Yield Comparison of Soil and Soilless Grown Strawberry

Transcription

1 Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosi. Plant Biol. (2018) 5(6), International Journal of Current Researh in Biosienes and Plant Biology Volume 5 Numer 6 (June-2018) ISSN: (Online) Journal homepage: Original Researh Artile doi: Yield Comparison of Soil and Soilless Grown Strawerry Adulameer I. Narriman*, $ and Bahram Kh. Mohammed College of Agriulture, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq *Corresponding author; $ Part of M. S., thesis. A r t i l e I n f o Date of Aeptane: 28 May 2018 Date of Puliation: 06 June 2018 K e y w o r d s Agriulture soil Fragaria speies Hydroponi systems Rie husk Sheep wool AB S T R A CT This study was arried out at a period from 15/11/2015 till 2/5/2016 in a polyaronate house elongs to Department of Hortiulture and Landsape design/college of Agriulture University of Kirkuk. To ompare strawerry ultivating in soil and soilless. Strawerry plugs were purhased from the loal market so the ultivar ouldn t e assured therefore it supposed as a loal variety or ultivar. Two (A) shaped angle iron frame (2m length of the legs hinged from the top) were used as pipe holders eah holds twelve PVC pipes L 3M* ϕ 4'' Six eah side. Growing holes of 2'' diameter 20 m enter to enter was drilled along 12 of them and the same ut 25 m enter to enter was drilled along the other 12 pipes. Five of eah 6 were used for statistial analyses and the rest two near the ground just for filling the room. They all were settled on the holder' arms with an inlination of 1:100 eah pipe had a drilled hole eneath the lowest point for drainage with two end aps. Six of eah distane were filled with rie husk and the rest 6 filled with sheep wool as soilless heep loally availale sustrates after sterilizing them y soaking in a 1:100 leah in water solution for an hour then dried. Other twenty PVC pipes L 2m* ϕ 4'' were surrounded with 4* 2'' holes, 10 with 20 m spaing and 10 with 25 m. Five of eah 10 were filled with rie husk and the rest were filled with sheep wool. In the other hand lak poly ethylene ags were filled with agriultural soil. By finishing these works strawerry plugs were planted in the horizontal and vertial as well as in soil. All flowers and runners were ut of till 15/2/ Then data was otained weekly for analysis. The experiment was designed and data analyzed aording to RCBD for differenes etween the different hydroponi systems and using Dunan test at the level of 5% to ompare means. Then using CRD, means were ompared etween in soil and soilless data. Also Dunan test was used at the level of 5% for omparisons. Results showed that strawerry grown soilless, oth vertial and horizontal gave higher produtivity than those grown traditional (in soil) and vertial 20 m gave the highest weekly yield as: g. m -2. While those grown in soil gave the lowest weekly yield as: g. m -2. A. I. Narriman and B. Kh. Mohammed (2018) / Biologial and Pharmaologial Ativities of Andrographis spp. (Aanthaeae) 52

2 Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosi. Plant Biol. (2018) 5(6), Introdution Inreasing of the world population from less than 1 illion to more than 7.3 illion sine 1800 till nowadays, and expeting it approahes 9.7 illion on 2050 is very dramati and shoking fat, espeially for those onerned in insuring foods for these hungry mouths. Of ourse agronomists are the first ones ear the responsiility of this issue. They are working all over the world to disover new food resoures and maintaining the existing ones, developing and hyridizing plants and edile animals, improving their disease resistane, environment tolerane. Also finding out new methods and tehniques to inrease their produtivity and derease their prodution osts. One of these tehniques is soilless agriulture (UN DESA, 2015). So, what is soilless agriulture? How it ould e defined? Is it useful and appliale anywhere any time? Whih rops ould e produed soilless? These and many other questions ould e asked. This work tries to find out some answers for these questions and look if it is enefiial or not for the farmers in our region, keeping in mind that they are almost not or half eduated. Aeroponis, aggregate media ulture, NFT, flood and e, hydroponis et. All represent deferent soilless agriulture tehniques or hydroponis (Benton, 2005). The ommon term hydroponis will e used in this paper interhangealy with the term soilless agriulture, just like in the popular language or even in most of sientifi referenes, referring to soilless agriulture. Strawerry is a hyrid plant elongs to the Rosaeae family, the Genus Fragaria L. onsists more than 20 speies eah has many suspeies and hundreds of varieties. Its deliious test, nie flavor, and fragrant aroma made it one of the most eloved fruits, and for its heart shaped, red olor people used it as a symol for Venus the Goddess of love. (Trinklein, 2012). Strawerry is lassified in some plaes; like Egypt; as a vegetale eause of its plant's small size and annually vegetation. (Agriultural researhes enter, Ministry of agriulture, Egypt, 2003). Water shortage aused y many natural or politial reasons, in general, speifially in Iraq. Plus wasting it y irresponsile and unreasonale usage, espeially for irrigation y old ways, ausing earth salinity and eosystem pollution y drained fertilizers, et. Soilless agriulture works suessfully in other ountries, does it work enefiially in Iraq using loal resoures? If not, then why? Is that a solvale issue? Strawerry is a good eonomi rop worldwide; ould it e a popular one here in Iraq? The aove reasons and many other ones alike are enough to persuade researhers to think seriously in doing suh researhes to find out some appliale solutions for these issues. And in ase of suess or getting good results; enourage field agriultural engineers to spread these ideas among farmers or agriultural investment ompanies. Materials and methods Experiment exeution loation The experiment was arried out in a fierglass house in the College of agriulture University of Kirkuk, during the growth season. 4" PVC pipes and aessories like pipe aps, drain nozzles and tues, plasti growing ags., et. were purhased from the loal markets. Strawerry refrigerated plugs also were purhased from a loal supplier so it ouldn't e assure the ultivar. Thus it will e assumed as a loal ultivar. Sustrates used for soilless ulture Rie hulk and sheep wool were purhased as ultivating medium for soilless ulture, as loal availale, heap alternatives of the ommon used medium suh as perlite, vermiulite, oonut oir, et. eause of their speifiations of porosity and water holding, low density, low hemial reation with fertilizers and so. A. I. Narriman and B. Kh. Mohammed (2018) / Biologial and Pharmaologial Ativities of Andrographis spp. (Aanthaeae) 53

3 Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosi. Plant Biol. (2018) 5(6), Preparing planting pipes First of all 4" PVC pipes were ut as 24*3m length for horizontal system, 20 of them were for data olleting and the four lowest ones just for filling the empty seats on the (A) shaped pipe holders. 20*2m length for the vertial ones. Then 2" holes were drilled along 12 of the 3m pipes with a distane of 25 m, i.e. 12 holes per pipe, same diameter holes were drilled in the rest 12 of 4*2" holes drilled around 10 of the 2m pipes with a distane of 20 m etween eah set of fours, the rest 10 was drilled with a distane of 25 m etween eah set of fours. Also 4*0.5 mm holes drilled etween every two sets of 4 holes and passed two steel wires diagonally to arry a plasti handmade strainer.then 12 horizontal pipes were fixed on eah (A) shape iron holder 6 on eah side, 100 m etween legs on the floor and 60 m servie pathway etween holders with 1:100 m inlination of the pipes for easy drainage, and the vertial ones hanged with 80 m spaing within rows and 100 m pathway etween rows, i.e. plant density per meter in the horizontal pipes was: (estimating half of the area oupied with the pipe holder plus half of the pathway for eah 6 pipes) The work's main aim was testing a simple, open, aggregate soilless tehnique using rie husk and sheep wool as loally availale, heap, sustrates to study their effiieny as aggregate soilless media y growing a plant in. The hosen test plant was strawerry. The seond aim is studying this rop, its ultivations, eonomial importane, environmental requirements, and its produtivity when it is grown hydroponially and onventionally. Then omparing the results we got from soilless with results got from traditional in soil grown strawerry to get a fair judgment on them. Both sheep wool and rie husk were soaked in a 1:100 leah in water solution aout an hour for sterilizing, then plaed on mulhing films till dryness, then half of the vertial pipes and half of the horizontal ones were filled with sheep wool and the rest halves filled with rie hulks. At this time, earth of a high tunnel plasti greenhouse was prepared i.e. plowed, furrowed as 100 m in-etween, ompost added, et. for onventional planting, in the same time plasti growing ags were filled with soil as spare in ase of failure of the onventional planting, unfortunately that expetation happened, the reasons may due to many fators suh as: the earth of the greenhouse was transloated from a non agriultural area, deferent soil orne pathogens; the earth was not fumigated with methyl romide, the area was used efore as a parking garage for the ollege's vehiles. So for the in soil planted plugs we were ompelled to depend on the polyethylene lak ags filled with agriultural soil for omparison, keeping in mind, plant density and the way of planting as reommended in the ooklet of strawerry (Haee and Aal Ferawn, 2013) for data olletion for statistial analyses. On Deemer 2015, in wool, in husk strawerries as well as oth in soil ones; grown ased and using lak polyethylene ags; were planted. 5:1000 final dilution of 30:10:10 NPK + TE solution used during the first month to firtigated the soilless strawerries twie a day, and twie a week for the in soil planted ones. ph regulated to e using itri aid (C 6 O 7 H 8 ). Then 20:20:20 NPK +TE was used. All flowers, runners, dry leaves were eliminated till Feruary 15th, Data olletion exeuted as the following: Date of flowering: 1 st mature flower in the repliate. Date of ripening: Full oloring of the fruit. Fruit size: Water displaement tehnique. Fruit weight: Using a digital sale g Numer of fruits per plant: Averaging the ounted fruits per repliate. Leaf area: Photography of leaves on A4 paper, utting the pitures of the leaves, weighing them and omparing their weight with the weight of a full olor printed A4 A. I. Narriman and B. Kh. Mohammed (2018) / Biologial and Pharmaologial Ativities of Andrographis spp. (Aanthaeae) 54

4 Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosi. Plant Biol. (2018) 5(6), paper (known area), the ratio represented the area of the leaves. Numer of leave per plant: ounting. TSS: Portale refratometer Simple ph of the fertigation solution: Portale meter. ph ph of the fruit astrat: Benh type ph meter. Plant density alulation for the soilless ones 15plants/pipe*12pipes/ (3m*1.8m) = 33.3 plants/m 2 12plants/pipe*12pipes*(3m*1.8M) = 26.6 plant/m 2 While the density in the vertial 20m spae ones was: (4 plants *10 sets per pipe) / (0.8m within the row * 1.00m etween rows) = 4*10/0.8*1.00= 50 plants/m 2 and (4 plants *8.0 sets per pipe) / (0.8m within the row * 1.00 m etween rows) =40plant/m 2 This way all plants were exposed to sunlight, no plant left a heavy shade on others, with a omfortale serviing area. And for the in soil ones plant density was10/m 2. Experimental design and analyses of data The ompletely randomized design (CRD) was used in designing the experiments etween hydroponi and in soil, ut split split plot design Completely Randomized Blok Design (CRBD), with two fators and three repliates, and uses Dunan's Multiple Range 0.05 to ompare etween means of the experiment treatments. All data were analyzed y (SAS 2001) program. Results and disussion To ompare the properties effeted y the two ways; studied in this researh; of ultivating strawerries onventionally in soil and hydroponially or soilless a CRD experiment was exeuted and data were analyzed using SAS 2001 statistial program, then; means of the studied properties were tested y Dunan test at the level of 5%. Tale 1 shows that fruit juie ph and leaf area and size of the fruit have not affeted signifiantly at a level of 5%, as well as the ripeness period and TSS. While numer of fruits per plant a week and total weight of fruits varied signifiantly they were higher as figures and as letters oth; hydroponially than in soil. Two properties gave higher values in soil grown plants than soilless ones, these were: numer of leaves per plant. And weight of fruits was heavier in soil grown than those of soilless grown plants. Tale 1. Effets of ultivating media (soil & soilless) on some properties of strawerry. Media properties Soilless In soil Fruit ph Leaf area No. of fruits/plant 49.14a No. of leaves/plant a Fruit size m Time from flower till ripeness (day) Yield per plant (g) a TSS (Brix) Fruit weight (g) a Means followed y the same letters in a olumn do not differ y Dunan test at a level of 5% proaility and those followed y different letters differ at the same test and same level. A. I. Narriman and B. Kh. Mohammed (2018) / Biologial and Pharmaologial Ativities of Andrographis spp. (Aanthaeae) 55

5 Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosi. Plant Biol. (2018) 5(6), Tale 2. Effet of ultivating system (vertial & horizontal) hydroponi and spaing on numer of fruits per plant. Position of the pipes (fator A) Spae etween plants (H) and set of 4 plants (V). (fator B ) 20 m 25 m Effet of (A) Horizontal 1.376a 1.641a 1.509a Vertial 1.527a 1.478a 1.502a Effet of (B) 1.451a 1.560a Means followed y the same letters in a olumn do not differ y Dunan test at a level of 5% proaility and those followed y different letters differ at the same test and same level Tale 3. Effet of ultivating system (vertial & horizontal) hydroponi and spaing on the total weight of the fruits during the total fruiting period. Position of the pipes (fator A) Spae etween plants (H) and set of 4 plants (V). (fator B ) 20 m 25 m Effet of (A) Horizontal Vertial a a Effet of (B) a a Means followed y the same letters in a olumn do not differ y Dunan test at a level of 5% proaility and those followed y different letters differ at the same test and same level Tale 4. Effet of media on weekly harvested strawerry. Media haraters Harvested from 1 pipe (g) Harvested from 5 pipes (g) Total (g)/m 2 Rie hulks (20) m (H) Rie hulks (25) m (H) Rie hulks (20) m (V) a a Rie hulks (25) m (V) In soil (25) m plant/m 2 Means followed y the same letters in a olumn do not differ y Dunan test at a level of 5% proaility and those followed y different letters differ at the same test and same level. Tale 2 shows that even that there is no differene aording to Dunan 5% etween horizontal 20 m and 25 m in numer of fruits per plant ut it is lear that 25 m distane gave a slightly higher A. I. Narriman and B. Kh. Mohammed (2018) / Biologial and Pharmaologial Ativities of Andrographis spp. (Aanthaeae) 56

6 Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosi. Plant Biol. (2018) 5(6), fruits per plant, as well as the vertial system. And that may due to the igger root rooming. Total fruit weight (yield) was highly affeted y the distane etween plants within the same system and etween the two systems as shown in Tale 3 for the horizontal system; onsidering the other fators; rooming affeted positively on the yield, while in the vertial system it affeted inversely on the yield. In the other hand it is very lear that the vertial system exeeded the horizontal in the yield. Root size and suffiient rooming. Tale 4 summarizes signifiant differenes etween weekly grams of strawerries harvested via using deferent medias (in soil, soilless) also etween the same media soilless ut in vertial and horizontal tehnique and the third parameter is distane etween plants (plants/m 2 ) and this is the soul of this researh. From Tale 4, it is very lear that using 20 m distane vertial soilless gave the heights weight weekly harvested and as the total. Conlusion From this researh we onluded that Soilless ulture ould e one of the solutions of water shortage all over the world. It is enefiial eonomially in the long term. It is eo-friendly agriulture. Soilless ultures in general; in spite of the system type; inrease the plant density, so if one gets the same yield per plant as in soil ultivation or even less than it; the yield per square meter will e grater in the soilless ulture pass over other reasons. That was lear in our results. Referenes Agriultural Researhes Center, Ministry of Agriulture, Egypt Bulletin No. 780/2003 (In Arai). Benton, J. Jr., Hydroponis A Pratial Guide for the Soilless Grower, Third Edn Haee, H., Aal Firaon, A., Strawerry. Diretorate of Hortiulture/Ministry of Agriulture, Iraq (In Arai). SAS, Statistial Analysis System (2001) User s Guide: Statistis, Version 8.2. SAS Institute, NC, USA. Trinklein, D., Strawerry, A Brief History pulished: May 21, University of Missouri Division of Plant Siene (573) trinkleind@missouri.edu. UN DESA, United Nations, Department of Eonomi and Soial Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospets: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advane Tales, Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.241. How to ite this artile: Narriman, A. I., Mohammed, B. Kh., Yield omparison of soil and soilless grown strawerry. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosi. Plant Biol. 5(6), doi: A. I. Narriman and B. Kh. Mohammed (2018) / Biologial and Pharmaologial Ativities of Andrographis spp. (Aanthaeae) 57