Growing Tree Fruits in Western Oregon
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1 1/20/2018 Outline Growing Tree Fruits in Western Oregon Jeff Choate OSU Extension Lane County Site Selection Pre-Plant Considerations Site Selection & Preparation Spacing: Rootstock & Varieties Planting & Irrigation Pruning & Fruit Thinning Integrated Pest Management Common Pests of Tree Fruits Maintenance Schedule Google Earth + SoilWeb Some things can be changed, and some can t. Soil Drainage ph & mineral nutrients Environment/Micro-Climate Water Rights Quantity Quality Native Productivity Rating Native Productivity Rating 1
2 1/20/2018 Soil Percolation Test Do a percolation test: Dig a hole 2 to 3 feet deep and 6 to 12 wide. Scuff the sides if they were glazed by the digging tool. Fill the hole with water, then let it drain. Fill the hole a second time and measure how much water drains per hour for several hours. A rate of about 2 per hour is ideal, and 1-3 generally is okay. Less than 1 per hour or significantly more than 3 per hour is problematic for perennial crops. Cold Air Goes to the Bottom of a Slope Environment/Micro-Climate Elevation Aspect/Exposure Border effects (e.g., tall trees, disparate management practices) Prevailing wind Surrounding topography You Can Divert the Cold Air Flow Source: Prepare the Site Clear the area of weeds and rocks Amend the soil Consider incorporating organic matter into the soil throughout the entire orchard A soil test is the best way to determine the need for fertilizers and inorganic soil amendments. Source: Soil Testing Without a soil analysis, it s nearly impossible to determine what a soil needs in order to be productive. If lime is needed, it is best to add it ~6 months in advance of the planting date 2
3 Sample Collection Sample areas with different management history separately. Sample Collection Take 15 to 20 subsamples randomly throughout the sample area. Depth: 0-12 (new) 0-2 & 2-12 (established) Avoid unusual areas Former compost or manure piles. Fence lines. Locations where fertilizer spreaders are filled. Any place plants are growing especially well or very poorly. Sample Processing Mix subsamples together into a single composite sample. Remove rocks and vegetation. Dry the sample. Check with the laboratory for any additional requirements Soil Testing Laboratories Soil Testing Laboratories Analyses For about $30, typical nutrient analyses include Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) ph SMP Buffer ph For about $5, Boron (B) can be added to the suite of analyses, which is recommended for fruit & nut trees, berries, Brassicas, and root crops. 3
4 Soil Analysis Results Sample info here Laboratory name here Yes Maybe No Concentration of nutrient in soil Source: Brady, N.C. and R.R. Weil The nature and properties of soils. Interpreting Soil Test Results Yes Maybe No Nutrient Units Low Medium High Excessive P ppm < >100 K ppm < >800 Ca ppm < >2000 >>2000 Mg ppm < >180 >>180 B ppm < >2 K meq/100 g < >2.0 Ca meq/100 g < >10 >>10 Mg meq/100 g < >2.5 >>2.5 Outline Pre-Plant Considerations Site Selection & Preparation Spacing: Rootstock & Varieties Planting & Irrigation Pruning & Fruit Thinning Integrated Pest Management Common Pests of Tree Fruits Maintenance Schedule Spacing Recommendations Distance between fruit trees Apple, Standard 30 ft. Apple, Semi-Dwarf 15 ft. Apple, Dwarf 10 ft. Pear, Standard 20 ft. Pear, Semi-Dwarf 15 ft. Plum 15 ft. Cherry, Sweet 20 ft. 30 x 30 = 1 Standard Apple Tree 4
5 1/20/ x 30 = 4 Semi-Dwarf Apple Trees Or 30 x 30 = 9 Dwarf Apple Trees How to space the trees? 5
6 Choosing a Rootstock What size of tree is best? How much space do you have? Do you have deer? No ladder or ladder work? Differences between Standard, Semi-Dwarf, and Dwarf trees Spacing of Trees The EASY answer: The height is the distance between trees Dwarf: 8 to 10 feet tall Semi-dwarf: 14 to 16 feet tall Standard: 25 to 30 feet and taller if not pruned Apple Rootstocks How to Select Varieties Subdwarf M27 M9 Dwarf M26 Semi-dwarf M7 Semi-standard MM106 MM111 Standard Seedling Personal preference Disease resistance Tree size Pollination requirements How much fruit do you want? 2 2 Bud 9 G.65 G.11 G.30 Supporter 4 Apple Varieties Common PNW Apple Varieties Until 1950, ~1,200 varieties of apples had been developed , over 200 varieties of apples developed Akane (Tokyo Rose) Braeburn Earligold Elstar Empire Fuji Gala Golden Delicious Granny Smith Gravenstein Jonagold Lodi Newton Red Delicious 6
7 Apple Scab-Resistant Varieties Common PNW Pear Varieties Akane (Tokyo Rose) Chehalis Enterprise* Goldrush Honeycrisp Liberty Prima Pristine* Tydeman Red European **Anjou (Green and Red) *Bartlett (Yellow and Red) **Bosc **Comice * also powdery mildew-resistant *Summer will ripen after harvest **Winter requires chilling to ripen normally Common PNW Pear Varieties Common PNW Plum Varieties Asian Chojuro Hosui Kosui Nijisseki Shinseiki European Brooks (prune) Italian (prune) Moyer (prune) Parsons Stanley Asian Burbank Early Golden Red Heart Santa Rosa Shiro Common PNW Cherry Varieties Common PNW Peach Varieties Bada Compact Stella Kordia (Attika) Lambert Lapins Regina Royal Ann Stella Sweetheart Early Elberta Frost* Genetic dwarfs July Elberta Red Haven Rochester Veteran *leaf curl resistant 7
8 How much fruit do you REALLY eat? Mature Apple Tree Standard: 9 ½ boxes Semi-Dwarf: 4 to 7 boxes Dwarf: 1 ½ to 3 boxes Note: One box/bushel is equal to 42 pounds Apple: 2-5 Apricot: 2-5 Cherry, sweet: 4-7 Cherry, sour: 3-5 Peach/Nectarine: 2-4 Pear: 4-6 Plum: 3-6 Years to Fruit Pollination Most fruit trees either require another variety for pollination or produce better when pollinated by another variety The bloom time of a pollinizer must be similar to that of the variety to be pollinated Pollination charts identify suitable pollinizers There are NO comprehensive pollination charts! Some varieties of fruit trees cannot be used as pollinizers For example, see Winesap on the following slide Apple Pollination Chart Source: Pollination of Fruits & Nuts, Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service Pollination Several species of bees pollinate fruit trees, including honey bees and bumble bees Orchard mason bees (Osmia lignaria), are exceptional pollinators that are active in the cool weather of early spring Pesticides may adversely affect pollinators. ALWAYS follow label directions! Photo Source: Wikipedia Outline Pre-Plant Considerations Site Selection & Preparation Spacing: Rootstock & Varieties Planting & Irrigation Pruning & Fruit Thinning Integrated Pest Management Common Pests of Tree Fruits Maintenance Schedule 8
9 Planting When your site is prepared When trees are available in nurseries Dig the hole as deep as the root ball and twice as wide as the root ball Leave a small mound of dirt in the hole Soak bare root trees for ½ hour Spread roots out uniformly over mound Planting Plant with the graft union at least 3 above ground level Back fill hole with native soil Water and mulch Water deeply once a week during dry season of first year Remove any plastic or metal labels Record variety and rootstock Planting Trunk Wraps and Painting Dwarf trees should be staked Wrap trunk with flexible mouse guard (optional) Paint trunk with white latex paint protection from sunburn (optional) 50/50 mix of paint and water Irrigation Establish an irrigation system Water needs to reach all trees Avoid overhead watering Summer watering Water new trees weekly Water established trees at least monthly Irrigation Check Do a test run of irrigation system At the drip line of the tree, use a shovel or soil probe to obtain a handful of soil from about 8 inches deep Grab the soil - it should be moist, but not wet You will soon learn your soil! Source: 9
10 Outline Pre-Plant Considerations Site Selection & Preparation Spacing: Rootstock & Varieties Planting & Irrigation Pruning & Fruit Thinning Integrated Pest Management Common Pests of Tree Fruits Maintenance Schedule Why Prune? To maintain tree health To increase air flow and light penetration To improve natural form To control size To increase fruit production When to Prune? Anatomy of a Tree Best when trees are dormant November March July 15 August 15 Or when you need to do it! Terminal Bud Parts of the Branch Terminal Bud Leaf Bud Fruiting Wood Leaf Bud Flower Bud Fruit Spur Fruit Spur Flower Bud Bud Scar Apple: 2 nd year wood (that which grew the year before last) Cherry: 1 st & 2 nd year wood (look for spurs) Peach/Nectarine: 1 st year wood (that which grew last year) Pear: 2 nd year wood Plum/Prune: 1 st year wood Bud Scar 10
11 Only two types of pruning cuts: Thinning & Heading Spur versus Tip Bearing Most apple varieties bear on spur systems Avoid unnecessary spur removal A few apple varieties bear at the tips of branches Avoid unnecessary heading cuts Common varieties include: Cortland, Fuji, King, Granny Smith Photo Source: University of Wisconsin Training for Proper Crotch Angle Training for Fruit Production Types of Tree Forms Example of Training Tree Fruits Central Leader Modified Central Leader Vase or Multiple Leader 11
12 Pruning Tools Hand Pruners Long-handled Loppers Hand-saw Rubbing alcohol well to sanitize tools? Three Legged Ladder (optional) Pruning Publications EC 819: Growing Tree Fruits & Nuts in the Home Orchard EC 1005: Pruning to Restore an Old, Neglected Apple Tree PNW 400: Training and Pruning Your Home Orchard Pruning & Training by Christopher Brickell & David Joyce Fruit Thinning Increases the size of fruit Stops biennial production if thinned Within 40 days of full bloom for apples (about the size of a marble) Within 60 days of full bloom for pears Thinning also protects the branches from breakage Fruit Thinning Outline Pre-Plant Considerations Site Selection & Preparation Spacing: Rootstock & Varieties Planting & Irrigation Pruning & Fruit Thinning Integrated Pest Management Common Pests of Tree Fruits Maintenance Schedule Before After 12
13 What IPM is IPM is a comprehensive system of orchard management that incorporates Sound cultural practices Establishing thresholds for pest damage Regular monitoring Proper plant problem diagnosis Using the least toxic (yet effective and practical) methods available for managing pests that cause damage exceeding thresholds Note: The term PEST refers to all types of pests, including insects, diseases, and vertebrate pests. What IPM is Not IPM is neither inherently organic nor conventional ; it is often somewhat of a middle ground between the two. Cultural Practices Plant disease-resistant varieties that are less likely to succumb to disease pressures. Prune to maintain an open canopy so air flow can dry the foliage quickly after rain. Irrigate in a way that does not wet foliage. Remove/destroy potential sources of inoculum (e.g., leaves, fruit) whenever practical. Establishing Thresholds One insect in an orchard doesn t warrant applying an insecticide to the entire orchard. However, one insect pest per fruit is probably well beyond the level considered by most people to be acceptable. What is considered acceptable varies from person to person, so knowing how much scab you can tolerate on your apples is critical to knowing if and when to invoke additional pest management strategies. Monitoring Establishing thresholds only works when you monitor to determine if and when those thresholds are exceeded. Regular monitoring also helps you to be familiar with what your orchard looks like when it s healthy, so you can easily recognize when something is wrong. Traps aid in monitoring for specific insect pests. Proper Plant Problem Diagnosis Proper plant problem diagnosis must come before any pest management strategy is employed. Applying an insecticide simply because you see holes in leaves won t do any good if the holes are the result of a fungal disease. 13
14 1/20/2018 Least Toxic Methods To Summarize IPM Once you properly diagnose a plant problem, use cultural controls, if available, followed by least toxic chemical controls. Knowing the life cycle of pest organisms is critical to selecting appropriate pest management strategies. Use sound cultural practices. Determine what levels of damage are acceptable to you. Monitor. Properly diagnose problems. Use the least toxic methods available to manage pests. Outline Common Tree Fruit Diseases Pre-Plant Considerations Site Selection & Preparation Spacing: Rootstock & Varieties Planting & Irrigation Pruning & Fruit Thinning Integrated Pest Management Common Pests of Tree Fruits Maintenance Schedule Apple - Anthracnose Apple - Anthracnose Apple - Powdery Mildew Apple - Scab Pear - Powdery Mildew Pear - Scab Pear - Pacific Coast Pear Rust Pear - Fire Blight Peach - Leaf Curl Peach - Shothole Cherry - Bacterial Canker Apple - Anthracnose Cryptosporiopsis curvispora Cryptosporiopsis curvispora, a fungus sexual: Neofabraea malicorticis is the most common C. kienholzii and N. alba have also been found in western Washington All apple cultivars are susceptible Spartan, Gala, Melrose, and Akane are highly susceptible Photo by Jay W. Pscheidt 14
15 1/20/2018 Apple - Anthracnose Cryptosporiopsis curvispora Apple - Powdery Mildew Podosphaera leucotricha Apple - Powdery Mildew Podosphaera leucotricha, a fungus Very susceptible: Braeburn, Jonathan, Rome, Newtown, Granny Smith, Gravenstein (fruits of Jonathan and Rome also may be severely affected) Moderately susceptible: Winesap Less susceptible: Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, and Delicious strains Resistant: Pristine and Enterprise (both also scabresistant) Apple - Powdery Mildew Podosphaera leucotricha Photo by Jay W. Pscheidt Apple - Scab Venturia inaequalis, a fungus Good resistance and good quality: Akane (Tokyo Rose), Chehalis, Liberty, Prima, Tydeman Red Intermediate resistance: Jonagold, Macoun, Melrose, Spartan, King Cultivars not easily grown in western Oregon: Red Delicious, Rome Beauty, Jonathan, Winesap, Granny Smith, Gala, Summerred, Jersey Mac Apple - Scab Venturia inaequalis Photo by by Bob Spotts Photo by Iain MacSwann 15
16 Pear - Powdery Mildew Podosphaera leucotricha, a fungus The disease is important on the cultivar d Anjou where a smooth fruit finish is highly desired. Bartlett rarely has a problem with this disease. Pear - Powdery Mildew Podosphaera leucotricha Photo by David Sugar Photo by Jay W. Pscheidt Pear - Scab Venturia pirina, a fungus The cultivars Forelle and Bartlett Red Sensation are very susceptible. Pear - Scab Venturia pirina Photo by Jay W. Pscheidt Photos Source: Part of OSU Extension Plant Pathology Slide Set Pear - Scab Venturia pirina Pear - Pacific Coast Pear Rust Gymnosporangium libocedri, a fungus Gymnosporangium asiaticum is on Asian Pears Winter Nelis is severely affected Bartlett is not affected Photo by Wayne Roberts 16
17 1/20/2018 Pear - Pacific Coast Pear Rust Gymnosporangium libocedri Pear - Fire Blight Erwinia amylovora, a bacterium All important pear cultivars are susceptible to fire blight, and Bosc especially so. Fire Blight is not common in the Willamette Valley and may be confused there with Pseudomonas blight, Nectria twig blight, pear dieback caused by Phomopsis sp., and twig borer beetle damage. Photo by Melodie Putnam Photo by Jay W. Pscheidt Pear - Fire Blight Erwinia amylovora Peach - Leaf Curl Taphrina deformans, a fungus Redhaven is very susceptible in the PNW. Leaf Curl resistant: Autumn Rose, August Etter, Avalon, Avalon Pride, Charlotte, Early Charlotte, Early Crawford, Frost, Indian Free, Kreibich, Muir, Nanaimo, Oregon Curl Free, Q-1-8. Photos Source: Part of OSU Extension Plant Pathology Slide Set Peach - Leaf Curl Taphrina deformans Peach - Shothole Wilsonomyces carpophilus, a fungus (formerly Coryneum beyerinckii) The cultivars Lovell and Muir are reportedly tolerant Photo part of OSU Extension Plant Pathology Slide Photo by Jay W. Pscheidt 17
18 1/20/2018 Peach - Shothole (Coryneum Blight) Wilsonomyces carpophilus Cherry - Bacterial Canker Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, a bacterium Very susceptible: Royal Ann, Bing, Lambert, Napoleon, Sweetheart, Van Tolerant*: Corum, Regina, Rainier, Sam, Sue *Appear to have sufficient tolerance to canker to be grown commercially without serious tree loss. Photo part of OSU Extension Plant Pathology Slide Photo by Wayne Robers (Jeff Olsen collection) Cherry - Bacterial Canker Pseudomonas syringae Common Tree Fruit Insects Apple maggot Codling moth Leaf-roller Scale Aphids Spider mites Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) Apple Maggot Rhagoletis pomonella Apple Maggot Rhagoletis pomonella One generation per year Adult flies emerge in mid- to late-june Use yellow sticky traps to detect first emergence or red sticky spheres to detect egg laying Codling moth controls generally are adequate to control apple maggot Photo by Jack Kelly Clark 18
19 Codling Moth Cydia pomonella Codling Moth Cydia pomonella 2 to 3 generations per year In Lane County... 1st generation typically emerges in early May with first major flight in early June 2nd generation typically emerges in early June with first major flight in early July Pheromone traps are useful in identifying the presence of adult moths and timing pesticide applications accordingly. Pheromone Traps for Codling Moth Set out traps at 150 Degree Days after January 1 st. Biofix: many definitions. 1-2 moths per trap for two consecutive weeks. The first large catch (3-4 moths) in a single trap. Target first spray for 1 st generation at 250 Degree Days after biofix. Target first spray for 2 nd generation at 1250 Degree Days after biofix. Timing of subsequent spray applications depends on longevity of products used. Apple Maggot Damage Codling Moth Damage Fruit Tree Leaf Roller Choristoneura rosaceana Oystershell Scale Lepidosaphes ulmi 19
20 1/20/2018 San Jose Scale Damage Quadraspidiotus pernicious Rosy Apple Aphid Dysaphis plantaginea Woolly Aphid Eriosoma lanigerum Two Spotted Spider Mite Red Mite Panonychus ulmi Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) Drosophila suzukii Tetranchus urticae Red Mite Damage Common Tree Fruit Disorders Bitter Pit Water Core Bitter Pit Resistant: Delicious and Winesap Moderately susceptible: Golden Delicious Very Susceptible: Northern Spy, Gravenstein, Grimes Golden, and Baldwin. 20
21 Water Core Most susceptible varieties are Rambo, Jonathan, Delicious, Stayman, Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig), and Winesap. In the Northwest, Winesap is more often affected than any other. Other Common Tree Fruit Pests Field Mouse (Vole) Gopher Mole Sheep, Cow, Deer, Bird, Raccoon, Horse Field Mouse (Vole) Comparison of a Gopher Mound and a Mole Hill Gopher Mound Pocket Gopher Sheep, Cow, Deer, Bird, Raccoon, or Horse damage 21
22 Outline Pre-Plant Considerations Site Selection & Preparation Spacing: Rootstock & Varieties Planting & Irrigation Pruning & Fruit Thinning Integrated Pest Management Common Pests of Tree Fruits Maintenance Schedule Maintenance Schedule: Winter Dormant and Delayed Dormant Sprays Copper - Anthracnose, Peach Leaf Curl Lime sulfur or wettable sulfur- Scab Dormant oil - aphid & mite eggs, scale Prune Dead, diseased, and damaged wood Excessive growth Maintenance Schedule: Spring (during bloom) Copper - Peach Leaf Curl Lime sulfur or wettable sulfur - Scab Dormant oil - aphid & mite eggs, scale Maintenance Schedule: Spring Monitor for proper growth: Young: ~18-30 inches/year Mature: ~6-12 inches/year Fertilize around the time trees finish blooming Test soil to determine fertilizer requirements Avoid excess N, which encourages vegetative growth, bitter pit, and lessens disease resistance Maintenance Schedule: Late Spring (post-bloom) Copper - Peach Leaf Curl Lime sulfur or wettable sulfur - Scab, Powdery Mildew Thin fruit Apples: within 40 days of full bloom Pears: within 60 days of full bloom Maintenance Schedule: Summer Prune For air flow and light penetration Vegetative growth to control vigor Avoid overhead irrigation Good sanitation remove/destroy infected fruit 22
23 Maintenance Schedule: Summer to Harvest Codling moth Refer to the PNW Insect Management Handbook for current insecticide recommendations. Use pheromone traps to ensure optimum timing Mating disruption Requires large, contiguous blocks Borders may require insecticide application Codling moth granulosis virus (ex.: Cyd-X) Maintenance Schedule: Fall Good sanitation Remove infected/un-harvested fruit Mow/flail to speed decomposition of leaves and debris on the orchard floor Dolomitic lime has been linked with reducing scab inoculum, but the rates are unsustainable Spray when ~½ leaves have fallen to control diseases (e.g., anthracnose), mites, aphids, and scale Horticultural oil Copper Resources Soils Soil Web App for Google Earth (from UC, Davis) EC 628: A Guide to Collecting Soil Samples for Farms & Gardens EM 8677: Analytical Laboratories Serving Oregon Varieties Apples for the 21 st Century by Warren Manhart EC 819: Growing Tree Fruits & Nuts in the Home Orchard Pest Management Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook Pruning EC 1005: Pruning to Restore an Old, Neglected Apple Tree PNW 400: Training and Pruning Your Home Orchard Pruning & Training by Christopher Brickell & David Joyce Harvest FS 147: Picking & Storing Apples & Pears 23
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