AGRICULTURAL URBANISM

Transcription

1 AGRICULTURAL URBANISM

2 Agriultural Urbanism Researh is ongoing to develop tehniques for assimilating agriulture into an urbanism aeptable to the expetations of modern life and meeting the hoie of lifestyles of Transet-based plans. The ability to grow food has impliations for ommunities on multiple levels: from food seurity and health issues, to ensuring a loal eonomy, to the vast environmental benefi ts of loal farming, and the soial benefi ts of a produtive ativity in whih all members of a ommunity an engage. The dominane of large lot, low-density housing has beome typial in many Amerian suburbs. While appearingly idylli, when these spaes are not inorporated into a larger urban and regional plan, the repetition and redundany of a single slie of the transet an be the most detrimental type of sprawl, whereas when arefully inorporated into a larger plan arranged aording to the transet, an have quite a different effet. When farmland is built upon, a basi premise in Agriultural Urbanism is that one third will be urbanized while the prodution of the whole will be tripled. This trade-off is ahieved by intensifying the agriultural ativity at every level of the transet; from window boxes, balony and roof gardens in the more urban Transet Zones, to the progressively larger ommunity gardens, yard gardens, small farms, and ultimately large farms in the more suburban and rural Transet Zones. The ondition speifi ed in Assoiation Douments will be that every dwelling, in some measure, partiipates (or alloates that portion of the household budget whih would normally be dediated to maintaining ornamental landsaping) in the prodution of food. Larger farms may be entrally managed with onnetion to distribution systems. There will be a heavy equipment yard held in ommon, as well as failities for the proessing and storage of high value food. This is part of the town square also has the new failities of a loal university s agriultural department. This is NOT urban agriulture. This is agriultural urbanism in whih all aspets of the urbanism are foused on the prodution of food. There is a very positive attitude towards agriultural urbanism on the part of those who are environmentally onerned, those who would enjoy the soiety of a shared endeavor (front gardens were introdued for the purpose of soial disourse a role not unlike that of a porh) and for those who wish to take preautions with their health and welfare. Urbanism must be ohesively designed. By onentrating development, land is liberated for agriultural use. Agriultural projets must be preise both in terms of the land ultivated, and in the management of it. The transet will help organize the appropriate plaement of agriulture at the sale of both the master plan and the arhiteture of buildings.

3 Food Prodution Along the Transet T1 NATURAL ZONE T2 RURAL ZONE T3 SUB-URBAN ZONE T4 GENERAL URBAN ZONE EXTRA-URBAN AGRICULTURE INTRA-URBAN AGRICULTURE FORAGEABLE LAND TRACTOR FARMS T5 URBAN CENTER ZONE T6 URBAN CORE ZONE Every dwelling along the transet will ontribute in some measure to food prodution, either by labor or by wages. Owner s assoiation agreements regarding dediating the funding whih is normally alloated to landsape will be for agriulture subsidies. Produing food on-site allows: Greater independene from mass-produed food, buffering from petroleum shortages, less pressure on government FARMSTEADS FRONT YARD GARDENS KITCHEN GARDENS (REAR) Control over food proessing, inluding: pestiides and other additives to food, humane treatment of animals COMMUNITY GARDENS COMMON GARDENS GREENHOUSES / HYDROPONICS/ VERTICAL GARDENS WINDOW BOXES BALCONY GARDENS ROOF GARDENS Soial Benefi ts of inluding nondriving members of soiety in eonomy Eonomi Self-Sustainability: food is a reliable ommodity, partiularly when the means to preserve it through with Value Added Agriulture is onsidered

4 The transet in an agriultural village, as studied in Hertforshire, England. The Transet: Fostering Good Agriulture and Urbanism At the edge of the Transet, the same large lot zoning, whih an, in repetition, lead to the worst kind of sprawl an exist suessfully in limited quantities. The ritial differene shown here is proximity to urbanism whih limits the repetition of a single transet zone. The loation of the strutures along the thoroughfare reates a sense of ommunity and, the farther from urbanism these lots are, the more self-suffi ient they are shown to beome. In most irumstanes, a fi ve are parel is large enough to allow some animals and some rop rotation.

5 Environmental Impliations Inorporating the prodution of food soures into an urban masterplan results in built-in effi ienies, both eonomi and environmental. Beause there is pratiality towards losing a natural yle, many osts may be redued or eliminated, inluding waste disposal, food fertilzers, and food transportation, when food is grown loally. In the projet shown here, the following effi ienies were realized: Water Colletion, fi ltration, storage in reservoirs designed as ivi landmarks Great inrease in pervious land Energy Less driving for food and its transport On-site job reation Proximity to food Buildings energy-effi ient Stormwater Colletion and Purifi ation with this uphill reservoir; Tsawwassen, British Columbia. Food Closer to losed nutrient yle Better ontrol over supply of food Better ontrol over food additives Better ontrol over treatment of animals Waste Composting sites at both publi and private gardens Reyling stations beome a part of town life

6 INDICES OF DIVERSITY T1 NATURAL ZONE T2 RURAL ZONE T3 SUB-URBAN ZONE T4 GENERAL URBAN ZONE T5 URBAN CENTER ZONE T6 URBAN CORE ZONE NATURAL DIVERSITY EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY/ ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS EXISTING URBAN THEORY/ SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS CULTURAL DIVERSITY TOTAL NATURAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIVERSITY PROPOSED THEORY / INTEGRATED ANALYSIS TOTAL NATURAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIVERSITY PROPOSED CULTURAL ADJUSTMENT

7 Agriultural Urbanism and the Charter of the New Urbanism PRINCIPLE 1: CONCERNING THE METROPOLIS The projet supports eonomi and housing interests for the region, as well as the prodution of food and the maintenane of open spae. PRINCIPLE 2: CONCERNING THE METROPOLITAN ECONOMY The program inludes eduation, agriulture, mixeduse streets and bloks with live-work units. Projet is designed to ontribute positively to the surrounding areas. PRINCIPLE 3: CONCERNING AGRARIAN/NATURAL LANDSCAPES By only building on 1/3 of the site, 2/3 is maintained for open spae or food prodution. PRINCIPLE 4: CONCERNING INFILL OVER EXPANSION The site was a low-produtivity agriultural land sandwihed on two sides by existing ommunities. PRINCIPLE 5: CONCERNING NEW DEVELOPMENT The projet is organized into neighborhoods. PRINCIPLE 8: CONCERNING TRANSPORTATION The projet is organized around a pedestrian shed, will have jobs on-site, and will be onneted with the existing transportation network into the adjaent ommunities by bus routes and biyle paths. PRINCIPLES 10 AND 11: REGARDING NEIGHBORHOODS The projet is ompatly organized to allow onneted open spae and agriultural land. Neighborhoods are ompat, pedestrian-friendly and ontain mixed-use. PRINCIPLE 12: REGARDING THOSE WHO DO NOT DRIVE Agriultural Urbanism not only provides the normal ativities of a well-planned mixed-use plae, but also a variety of employment opportunities that might not otherwise exist. PRINCIPLE 13: CONCERNING DIVERSITY A broad prie range of both housing and gardening opportunities is inluded. In partiular, o-housing proponents partiipated in the harrette. PRINCIPLES 14 AND 15: REGARDING TRANSIT The projet is walkable with planned onnetion to existing transit. Walkability diagrams are provided. PRINCIPLE 16: COMMUNITY CIVIC SPACES AND SCHOOLS An existing shool in Boundary Bay is walkable, and the Agriultural Department of a loal university is proposed as are an additional primary shool and rereation fi elds. PRINCIPLE 18: COMMUNITY GARDENS, GREEN SPACES The projet ontains all of these. PRINCIPLE 19: MIXED USE STREETS AND PUBLIC SPACES The projet is designed with plaes of Shared Use PRINCIPLE 21: CONCERNING DESIGN FOR SAFETY The projet ontains both eyes on the street and proteted ourtyards. These shield working areas from the ommunity and reate safe plaes with non-vehiular thoroughfares. PRINCIPLE 22: ACCOMMODATING CARS AND PEDESTRIANS A hierarhy of thoroughfares allows a ombination of alternative transit and vehiular routes, benefi tting the pedestrian and reduing environmental and eonomi impats of infrastruture. PRINCIPLE 23: SAFE, WALKABLE STREETS AND SQUARES The projet is designed with neighborhood enters. PRINCIPLE 25: CIVIC BUILDINGS AND COMMUNITY IDENTITY The Identity of the projet is learly marked by the Market Square, visually anhored by large barns. PRINCIPLE 26: APPROPRIATE BUILDING DESIGN The arhiteture of the projet is based on loal preedent. PRINCIPLE 27: PRESERVATION OF LANDSCAPES The maintenane of an open agriultural area both supports the vista the neighbors are austomed to and provides an on-site eonomy for the ommunity.

8 3 1. AT THE URBAN EDGE: TRACTOR FARMS 2 2. AT THE URBAN EDGE: SMALL FARMS 1 3. AT THE URBAN EDGE: ONE-ACRE FARMSTEADS Extra-Urban Agriulture: The Corrugated Edge of Agriultural Urbanism The plan for this agriultural ommunity provides a variety of ways for different sales of agriulture to plug into the urban fabri. This maintains open views into the agrarian lands and allows an eonomi and soial interhange between the ative agriulture and the town.

9 1. ON THE GROUND: COMMUNITY & COMMON GARDENS ON THE GROUND: FRONT OR BACK YARD GARDENS 1 3. IN BUILDINGS: ROOF GARDENS Intra-Urban Agriulture: The Diversity of Plaes Intra-Urban greens are intended to demoratize agriultural opportunity. These growing spaes vary in size depending on their loation and proximity to density, in aordane with the transet. They may be publily or privately held on the ground or within buildings. 4. IN BUILDINGS: WINDOW AND BALCONY CONTAINERS

10 KEY 1. Multi-Purpose Building 2. University Center for Agriulture 3. Cooking Shool 4. Farmers Market 5. Barns & Sheds 6. Test Gardens & Orhards 7. Proposed Elementary Shool Agriultural Land 9. Market Square 10. Community Gardens 11. Live-Work Units 12. Existing Nursery Complex 13. Student & Worker Housing 14. Worker Allotment Gardens 15. Existing Elementary Shool A Market Square Area This plan detail illustrates how the blok struture and street layout of how a entral market square area might be designed. Within the town, eah neigbhorhood is within walking distane of a neighborhood enter. Different blok types illustrate how a variety and intensity of housing types and shared green spaes are aommodated within blok layouts, densest bloks adjaent to the neighborhood enter, fi ltering down towards the edges. Aross the transet, design is planned to failitate the prodution of food aross transet zones.

11 The Market Square The Market Square depited here is entrally situated between agriultural land and residential development and is anhored by a university s Urban Agriulture studies department. It is within a ten-minute walk of all residenes and will be part of a regional transportation network, onneting it to the existing town and village enters. The main thoroughfare that passes the square is lined with ground-fl oor retail, livework units and ommunity failities Multi-purpose Building 2. University Center for Agriulture 3. Culinary Institute 4. Farmers Market 5. Agriultural Support Strutures 6. Mixed-Use Buildings 7. Value Added Agriulture Proessing (Bakery, Cannery) 8. Agriultural Land 9. Market Square 10. Community Gardens Value Added Agriulture Value Added Agriulture refers to the proessing and preservation of foodstuffs in a way that inreases their market value. Bakeries and anneries are examples of two programs that buffer market and rop fl utuations, allow the use of less than perfet produe (reating value where none might otherwise exist), and make use of less skilled or part-time labor, inluding a part of the population that might not otherwise be employed. Therefore, inluding of these spaes into the program of an agriultural town is important for its eonomy.

12 FARMSTEADS 1 DU/are SMALL FARMSTEADS 2 DU/are YARD GARDENS 4 DU/are FRONT GARDENS 15 DU/are KITCHEN GARDENS DU/are COMMUNITY GARDENS 16 DU/are ROOF GARDENS 32 DU/are COMMON GARDEN 40 DU/are BALCONY GARDENS 126 DU/are Building Types Matrix This study shows the insertion of dediated agriultural areas into various lot and building types along the Transet. It is an organizing diagram that moves from the more rural to the more urban, using the single are as a point of referene. In reality, a hierarhy of thoroughfares would allow several bloks to be joined depending on the loation along the transet. Illustration of four one-are bloks, Tsawwassen, Canada

13 Building Types The One Are Blok as the Model This study uses the single are as a point of referene to show the insertion of dediated agriultural areas into different building and lot types along the transet. Some buildings whih annot have a dediated growing area an ontribute by using roofspae for water or energy olletion; most would probably have at least window boxes. Maintaining an agriultural potential without losing quality of life requires a onsious effort to balane aess to sunlight, building heights, and blok sizes. In reality, the plan would allow several bloks to be joined, with mid-blok onnetions being non-vehiular, reduing the ost and impat of heavy paving, and dediating more resoures to biyle and walking paths. FARMSTEADS 1 DU/Are SMALL FARMSTEADS 2 DU/Are YARD GARDENS 4 DU/Are FRONT GARDENS 15 DU/Are KITCHEN GARDEN DU/Are COMMUNITY GARDENS 16 DU/Are ROOF GARDENS 32 DU/Are COMMON GARDENS 40 DU/Are BALCONY GARDENS 126 DU/Are

14 Studies For One Are Bloks

15 TYPICAL PLAN PLAN OF ATTACHED UNITS WITH FRONT GARDENS 20+ DU/ACRE Bill Dennis Example of a One Are Blok Detail A series of one, two, and three are bloks are designed to address intra-urban agriulture at the appropriate sale aross the transet. This is one of many fl oor plans that depits a ourtyard type of building. ELEVATION Bill Dennis

16 Case Study A: Absene of the Transet This series of illustrations shows a variety of ways a one square mile (640 ares) might be impated by zoning regulations. Eah option works with the densities as allowed by the typial 1 unit/ 5 are zoning designation. In this breakdown, up to 128 houses an be built. The repetition of large-lot single family zoning may severely limit both the availability of land for larger-sale agriulture and does not allow for walkability, meaning that all needs must be met by ar. Clustering and Urbanism Illustrations B and C also depit 128 houses but explore options whih are more produtive, more sustainable, and provide better urbanism, meaning hildren might walk to a friend s house or older people to a market. Food may be grown on a small sale within lots, but larger trats are open to a master farmer. A Illustrations A-C: one mile trats as analyzed for Miami-Dade County Agriultural Study, B and C show more effi ient use of land: lustering. With lustering, up to 128 houses under existing development rights are built, allowing for both walkability and the preservation of large trats of arable land and open spae. Illustration B depits a senario of lustering within one s own property. This allows for the realization of existing development rights while maintaining a variety of trat sizes for agriulture. In Illustration C, all built land is lustered on a quarter setion so that 3/4 of the remaining land is retained for Agriultural Use or preserved as Open Spae. Here are aommodated a variety of housing types and densities, with tighter and smaller lots towards the enter of the neighborhood, and larger lots (these an be greater than 5 ares) buffering the agriultural land. A variety of poliy tools are available to regulate and even inentivize the retention of large ontiguous trats of land for greatest agriultural fl exibility now and in the future. B C

17 Aerial View of Sandy Point, North Carolina Plan Detail of Sandy Point, North Carolina Case Study B: Self-Suffi ieny and Urbanism Sandy Point is oated near histori Edenton, North Carolina. A 938 are farmstead, just south of the very fertile Chesapeake Bay, Sandy Point benefi ts from the rih soils of the region as well as fi shing and other soures of aquati sustenane from Albemarle Sound. The new village is designed to ontinue its history of agriultural ultivation, produing fresh food on site. This type of development is sustainable when it is largely selfsuffi ient. Masterplan for Sandy Point, North Carolina

18 Case Study C: The Garden Village This Garden Village represents the harmonious intersetion of agriulture and urbanism in the form of a free-standing rural settlement. Garden Villages restore the village to its original funtion: the growing of food. In this plan, a entral green spine houses the prinipal Civi or Community strutures and gathering spaes. Higher density urbanism defi nes the edge of this green with apartments equipped with window boxes and vertial gardens. Community gardens are designed in lose proximity to these higher-density strutures that otherwise have minimal or no yards. Extending from this entral spae are agriultural wedges/ slivers that fan out into the ountryside. Private gardens suh as kithen gardens, roof gardens, or window boxes our in smaller houses. The next sale of gardening ours on lots of a quarter to one-half of a hetare with larger houses. One to 5+ hetare homesteads round out the village edges and trator farming happens beyond. Masterplan of Hertfordshire Village

19 The overall agriultural yield of the post-development land, measured by both bulk and eonomi value, shall double that of the overall pre-projet yield. - First Priniple of Agriultural Urbanism Case Study D: The Agriultural Town Projet Information Loation Tsawwassen, British Columbia, Canada Submission Category I. The Region: Metropolis, City, and Town Projet Charateristis: Publi Poliy Program: Agriulture, Eduation Town Extension Inludes affordable housing, soial housing, and o-housing Inludes a University Institute for Sustainable Hortiulture Projet Information Projet is in the proess of seeking approval from loal authorities. Site Area: 536 ares gross. Area Urbanized: 178 ares gross. Civi Uses: plazas, squares, agriultural lands, meeting spaes. Parks / Open Spae: open spae and food-produing land aount for 2/3 of land in all projet options. Number of Residential Units: Residential Unit Types Range: houses, rowhouses, apartments, live-work units, farmsteads Retail, Offi e, Industrial Square Footage: approx. 190,000 sf. Transet Zones Inluded: T1, T2, T3, T4, T5

20 Existing National Park Existing Town Uphill Water Storage and Filtration Ponds Preserved Agriultural Lands Shool Athleti Fields Agriultural Land and Open Spae 5 MINUTE 400 METRES Existing Town of Tsawwassen Preserved Open Spae University and Town Center Preserved Cultural Land Existing Elementary Shool Existing Town 5 MINUTE 400 METRES Neighbourhood Struture 5 MINUTE 400 METRES 10 MINUTE WALK 800 METRES Pedestrian Shed USA Case Study D: The Agriultural Town The Sweep: Single hard agriultural edge Built Land 31.7% or ares Green Land: 68.3% or ares Agriultural Land: 41.7 % or 224 ares Open Spae: 26.6% or ares Thoroughfare Network

21 A biyle path traverses the rural to urban transet.

22