Open Spaces and Gardens in Pune city

Transcription

1 Open Spaces and Gardens in Pune city 27 January 2012 Rupali Ghate GreenEarth Social Development Consulting Pvt. Ltd. (Prepared as an input for the Urban Development Blueprint) Page 1 of 7

2 Open spaces and Gardens in Pune City Open spaces and green zones 1 Urbanization is defined as the process by which an increasing proportion of a country s population lives in urban areas. It is not a simple demographic change but involves many qualitative and quantitative social, economic and environmental changes. As such, urbanization becomes a fundamental part of development. However, urban development can have adverse impacts on the environment and socio economic fabric of cities, and consequently on the health and well being of urban communities (UN Habitat, 1996). Urban open space is a significant part of the built environment. It allows for transport, reserves land for future urban development creates wildlife habitats and is a major urban amenity. The quality of the built environment is reflected in the quality of its urban open spaces as well as in the quality of the built fabric. A good quality open space enhances the amenity of the city and the quality of life of the residents. Based on the Department of Transport, Local Governments and the Regions (DTLR), London typology, urban open spaces comprises civic amenities as well as green spaces as tabulated below. 1 Finding links between urban biodiversity and human health and well being, Tzoulas, K., James, P. Research Institute for the Built & Human Environment, School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, England, Manchester Page 2 of 7

3 Municipal intervention where it exists, is often limited to some street planning; it practically never provides for future green space New Third World urban areas are thus commonly treeless, even when they have taken over previously forested areas. Olembo and Rham, 1987 Though cities are principally made up of buildings and infrastructure, they can contain a significant proportion of open space. Despite sustained growth, cities like Johannesburg, London and Delhi have maintained high levels of green open space. Parks, protected green space and gardens, street trees and landscaping provide vital ecosystem services, acting as green lungs absorbing and filtering air pollution or acting as filters for waste water. They also provide a habitat for wildlife and offer recreational benefits to city dwellers. In addition, the presence of green landscaped areas helps regulate natural processes, including mitigation of local temperature extremes: a 10% increase in tree cover reduces cooling and heating energy use by between 5 and 10%. Vegetation and soft open space also play a role in decreasing storm water volumes, thus helping cities to manage the consequences of heavy rainfall, and are effective in helping flood protection in coastal cities 2. Urban green space enhances the amenity and livability of urban fabric. It contributes to people s recreational, and leisure needs and to the social, environmental and economic vitality of urban communities. The role of urban green spaces is given below 3. Urban space provide SOCIAL & COMMUNITY BIODIVERSITY ECO SERVICES Aesthetic value Leisure and recreational space Promotion of social interaction Increased well being of city residents physical and psychological health Contact for urbanites with nature Habitat breeding and feeding ground for wildlife and urban biodiversity Unique niche habitats for specific animal and plant species Improvement to ambient environmental quality of the city Amelioration of micro climate Absorption of dust and pollutants air purification Reduction of noise level and other ecological services Sustainable urban drainage and improved water quality Urban Green Spaces and Livability in Southeast Asia; Centre for Livable Cities, Singapore Page 3 of 7

4 Various Standards proposed for open green spaces 4 International minimum standard suggested by World Health Organization (WHO) and adopted by the publications of United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a minimum availability of 9 m 2 green open space per city dweller (Kuchelmeister 1998). Another yardstick which refers to London has relevance to any city. Abercrombie (1943) prepared a plan in suggesting that 1.62 ha (four acres) open space per 1000 population was a reasonable figure to adopt for London. The plan also explains that all forms of open space need to be considered as a whole, and to be co ordinated into a closely linked park system, with parkways along existing and new roads forming the links between the larger parks. In 20th century, experts in Germany, Japan and other countries proposed a standard of 40 square meters (m²) urban green space in high quality or 140 m² suburb forest area per capita for reaching a balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen, to meet the ecological balance of human well being. Currently, developed countries have tended to adopt a general standard of green space of 20 m² park area per capita. Given below are the estimates of urban green spaces in different regions of the world: 4 Urban Forests and Open Green Spaces: Lessons for Jaipur, Rajasthan, India; Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board Page 4 of 7

5 Green spaces in Pune city श रर क व म न सक व थ य स ठ दरड ई कम न १२ च. म टर ह रत क ष ऽ हव (स य क त र ष टर च य शफ रश न स र). प ण य च आजच ल कस ख य ४२ ल ख धरल तर शहर त आज ५०.४ च. क.म. एवढ हर त क ष ऽ प हज. म हणज च, प ण य च आजच य २४३.८४ च. क. म. क ष ऽफळ च य स ध रण २०.१%. २०२० मध य ह च ल कस ख य ६० ल ख ह ईल त व ह शहर ल ७२ च. क.म. एवढ ह रत क ष ऽ हव. = २९.५३% त यक ष त प र थत क य आह? शहर उद द य न च स ख य एक ण क ष ऽफळ नव न ड. प. मध य कत उद द य न स ठ आरक षण Page 5 of 7

6 5 प ण ७८ (य शव य ५ ३५९.७५ एकर = १.४५ ३७ उद य न + १० न ल क ष ऽफळ sq. km. न ल उद य न ) च. क.म. (न ल उद य न वगळ न) गरज च य 2.४७%!!!!! उद य न (य सवर उद द य न च क ष ऽ ज व व वधत उद द य न सह ७१४.३५ एकर = 4.05 sq km) गरज च य As per draft Environment Status Report, प ण मह नगरप लक न स म र २६८.२ एकर ज ग वर ८३ उद य न व कसत क ल आह त. नव न २३ ज ग वर उद य न वक सत करण य त य त अस न त य च एक ण क ष ऽ अ द ज ५१ एकर आह. र ज व ग ध ण स मह लय त व गव गळय १८ ज त च ३५० ण अस न स मह लय न १६५ एकर ज ग व य पल आह. As per ESR 2009, only ०.५७% area that is, 1.39 sq km in Pune city is given to public amenities (this would include parks and gardens) As per the draft rules framed by Maharashtra govt under the Maharashtra (Urban Trees) Protection and Preservation of Trees Act, 1975: Road width Trees to be planted 6 12 m 1 tree at 20 m interval m 1 tree at 10 m on both sides 24 m and above 1 tree at 10 m on both sides + hedge on both sides 1 tree per 10 sq m in parks, hill slopes, flowing greens, green belts, river side, bank of water body and gardens. 1 tree per 100 sq m in open spaces. 1 tree per 20 or 50 sq m in stadiums and play grounds. १०००० नव न झ ड ल वण य च ब धन ह य तल क ह च प ण मह नगरप लक करत न ह. १५०० ह. Ð ब य ड यव ह सर ट प कर Ð ज वव वध य उद य न 5 ] प ण मह नगरप लक च पय र वरण सद द: थत अहव ल २००८-९ Page 6 of 7

7 The Tree Authority prescribes standards specifying the number and types of trees which each plot should have. In Pune, one tree is mandatory per 100 square meter area, excluding goathan area Page 7 of 7