Growing Tree Fruits Successfully Part 1

Transcription

1 Growing Tree Fruits Successfully Part 1 Ross Penhallegon Presentation Topics 1. Soil 2. Site 3. Irrigation 4. Selection 5. IPM 6. Pruning/Thinning FERTILITY PEST MANAGEMENT IPM PESTICIIDE SAFETY FROST PROTECTION MARKET FRUIT QUANTITY AND QUALITY APRICOTS APPLES CHERRIES PEACHES NECTARINES PEARS/ASIAN PEARS POMEGRANATES OTHERS SOILS When planting an orchard, look for deep, well drained river soils. Good soil grows the best tree fruits. Most Master Gardeners have BAD soil and still grow tree fruits. BEST: well drained soils REALITY: Poor soils. Raised beds, inches deep with dwarf and semi dwarf trees. 1

2 Get to Know Your SOIL 80 % of Tree Problems is the Soil Planted to Deep, looks like a telephone pole. Graft union. Compacted Soil, lack of vigor Excessive Mulch, 2 to 4 maximum Excessive Moisture, Poor Drainage Interface, two soil types meet Raise in Grade, collects water ID Your Soil Research It To identify the type of soil you have, go online at Look up your property, write down the codes, look up codes on the website USDA Soils: View Soil Survey book at NRCS Office 780 Bailey Hill Road. Eugene Where to Send Your Soil off for Testing of nutrients? A List of Analytical Labs Serving Oregon: OSU Extension Publication EM8677 Three of the Closest Testing Soil Labs Analytical Lab, 361 W 5 th, Eugene, OR Agri-Check, PO Box 1350, Umatilla, OR Site Considerations Why are site conditions so important? Spacing Recommendations Sunlight Requirements Micro-Climates??? High vs low Site Selection-Soil Tolerance To Waterlogging (wet soil) Pear- very tolerant Apple-tolerant (except M26, MM106) Plum- tolerant Peach- sensitive Apricot- very sensitive Cherry- very sensitive 2

3 50% Sand 40% Silt 10% Clay Selections Select TREE FRUITS to site conditions Select DISEASE resistant varieties Select VARIETIES with maintenance requirements in mind SIZE of trees How much FRUIT wanted? Microclimates Variations in elevations Structures near your orchard site Surrounding trees, forests, fields and water ways????? Know your directional exposure Sun, Wind, Rain and Frost Pockets Micro climates MEAN different fruits do better in different climates. (Bend VS Coos County) Need test plots for tree fruit varieties. See which ones do best. Why different fruit in south than in north???? Cold Air Goes to the Bottom of a Slope Frost Pockets & Warm Spots 3

4 Precipitation (in) Evapotranspiration (in) You Can Stop the Air Flow You Can Divert the Cold Air Flow IRRIGATION Dig in the soils and grab soil. How should it feel? Water availability Water fairly available Most important to irrigate when???? July and August = because??? Gravelly soils, need more water. 2 rivers and 9 reservoirs Excel Irrigation Chart template Hood River Rainfall and Crop Water Demand Evapotranspiration (ET) Precipitation Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

5 Yearly Temps What were the temperatures in 2014? When did people start to irrigate? Rain Fall Best method to Irrigate? 5

6 Irrigation Establish an irrigation system Water will reach all trees Summer watering New trees water weekly Established trees monthly Irrigation Check Do a test run of irrigation system At the drip line of the tree Dig with a shovel 8 inches deep Or with a soil probe Grab soil It should be Moist But not Wet You will soon learn your soil! Planting and Painting Trees planted with graft union above soil line. Trunks painted with white exterior latex paint (can be diluted with water 1:1). Water trees in. Prune off top at desired height to encourage branching. Don t put fertilizer in hole or around tree base until 2 nd yr. Can use a light compost. Prepare the Site Clear the area of: Weeds and Rocks Amendment the Soil Add Organic Matter Recommendations from soil test Best to do this 4 to 6 months in advance of planting date Decide how you are going manage the soil and orchard. Planting When should trees be planted? (winter or spring) Dig the Hole Two to Three times as wide as the root ball As deep as the root ball Leave a small mound of dirt in the hole Spread roots out uniformly over mound Plant with graft union 2-3 above ground Back fill hole Native Soil and Mulch 6

7 Planting continued Water deeply once a week first year Remove any plastic or metal labels Record variety and rootstock Dwarf trees should be staked Wrap trunk with flexible mouse guard (optional) Paint trunk with white latex paint (optional) Or white lime. Trunk Wraps and Painting Why paint trunk? - Summer Winter WHICH CRITTER When paint? Space Recommendations Distance Between Fruit Trees Standard Apple 20 feet. Dwarf Apple 3-6 feet. Standard Pear 9 ft.. Semi-Dwarf Pear 9-12 ft.. Plum 8-11 ft. Sweet Cherry ft. 7

8 How much fruit do you REALLY eat? A mature apple tree will Produce? Standard 20 boxes Semi-Dwarf 6 to 10 boxes Dwarf 3 to 6 boxes One box/bushel is equal to 42 pounds Spacing between Trees Dwarf: 3-6 ft. tall Semi-dwarf: 6-10 ft. tall Standard: ft. and taller if not pruned EASY answer: The height is the distance between trees. What size of tree is best? Depends on space What will the tree be used for? Do you have deer? Use of ladders Differences between standard, Semi-Dwarf, and Dwarf trees Plant with pollenizers - At the ends - As a separate row depending on the spring air movement - Have a different apple cultivars in each row Sunlight Requirements Ideal 8 to 10 hours Minimum of 6 to 8 For optimum growth Blossom and Pollination Fruit Set and Production CRITTERS Above ground Deer/ sheep/ horses/cows/ elk Rabbits/hare Raccoons Possums and skunks BELOW GROUND Voles field mice Gopher and moles 8

9 Our favorite FRIENDS/FOES? Meadow Mouse (Vole) Sheep, Cow, Deer, Bird, Raccoon or Horse Damage Gopher Mound Pocket Gopher CONTROLS Solutions Dogs Caging Plant a small pasture area next to the orchard Grow tall trees = ladders Fence 8-12 foot tall or double fencing 2ft tall and 4 foot tall, two foot apart. Motion sprinkler Rotten eggs, smelly soap, blood meal 9

10 These need replacing every two weeks minimum (CAN T IRRIGATE DURING THIS TIME WHY? Irish spring soap bar Blood meal in small cloth baggies Brut cologne Duck or chicken eggs left out in the hot sun for 2 weeks and then break along the tree line. Dogs in the area of the trees. Fertilization-pH Young trees should grow inches inches Older trees should grow inches ph of 6-7 good, lime every third year. If below 6, add 80 pounds/1000 sq. feet. Many orchard soils are acidic which means? Evaluate fertilizer needs PYRAMID EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ph or adding lime or sulfur Primary - N-P-K Macros or Secondary - Cal, Mag., sulfur Micros or small amounts B boron, Cu copper; Fe iron; Cl or chloride; Mn manganese; Zn zinc. How much do plants need? Fertilization Apply nitrogen fertilizer during growing season. (April). Is it used this year or next? luxury consumption Early season application will promote growth in current season. Yes Maybe No Aug-Sep application will be stored in buds for flowers-fruit for next yr. But what happens to growth?. Concentration of nutrient in soil 10

11 Can Compost be my only Fertilizer? Compost 2N-2P-2K 1st number = 2% N 2 nd number = 2% P 3 rd number = 2% K Fertilizers What s in them? Organic Chemical/Conventional Fertilizers Whats the numbers mean? 16N 16P 16K 2N 0P OK 6S ammonium sulfate Various other fertilizers Fertilization Excess N encourages vegetative growth, bitter pit and lessens disease resistance. See Fertilizer Guide (FG 66): Home Fruit, Vegetable, and Ornamental Gardens Salt and pepper fertilizer granules underneath the drip line of the fruit tree with synthetic or organic materials. Proper growth inches per year How do I Know if I need to add Fertilizer? Soil Test Monitor Plant Growth Look at new growth per year Send Your Soil off for Testing ph: Tree Fruits prefer a ph 6.5 to 6.8 P (phosphorus), K (potassium), Ca (calcium), Mg (magnesium) Test for B (boron) every 10 years Organic Matter in the soil Soil texture: Clay, Silt and Sand Salt content 11

12 Rootstocks Subdwarf M27 M9 Dwarf M26 Semi-dwarf M7 Semi-standard MM106 MM111 Standard Seedling Bud 9 G.65 G.11 G.30 Supporter 4 30 x 30 = 1 Standard Apple Trees Or 30 x 30 = 4 Semi-Dwarf Apple Trees Or 30 x 30 = 9 Dwarf Apple Trees 60 x 30 = 2 Standard Apple Trees Or 60 x 30 = 4 Semi-Dwarf Apple Trees and 9 Dwarf Apple Trees 4 Semi- Dwarf Trees 9 Dwarf Trees 12

13 How to space the trees? Why plant semi dwarf or dwarf rootstocks? Advantages??? Dis-advantages??? MARKET/Purpose Fruit quantity Fruit quality Market demand Meeting demands AND changing as needed What do growers do if growing the wrong varieties or wrong crop? Test or demo plots answers some of these questions 13

14 To sell the fruit Must be fresh. Must look nice - quality Must have ENOUGH fruit - quantity Market research What is popular? Are growers growing ALL of the new varieties? Take advantage of the growing climate good sun, good water, good soil. What are you going to do with the fruit when ALL tree produce fruit? Start thinning coop or Association. Options: They pick You picks and sell off the farm Sell at local farmers market Sell to local stores and/or markets Clean, refrigerate and ship in quantity THINNING why? OTHER IMPORTANT ORCHARD MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 14

15 Thin 4 out of 5. The biggest bloom is called the **** bloom? Why do we thin fruit? Fruit size apple, pear, peach, plum Return bloom mostly in apple Prevent limb breakage Distance at least 6 (fist with extended thumb) < 25% of the crop in apple and peach Why do you thin fruit To stop biennial production Thinning Thin Fruit around May 15-June 15 Thin according to the size of apple wanted Thinning ensures good fruit size protects the branches from breakage helps prevent alternate bearing When to thin When fruit is the size of a quarter You can then blossoms If you had a year of bad pollination it will set you back 15

16 ODDITIES Water Core cause? 16

17 Bitter Pit cause? What is this and its use? MOSS Issues? Chimera is two different tissues on one plant. Like a red apple on a golden delicious tree. 17

18 Pruning Heading back cuts invigorating lateral buds break increases branching Thinning out cuts branch collars equal but opposite stimulate apical shoot elongation reduce branch number Pruning Minimum prune each year Keep the trees low, preferred Depends on the rootstock and variety Most trees are multiple leader branched tip-bearers, avoid heading cuts spur-bearers, leave spurs review HINTS: leave one sucker, hand prune in June, due root sucker control Pruning classes List date and locations for

19 Vase Shape Why hardest to prune? Pruning how old? Discussion: How far above the ground do we prune the new tree top off at? When? 19

20 Pruning Basics Why Prune Trees? Tree anatomy and branch parts Pruning Cuts Pruning Tools Why Prune? To maintain the health To increase air flow and light To improve natural form To control size To increase fruit production When to Prune? Anatomy of a Tree Best when trees are dormant November March Best - February July 15 August 15 Or when you need to do it! 20

21 Parts of the Branch Training for Proper Crotch Angle Types of Tree Forms Thinning Cuts Branches are removed entirely at their origin Central Modified Central Vase or Leader Leader Multiple Leader Heading Cuts Removes the end of branches Encouraging the buds on the branch to grow Thinning vs. Heading 21

22 Pruning Tools Hand Pruners Long-handled Loppers Hand-saw Orchard Ladder Hand Pruners Bypass Blades, not anvil type Cuts up to 1/2 in diameter Long-handled Loppers Bypass Blades, not anvil type 12 to 18 handles or extendable Up to 1 1/2 in diameter Hand-Saws 6 to 16 Blade Cut on Pull or Push and Pull Three Legged Ladder (optional) PLANT PROBLEM CONTROLS Organic VS Conventional VS IPM Choices that you get to make! 22

23 IPM Integrated pest management. Meaning using all available research and resources, in an effort to control problems, solve issues, keep ecological balances????? and produce good, sellable fruit. STEP ONE Determine the problem?????? Determine what can be done. Sometimes nothing. Understand the ecology of the orchard Wenatchee, reduced sprays by 60%. NEXT SLIDE SET 23

24 Growing Tree Fruits Successfully Part 2 IPM Ross Penhallegon Sandwich baggies htm den/3486 Use nylon footies Web: - many web references 1

25 WHAT IPM IS IPM is a comprehensive system of orchard management that incorporates sound cultural practices, establishing thresholds for pest damage, regular monitoring, proper plant problem diagnosis, and using the least toxic (yet effective and practical) methods available for managing pests that cause damage exceeding thresholds. WHAT IPM IS NOT IPM is neither inherently organic nor conventional, it is often somewhat of a middle ground between the two. Definition of Pest We will be using the term pest to mean insects and diseases. Cultural Practices Planting disease-resistant varieties that are less likely to succumb to disease pressures. Pruning to maintain an open canopy so air flow can dry the foliage quickly after rain. Irrigating in a way that does not wet foliage. Removing and destroying leaves and fruit from the orchard in the fall to reduce sources of insect larvae, fungal spores, etc. that can re-infest the orchard later. Establishing Thresholds One insect in an orchard doesn t warrant applying an insecticide to the entire orchard. However, one insect pest per fruit is probably well beyond the level considered by most people to be acceptable. What is considered acceptable varies from person to person, so knowing how much scab you can tolerate on your apples or how many worms you re willing to cut around is critical to knowing if and when to invoke additional pest management strategies. Monitoring Establishing thresholds only works when you monitor to determine if and when those thresholds are exceeded. Regular monitoring also helps you to be familiar with what your orchard looks like when it s healthy, so you can easily recognize when something is wrong. Traps aid in monitoring for specific insect pests. 2

26 Proper Plant Problem Diagnosis Applying an insecticide simply because you see holes in leaves won t do any good if the holes are the result of common fungal disease. Proper plant problem diagnosis must come before any pest management strategy is employed. Least toxic methods Once you properly diagnose a plant problem, use cultural controls, if available, followed by least toxic chemical controls. Knowing the life cycle of pest organisms is critical to selecting appropriate pest management strategies. In Summary Use sound cultural practices, determine what levels of damage are acceptable to you, monitor, properly diagnose problems, and use the least toxic methods available to manage pests. Pest control Sanitation, sanitation, sanitation!!!!! Remove all fruit before winter Cut out cankers/dead wood If bad scab year, rake up leaves and compost Prune for good air movement Plant disease resistant varieties Plant dwarf, semi dwarf for management Tree Fruits Diseases and Pests Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Orchards Apricots Presented by Ross Penhallegon 3

27 Apricots Apricot Bloom Apricots Easy to grow Bloom very early ( a major problem in the Willamette valley frost!) Rootstock - mainly peach Thinning of fruit - not needed, but may be needed and slows alternate bearing Flora Gold Moorpack Perfection Royal Tilton Varieties Apricots: Soils Apples and pears like deep well drained soils Soils in the area Soils needed are: - sandy or sandy and rocky - loamy (with clay) is preferred Work with soil or bring in better soil 4

28 Pruning Apricot before pruning can grow on central leader of upright multiple leader head back all branches to face outward also can prune open center avoid tight crotches Apricot after pruning Apricot Pest Control Blossom blight /Cytospora Pruning Fixed copper before bloom Sulfur, post-bloom Remove rotten fruit Brown rot Monilinia fructicola bloom spray pre-harvest spray Blossom Blight or Cytospora Brown Rot 5

29 Pest Control continued Coryneum blight (shothole) Wilsonomyces carpophilus peach leaf curl three dormant copper sprays Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas or gummosis) Pruning Bordeaux, Fixed copper (late fall and dormant) Coryneum blight (shothole) Wilsonomyces carpophiles Coryneum or Shothole Peach Leaf Curl Taphrina deformane Peach Leaf Curl Bacterial canker 6

30 Insects & Other Pests Peach Tree Borer peach tree borer peach twig borer aphids western spotted cucumber beetle Peach Twig Borer Synanthedon exitiosa Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae Western Spotted Cucumber Beetle Apricot/Peach Tree Borer 7

31 Pruning Critter Problems Vole of field mouse 8

32 Harvest when ripe and nicely colored PLUM/PRUNE Plum and Prune Varieties Plums- (Japanese) Burbank-red Shiro-yellow Santa Rosa- red Beauty- red Red Heart-red Methley- light red Prunes-(European) Stanley- blue Italian- purple Brooks- blue Moyer- purple Common PNW Plum Varieties European Parsons Stanley Italian Brooks Moyer Perfecto Oriental Early Golden Shiro Burbank Red Heart PEACHES Peach Varieties for Western Oregon Favorites Sunhaven Redhaven Suncrest Veteran O Henry Improved Elberta Leaf curl resistant Frost Creswell Clayton Muir Krummel 9

33 Common PNW Peach Varieties Red Haven July Elberta Veteran Early Elberta Rochester Frost Genetic dwarfs Peach - Leaf Curl Leaf Curl (Taphrina deformans, a fungus) Redhaven are very susceptible in the PNW. Leaf Curl resistant: Autumn Rose, August Etter, Avalon, Avalon Pride, Charlotte, Early Charlotte, Early Crawford, Frost, Indian Free, Kreibich, Muir, Nanaimo, Oregon Curl Free, Q-1-8. Peach - Shothole Shothole (Wilsonomyces carpophilus, a fungus; formerly Coryneum beyerinckii) The cultivars Lovell and Muir are reportedly tolerant. Frost Peach Leaf Curl Taphrina deformans 10

34 P.L.C. Peach Shothole (Coryneum Blight) Wilsonomyces carpophilus Peach Pest Control Peach leaf curl 3 dormant copper or lime-sulfur sprays Nov, Jan or Feb, pre bud break Coryneum blight- fall copper Bacterial canker- fall copper Brown rot- pre bud break sulfur and mid summer to harvest 11

35 CHERRIES CHERRIES Which tree fruit? Why does it NOT need thinning? Which two problems? Frost? Pseudomonas? Differences? Common PNW Cherry Varieties Royal Ann Lapins Bada Stella Compact Stella Sweetheart Kordia (Attika) Lambert Regina 12

36 Cherry Varieties Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) OLD Bing Cristalina Rainier Royal Anne Regina Chelan NEW Sonata Lapin Stella Sweetheart Skeena Sandra Rose Cherry pest control Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas)- Pruning in late Aug-Sep dry season Bordeaux, Fixed copper (late fall and dormant) Blossom blight and brown rot Pruning Fixed copper during bloom Sulfur, post-bloom Remove rotten fruit Cherry - Bacterial Canker Pseudomonas syringae Cherry - Bacterial Canker Bacterial Canker (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, a bacterium) Very susceptible: Royal Ann, Bing, Lambert, Napoleon, Sweetheart, Van Tolerant*: Corum, Regina, Rainier, Sam, Sue *Appear to have sufficient tolerance to canker to be grown commercially without serious tree loss. APPLES 13

37 Apple rootstocks Common PNW Apple Varieties Subdwarf M27 M9 Bud 9 G.65 Dwarf M26 G.11 Semi-dwarf M7 G.30 Supporter 4 Semi-standard MM106 MM111 Standard Seedling Lodi Earligold Akane Gravenstien Elstar Gala Jonagold Empire Red Delicious Golden Delicious Braeburn Newton Fuji Granny Smith Old Favorites Gravenstein Newtown Pippen Spitzenberg Arkansas Black Northern Spy Winesap Ida red Jonathan Elstar Cox s Orange Liberty Chehalis Prima Pristine Arkansas Black Spitzenberg Cox Orange Apple Scab Resistance Newtown Pippen Jonathan Northern Spy Akane (Tokyo Rose) Cheallis Enterprise Liberty Prima Pristine Tydeman Red and New York and Coop numbered cultivars 14

38 Scab-resistant apple varieties Early ripening- Pristine Dayton Chehalis Mid-/ early late Liberty Prima Late Goldrush Insects & Other Pests Apple maggot Codling moth Leaf-roller Scales Aphids Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) Mice, Moles and Voles Deer Apple Maggot Rhagoletis pomonella Codling Moth Cydia pomonella Oystershell Scale Lepidosaphes ulmi San Jose Scale Damage Quadraspidiotus pernicious 15

39 Rosy Apple Aphid Dysaphis plantaginea Fruit Tree Leaf Roller Choristoneura rosaceana Woolly Aphid Eriosoma lanigerum Leaf Damage Leaf Hopper Stictocephala bubalus Apple pest control Summer to harvest Codling moth- Trap to determine emergence- 2-3 flights Horticultural oils (~3-4 weeks after bloom-apply every 5-7 days for 4-5 weeks) Cyd-X virus Surround Spinosad Mites, scale and aphids - Horticultural oils Insecticidal soaps Anthracnose Cryptosporiopsis curvispora Powdery Mildew Podosphaera leucotricha 16

40 Anthracnose Cryptosporiopsis curvispora Two Spotted Mite Tetranchus urticae Red Mite Panonychus ulmi Red Mite Damage Apple powdery mildew Powdery Mildew Podosphaera leucotricha Apple - Powdery Mildew Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha, a fungus) Very susceptible: Braeburn, Jonathan, Rome, Newtown, Granny Smith, Gravenstein (fruits of Jonathan and Rome also may be severely affected) Moderately susceptible: Winesap Less susceptible: Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, and Delicious strains Resistant: Pristine and Enterprise (both also scabresistant) Apple Scab Venturia inaequalis 17

41 Harvest Date Yellow transparent July 20 Lodi July 25 Paulared Aug. 15 Gala Aug. 20 Prima Aug. 25 McIntoch Sept. 5 Jonagold Sept. 13 Red delicious Sept. 15 Honeycrisp Sept. 20 Braeburn Sept. 20 Cameo Sept. 25 YIELDS PEARS Yields SHOULD be in the pound bushel or boxes per acre OR 20,000 pounds per acre. In Washington, we averaged pound boxes per acre = 40,000 pounds per acre. PEARS PEARS 18

42 Bosc D Anjou Comice Yellow Bartlett Common PNW Pear Varieties Asian Kosui Shinseiki Chojuro Hosui Nijisseki Standard pear varieties Big four- Bartlett (Summer*) D Anjou (Winter**) Bosc (Winter**) Comice (Winter**) *Summer- will ripen after harvest **Winter- requires chilling to ripen normally Pear - Powdery Mildew Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha, a fungus) The disease is important on the cultivar d Anjou where a smooth fruit finish is highly desired. Bartlett rarely has a problem with this disease. 19

43 Pear Powdery Mildew Podosphaera leucotricha Pear - Scab Scab (Venturia pirina, a fungus) The cultivars Forelle and Bartlett Red Sensation are very susceptible. Pear Scab Venturia pirina Pear Scab Venturia pirina Pear - Pacific Coast Pear Rust Pacific Coast Pear Rust (Gymnosporangium libocedri, a fungus) Gymnosporangium asiaticum is on Asian Pears Winter Nelis is severely affected Bartlett is affected less 20

44 Pacific Coast Pear Rust Gymnosporangium libocedri Pear Fire Blight Erwinia amylovora, Pomegranates Few insects. Center rot too much irrigation. Prune open center bush. High production. Challenges Growing Tree fruits Is a challenge That bears FRUIT!!! Pomegranate Also known as The Chinese apple What is It? Grown on shrub-like trees with orange flowers and glossy leaves from October to December Weighs about 9 ounces; the size of a large orange Full and rounded fruit with a flared, spiky crown A translucent, scarlet pulp surrounds 800 seeds that are compartmentalized between shiny, tough membranes Each seed is a fleshy, unusually bright-colored, glassy unit that is called an aril The flavor of the seeds is sweet with a hint of sour. By: Lacey Hartsock tml#pomegranate d/kgk.2002/1102kgk11 21

45 NEWER INSECTS San Jose Scale Damage Quadraspidiotus pernicious San Jose scale Oyster shell scale SWD? Brown Marmorated stink bud Why the important for the MG Hotlines! Oystershell Scale Lepidosaphes ulmi This is WHAT? (SWD) Which TF do we need to worry about u/group/brown-marmoratedstink-bug-oregon Overview of Tree Fruit Diseases Apple Anthracnose Apple - Powdery Mildew Apple Scab Pear - Powdery Mildew Pear - Scab Pear - Pacific Coast Pear Rust Pear - Fire Blight Peach - Leaf Curl Peach - Shothole Cherry - Bacterial Canker 22

46 MORE INFORMATION Questions? Local Extension office EESC Extension Experiment Station Communications web site Cornell- New York WSU Washington State University 23