Urban ecosystem services - Assessing green infrastructure in Shanghai. Prof. Dr. Jürgen Breuste Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Austria

Transcription

1 Urban ecosystem services - Assessing green infrastructure in Shanghai Prof. Dr. Jürgen Breuste Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Austria

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4 Provisioning services (food and timber production, water supply, habitats, the provision of genetic resources), Regulating services (regulation of climate extremes such as heavy rainfall and heat waves, floods and diseases, regulation of water flows, treatment and handling of waste), Cultural services (recreation and tourism, provision of aesthetic features, spiritual requirements) and, finally, Supporting services (soil formation and processes, pollination or energy, matter and nutrient fluxes). Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) and Costanza et al. (1997) ReferentIn und Datum 4

5 The Green-Blue (Promoting ES) The Grey (Reducing ES) ReferentIn und Datum 5

6 Green in urban structures ReferentIn und Datum 6

7 urban growth rate continues high-quality and healthy and coordinated urbanization is demanded improving land use efficiency, and optimizing the landscape pattern for sustainability Phase IV (2000 present) ReferentIn und Datum 7

8 Shanghai 6,340 km2 urban area 300 km2 inner city 19.3 million residents + 3 million ReferentIn und Datum 8

9 Comprehensive Plan of Shanghai year environmental action plans Master Plan for Pudong New City Plan of Shanghai (1999, 2005) Regulatory unit plan ReferentIn und Datum 9

10 Environmental Protection Objectives for Shanghai in 2010 A safe city with population under control A comfortable city with blue sky, fresh water and green land A city with its resources effectively recycled and reused An environmentally friendly city with all its citizen efforts involved ReferentIn und Datum 10

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12 Urban Ecological Studies in Shanghai Urban green systems planning Three forest networks: Riparian forest network; Roadside forest network; Agricultural shelterbelt network; One Region: Water reserve forest in the watershed of upper reaches of Huangpu River Multi-cores of green: Large forest parks in suburbs; Parks in central urban areas The total coverage reaches 35% ReferentIn und Datum 12

13 Shanghai Greening Master Plan Two green ring belts, countryside and urbanized areas, combination of afforestation, nurseries, tourism and theme parks, Eight greenlands around the inner city at strategic locations to bring fresh air into the urbanized areas from the countryside. Green corridors along roads, railways and rivers. More open spaces for people not less than 3,000m 2 to be provided within 500m distance from everyone s door. Biodiversity afforestation at nonurbanized areas, conservation of wetland and water catchments to create a biodiversity ecosystem. ReferentIn und Datum 13

14 Greening Master Plan Target 2020: The green area per capita in downtown and urbanized areas will be increased to 6.5m 2 and 10m 2. The number of planting species for greening will be increased to around 1,000. ReferentIn und Datum 14

15 Yangzhong Greenery ha build up land turned into ha green space, families had to migrate

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17 Urban Green in Shanghai Year Urban Green (ha) Public Urban Green (ha) Parks (ha) Other Urban Green (ha) , , , ? , ? ,4 Urban Green in % of the territory Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau 2006, 2014 ReferentIn und Datum 17

18 Shanghai Greening Master Plan - green corridors along roads (i.e. 100m wide green belt along expressways, 50m for major roads and 25m for secondary roads). Road Side Green to reduce noise (according to their research, 10m width can reduce 1dB-2dB) ecological and psychological effect. * Ground modelling and water feature could eliminate the vibration effect to nearby Dwellers Reduction of speed of airflow, to help to control the spread of suspended particulate matters. ReferentIn und Datum 18

19 Changning District Changning: population of 614,200 (2006), area km 2, population density 16,000 inhabitants/ km 2 Changning green area extension: 1991 and 2006 from 12% to 31%, from 2.2 m 2 to 6.4 m 2 per inhabitant, public green spaces increased from 125 ha to 390 ha other green areas from 155 ha to 660 ha ReferentIn und Datum 19

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21 The function of nature conservation in the city is maintenance of species and biocenosis as a basis for direct contact of the citizens with the natural elements of their environment (Sukopp & Weiler 1986, p. 25).

22 Demands and benefits from nature in Shanghai Parks ReferentIn und Datum 22

23 Nature experience in Shanghai Parks ReferentIn und Datum 23

24 Regular visits to recreation areas outside the cities (% questioned) KAI QIAO PARK 12,6 6,8 80,6 TIANSHAN PARK less once a month once a week ZHONGSHAN PARK 7,7 3,4 88,

25 UES demands and services in Shanghai 25

26 UES demands and services in Shanghai Demands Mental; Environmental; Physical; Cultural; Facility; Space; Vegetation Structure; Landscape; Nature Education; Service Supply Mental; Physical; Cultural; Facility; Space; Nature Experience. Questionnaire Design 26

27 UGI ecosystem services mapping Filed Observation A J I H B A: Forest; B: Tree; C: Wood; D: Exhibition Shrub; E: Flower Bed; F: Lawn; G: Bamboo; H: Water; I: Sealing J: Architecture G C D E F Pictures taken in this six parks between Sep to Dec,

28 Model UGI structure construction UGI ecosystem services mapping UGI Structure Sort Forest UGI Structure Indicators Type Habitat Size Height Coverage Tree > 4 m 50% ~ 100% Shrub > 50 m m ~ 4 m 25% ~ 75% Herb > 0.5 m 0% ~ 50% Schematic Morphology Tree Tree > 50 m 2 > 4 m 100% Wood Exhibition Shrub Tree > 4 m 50% ~ 100% Shrubbery/Herb > 50 m 2 > 0.5 m 0% ~ 50% Shrub 0.5 m ~ 4 m 50% ~ 100% Herb > 10 m 2 > 0.5 m 0% ~ 50% Flower Bed Shrubbery > 10 m 2 > 0.5 m 100% Lawn Herb > 50 m 2 > 0.5 m 100% Bamboo Bamboo > 50 m 2 > 2 m 100% Water Water > 10 m 2-100% Sealing Sealing > 10 m 2-100% Architecture Architecture > 10 m 2-100% (Nowak et al. 2008; Skelhorn, Lindley, and Levermore 2014; Stern 2010; Yapp, Walker, and Thackway 2010) 28

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30 UGI ecosystem services mapping Field Mapping A: Forest; B: Tree; C: Wood; D: Exhibition Shrub; E: Flower Bed; F: Lawn; G: Bamboo; H: Water; I: Sealing J: Architecture 30

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32 Shanghai National Geopark ReferentIn und Datum 32

33 170 Chinese cities aim become sustainable cit 40 Eco-cities are in Chi in planning or buildin process!

34 Ambiguous Targets ReferentIn und Datum 34

35 There is always a chance for green and urban ecosystem service!