Training Young Walnut Trees
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1 Training Young Walnut Trees - exploring new ideas - Janet Caprile Farm Advisor, Contra Costa Co. (925) jlcaprile@ucanr.edu David Doll Farm Advisor, Merced Co (209) dadoll@ucanr.edu
2 Training Young Walnut Trees - exploring new ideas - Training occurs in years 1-6 Traditional way: modified central leader Active scaffold selection & heading cuts Establish a strong branching structure Keep the tree growing to fill in space Early crop will stunt the trees The new way: The No Heading method Minimal scaffold selection (thinning cuts only) NO heading cuts ever Results: Earlier fruit production & full sized trees!
3 Thinning Cut: Remove the entire branch Redirects growth to remaining branches Open s up the canopy Heading cut: Remove top of a branch Encourages branching below the cut Makes a denser canopy
4 Walnut Training Trials To head or not to head? Planted in Brentwood in Chandler - more vigorous With Mark Maggiore, Maggiore & Sons 2. OR Howard - less vigorous With Jason Tennant, Houston Orchards
5 Chandler Training Trial Maggiore & Sons, Brentwood vigorous site At planting After 1 st leaf
6 Chandler after the 2 nd leaf Unheaded Rootstock Reps No. Spurs & Branches PARADOX Pruned Unpruned OWN ROOTS P=.000 Pruned Unpruned P=.000
7 Chandler after 2nd leaf Unheaded Modified Central Leader
8 Chandler/PDX after 3 rd leaf Unheaded Modified Central Leader
9 Chandler/PDX after 4th leaf Unheaded Modified Central Leader
10 Chandler: Diameter (cm) Rootstock Reps After 2 nd leaf Nov 2012 PARADOX After 3 rd leaf Feb 2014 After 4 th leaf Jan 2015 Pruned Unpruned OWN ROOTS NS NS NS Pruned Unpruned NS NS NS
11 Chandler: Height (feet) Rootstock Reps After 2 nd leaf Nov 2012 PARADOX After 3 rd leaf Feb 2014 Pruned Unpruned OWN ROOTS P=.02 Pruned Unpruned NS NS P=.000
12 Chandler: % Shading (PAR) Rootstock (own roots) Pruned Unpruned After 4th leaf Oct a 48.2 b
13 Howard Training Trial Jason Tennant, Houston Orchards, Byron At planting After 1 st leaf ~5
14 Howard after the 2 nd leaf Lower vigor variety Low vigor portion of the field unheaded Rootstock Reps No. Spurs & Branches OWN ROOTS Pruned Unpruned P=.07
15 Howard after 2nd leaf Unheaded Modified Central Leader
16 Howard after 3 rd leaf Unheaded Modified Central Leader Before pruning
17 Howard after 4th leaf Unheaded Modified Central Leader
18 Howard: DIAMETER (cm) Rootstock OWN ROOTS After the 2 nd leaf After the 3 rd leaf After the 4 th leaf Pruned Unpruned NS NS P=.03
19 Howard: HEIGHT (feet) Rootstock Reps After the 2 nd leaf OWN ROOTS After the 3 rd leaf After the 4 th leaf Pruned Unpruned NS NS P=.02
20 Howards 4 th leaf: % Shading (PAR) Rootstock Pruned Unpruned 4 th leaf 48.8 a 55.8 b
21 Howard 4 th leaf YIELDS Unpruned Rootstock Reps Yield (lbs/tree) Yield (lbs/acre) Pruned Unpruned P=.000 Pruned
22 Looks promising! Questions for the future: Will the trees fill in the space in a standard planting? The early Lampinen trials were in hedgerow plantings They have filled in their space by year 6-7 Can the Non-Heading approach replace hedgerows? Earlier harvest like hedgerows Without hedging -> maximize yields on mature trees (years 8 to 30+) Lower cost with minimal early pruning & fewer trees
23 2014 Update: Merced County Walnut Minimal Pruning Trial David Doll UCCE Merced
24 Findings after 4 years: As of 2014, 4th leaf walnut yields of unheaded trees have cumulatively out yielded headed and delayed headed treatments, even though 2014 yields were similar. Outside of the increase in yield, there were no differences in trunk diameter or light interception of the three treatments.
25 Project Collaborators: Castle Farms Hosting the trial Andrew Ray, Matt Jones Support Staff Bruce Lampinen UC Specialist Sam Metcalf UC Davis Support Staff
26 Plot Layout Planted in 2011 Spacing 24 x22, 82 trees per acre Chandler on Paradox Nelson R5 rotators 396 trees total, 4.8 acres High Vigor Situation Virgin Ground 40 lbs N/acre (the grower reports) Dormant Heading Cuts: Early March Delayed Dormant Heading: Bud Break-April Delayed Dormant left unheaded in 2013
27 Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Plot Layout Delayed Headed Headed Unheaded Unheaded Delayed Headed Headed Headed Unheaded Delayed Headed Delayed Headed Headed Unheaded
28 Treatments: Beginning of Season 2012 Unheaded Delayed Headed Headed
29 Treatments: Late May 2012 Unheaded Headed/Delayed
30 Treatments: Late June 2012 Unheaded Headed/Delayed
31 Treatments: Late August 2012 Unheaded Headed/Delayed
32 Treatments: End of Season 2012 Unheaded Headed/Delayed
33 Treatments: Pruning Year Unheaded Headed/Delayed
34 Treatments: Season Unheaded Headed
35 Treatments: After Year Unheaded Headed/Delayed
36 Treatments: After Year Unheaded Headed/Delayed
37 Treatment Growth Treatment Year 1 diameter change (mm) Year 2 diameter change (mm) Year 3 diameter change (mm) Cumulative diameter change (mm Headed B Unheaded A Delayed Headed AB Different letters indicate different statistical groupings at p<0.05
38 Treatment Yields Treatment 2013 PAR% 2013 Yield (tons/acre) 2014 PAR% 2014 Yield (tons/acre) Headed B 48.1 A 1.36 A 1.70 B Unheaded A 49.3 A 1.57 A 2.25 A Cumulative Yield (ton/acre) Delayed Headed (left unheaded after 2013) B 46.7 A 1.41 A 1.71 B Different letters indicate different statistical groupings at p<0.05
39 Findings after 4 years: As of 2014, 4th leaf walnut yields of unheaded trees have cumulatively outyielded headed and delayed headed treatments, even though 2014 yields were similar. Outside of the increase in yield, there were no differences in trunk diameter or light interception of the three treatments.
40 Current Thoughts: Yield and growth will be the same this point forward Making minimal thinning cuts from the ground on Unheaded trees, no more than 1-2 cuts/tree Did not observe much breaking in stopped pruning trial. Will keep watching it in 2015.
41
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