to gardeners [1]. Whitefly numbers inrease dramatially in the heat; most strains are resistant to pestiides, and the pests infest a huge range of hosts inluding bedding plants, strawberries, tomatoes, and poinsettias. Whitefly is one of the most serious pests of vegetable and ornamental rops that feed on plant juies and, in large numbers, an onsume a onsiderable amount of nutrients, ausing plant to pale in olor. Like aphids, they also exrete honeydew, attrating blak sooty mold fungus. Reently, these pests have been found to spread viruses [1]. Whiteflies began showing resistane to syntheti insetiides early on, and by the 1980s they were a very serious greenhouse pest. Several speies of whiteflies attak greenhouse plants, and they typially have a wide host range and resist insetiides. The most ommon whiteflies on greenhouse rops are the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabai) and the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii). The various whitefly speies and biotypes look very muh alike, but they have subtle physiologial differenes. These differenes an ause them to respond differently to ontrol strategies. Beause ontrol measures must be seleted aording to the type of whitefly present, aurate identifiation is ritial to suessful ontrol [2]. Syntheti pestiides are more of a threat to man than the insets it would seem. Today, people want an organi or natural solution to gardening problems, and few are as natural or effetive as repellant planting [3]. Using organi methods to ontrol inset damages in garden, greenhouse and field will protet and improve the quality of the rops. Trapping with yellow stiky ards, is essential for a suessful whitefly management program [4]. Greenhouse plastis themselves may have signifiant influene on the initial attration of insets into greenhouses. A study from the late 1990s showed that silver leaf whiteflies * Corresponding author. address: aroiee@ferdowsi.um.a.ir 506

2 preferred to enter greenhouses overed with film that transmitted higher levels of ultraviolet light [5]. Biologial ontrol is a defined as the redution of pest populations by natural enemies and typially involves an ative human role [6]. The parasiti wasp Enarsia formosa preys on immature whiteflies and is ommonly used for greenhouse whitefly. Sweet potato and silverleaf whiteflies are ontrolled by two other wasp parasites, Enarsia luteola and Eretmoerus alifornius [7-9]. Some miroorganisms also ontrol whiteflies. For instane, the fungus Beauveria bassiana (trade names Naturalis-O and BotaniGard ), is effetive against eggs, immature and adult whiteflies. Several least-toxi, or bio-rational, pestiides have been evaluated for their effetiveness against the different whitefly speies. These inlude neem-based formulations (Neemazad and Azatin ), insetiidal soap (M-Pede ), and hortiultural oil [10]. Inset growth regulators (IGRs) are another least-toxi pestiide ontrol option. IGRs typially kill insets by disrupting their development. They have a omplex mode of ation that preludes insets from rapidly developing resistane [11]. Pyriproxyfen (Knak ) and buprofezin (Applaud ) beame available to Arizona otton growers for ontrol of whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii [12]. Changing the omposition of the atmosphere in the greenhouse by either reduing oxygen or inreasing arbon dioxide appears to provide some ontrol of greenhouse whiteflies, espeially adults [13]. Throughout history, plant produts have been suessfully exploited as insetiides, inset repellents, and inset antifeedants. The insetiidal properties of the several Chrysanthemum speies were known for enturies in Asia. Probably in some ases the use of plant produts as an insetiide is suessful, that is related to omponents of the plants (Pyrethroids and Camphene in al Chrysanthemum spp.; Niotine and Norniotine in the genus Niotiana; Ryanodine, an alkaloid from Ryania speiosa; and Physostigmine, an alkaloid from Physostigma venenosum). Control of insets an be ahieved by means other than ausing rapid death. Plants produe many ompounds that are inset repellents or at to alter inset feeding behavior, growth and development edysis (molting), and behavior during mating and oviposition. Most inset repellents are volatile terpenoids suh as terpenen-4-ol [14-20]. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the insetiidal ativity of essential oils of some mediinal plants against greenhouse whitefly. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was onduted under greenhouse onditions during the 2003 rop season. Inodorous melon (Cuumis melo var. inodorous) seeds sowed at the onditions that temperature fixed on 24 C (until germination). When 80% of seeds germinated the temperature was regulated at 27 and 20 C for day and night, respetively. Relative humidity was maintained at 70 %. Sientifi names of the plants study are given in Table 1. The essential oils of the plants were extrated by Clevenger instrument, via water distillation. The plant material was plaed in water, heated to boil and the steam arrying the essential oil was ondensed and olleted in a reeiver flask and essential oils were separated from water by a separator ontainer. The treatments were 0 (ontrol), 5 and 7.5 ppm essential oils obtained from mediinal plants listed in Table 1. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Blok Design (RCBD) with four repliates. The plants were plaed in single rows a spaing of 1.20 m between rows. The solutions ontaining essential oils were given daily via mist system to the plants. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In order to introdue a natural produt for substitution of synthesized insetiides a study onduted with essential oils of some mediinal plants. The results indiated that essential oils, had insetiide effet, against tested pest (whitefly) are shown in Figures 1 and

3 Essential oils of fennel at 7.5 ppm (89.82 %) and araway at 5 ppm (82.95 %) had highest effet on whitefly fatality. Essential oils of araway at 7.5 ppm and rosemary at 5 ppm were in seond fatality grad with % and 72.7 % killing effet of greenhouse whitefly respetively. The results showed that essential oils at ertain onentration were more effetive on ontrolling whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). The investigations of Vandermark [3], Williams and Pat [10], Duke [14-16], Duke and Lydon [17], Duke et al. [18-20], Yang, and Tang [21], Rie [22], Mandava [23], Gill [24], Kloke [25], showed that the some of the plants ontain different ative substanes (essential oils or plants extrats) that were most effetive on ontrolling of the pests. Table 1 Essential oils of plants used in the experiments. Name Botanial name Family Part used for essential oil extration Fennel Foeniulum vulgar MILL. Apiaeae Fruits (Seeds) Caraway Carum arvi L. Apiaeae Fruits (Seeds) Rosemary Rosemarinus offiinalis Lamiaea Leaves + Stem 100 Fatality a b 20 d 0 Control Caraway Rosemary Fennel Series Figure 1 Effets of essential oils (5 ppm) of some mediinal plants on greenhouse whitefly ontrol (Fatality %) 508

4 90 80 a b Fatality Control Caraway Rosemary Fennel Series Figure 2 Effets of essential oils (7.5 ppm) of mediinal plants on greenhouse whitefly ontrol (Fatality %) REFERENCES [1] Hamir, A Garden Pests and Problems. http// [2] Gree, L Greenhouse IPM: Sustainable Whitefly Control Pests Management Tehnial Note. NCAT Agriulture Speialist. [3] Vandermark, T Gardening Pests Control with Plants. Page Wise In. [4] MHuge, J Monitoring-the First Line of Defene. Greenhouse Grower. February, p. 66. [5] Costa, H.S. and Robb, K.L Effets of Ultraviolet-absorbing Greenhouse Plasti Films on Flight Behavior of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Frankliniella oidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Eonomi Entomology, June, [6] Moshetti, R Biologial Control in Alaska Greenhouses. [7] Anon 1995(a) Controlled Atmosphere to Manage Whitefly. The Cut Flower Quarterly, July, pp [8] Anon 1995(b) Biologial Pest Control. Greenhouse Produt News, July, p.17. [9] Cloyd, R.A Know Your Friends: Delphastus pusillus: Whitefly Predator. Midwest Biologial Control News, Otober, p. 3. [10] Williams, G. and Pat Oil, Soap, Surfatant, and Garli vs. Whiteflies on Tomatoes. HortIdeas, May, pp [11] Daughtrey, M. and Casey, C In: Grossman, Joel., Ed 1996 Highlights from SAF's pest onferene. Grower Talks, April, pp. 44, 46. [12] Agnew, G.K. Frisvold, G.B. and Baker, P Use of Inaet Growth Regularors Changing Whitefly Control Costs in Arizona Cotton. National Agriultural Pestiide Impat Assessment Program. [13] Tripp, K. and Peet, M New Use for CO 2 : Slowing Whiteflies. Amerian Vegetable Grower, November, pp

5 [14] Duke, S.O Biosynthesis of Phenoli Compounds-Chemial Manipulation in Higher Plants. Amerian Chemistry Soiety Symposium. Ser. 268, pp [15] Duke, S.O. 1986(a) Naturally Ourring Chemial Compounds as Herbiides. Review Weed Siene, 2, [16] Duke, S.O. 1986(b) Mirobial Phytotoxins as Herbiides-A Perspetive. New York, Wiley. pp [17] Duke, S.O. and Lydon, J Herbiides from Natural Compounds. Weed Tehnology, 1, [18] Duke, S.O., Vaughn, KC., Croom, E.M. Jr., and Elsohly, H.N Artemisinin, A Constituent of Annual Wormwood (Artemisia annua), is a Seletive Phytotoxin. Weed Siene, 35, [19] Duke, S.O. Paul, R.N. and Lee, S.M Terpenoids from the Genus Artemisia as Potential Pestiides. Amerian Chemistry Soiety Symposium, Ser. 380, pp [20] Duke, S.O Natural Pestiides from Plants. In: Janik J. and Simon J.E., Eds. Advanes in New Crops. Timber Press, Portland, OR. pp [21] Yang, R.Z. and Tang, C.S Plants Used for Pest Control in China: A Literature Review. Eon. Botany, 42, [22] Rie, E.L 1983 Pest Control with Nature's Chemials. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman OK. [23] Mandava, N.B Handbook of Natural Pestiides: Methods, Vol. I Theory Pratie and Detetion. CRC Press, Boa Raton, FL. [24] Gill, S Pest Control: Whitefly Control for Cut Flower Growers. The Cut Flower Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1. pp [25] Kloke, J.A Natural Plant Compounds Useful in Inset Control. Amerian Chemistry Soiety Symposium, Ser. 330, pp