California Quail Habitat Enhancement Plan for the Sherwood Farm, Junction City, Oregon

Transcription

1 California Quail Habitat Enhancement Plan for the Sherwood Farm, Junction City, Oregon Prepared for Tom Sherwood, Junction City, OR Prepared by: Tom Rodhouse Oregon State University Corvallis, OR INTRODUCTION Farm Location and context This plan outlines a strategy to improve habitat for California quail (Callipepla californica) on portions of the Sherwood Farm in Lane County, Oregon. Habitat improvement practices will focus on hedgerow establishment. Hedgerows are recommended habitat elements for California quail in agricultural landscapes 1,2. Other habitat improvement practices in this plan include riparian vegetation planting and recommendations for alternative cropping and field operations in priority areas of the farm. In addition to quail habitat improvement, this plan also aims to provide habitat improvements for migratory and resident songbirds. The planning scope is 5 years and full implementation of the plan will require this much time. The portions of the farm considered under this plan, referred to here as conservation areas, are located within the Long Tom River watershed, southwest of Junction City, in township 16 south, range 5 west, sections 24,25,26,35, and 36. The property is owned and operated by Tom Sherwood of RiverCrops farm services. Appendix A includes maps of the portions of the Sherwood Farm that are designated for habitat improvement under this plan. The Sherwood Farm operates on approximately 1120 hectares (2800 acres) of Willamette Valley bottomland. Most of the farmed area is owned by RiverCrops, however several large portions of the farm are currently under lease agreement and were not considered 1

2 for enhancement. Several annual and perennial varieties of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, L. rigidum, L. perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) crops are grown for seed on most of the farm. Several fields, including some in the planning areas, are currently cropped in Christmas trees (Abies spp.) that were established prior to RiverCrops purchase of the land. These fields will be returned to grass seed production after the trees are harvested. The farm falls entirely within the Long Tom River watershed. The Long Tom watershed council, in which Mr. Sherwood participates, is actively pursuing opportunities for watershed enhancement. This plan seeks to contribute to those efforts. Large-scale watershed restoration efforts are underway on the Long Tom ranch, located approximately 9.6 kilometers northwest of the conservation areas on the Sherwood Farm. These areas are connected directly by Amazon Creek, a tributary of the Long Tom River. In 1999, a wetland mitigation project was initiated on 1.44 hectares (3.6 acres) adjacent to the southern portion of the planning area. Practices recommended here are intended to augment that project. The mitigation project is designed to establish a forested palustrine wetland (ash swale) adjacent to a pre-existing ash swale stand. The hedgerow development outlined in this plan will improve connectivity between the mitigation site and other habitats. In October 1998, a water quality improvement project was initiated along a 570-meter (1900-ft) stretch of Amazon Creek located on the Sherwood Farm. This project was sponsored by the East Lane Soil and Water Conservation District and the Long Tom Watershed Council and received partial funding from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Willamette Initiative Project. Improvements included the establishment of grassed buffer strips and planting of riparian shrubs and trees. This project was one of 7 Willamette Initiative projects conducted within the Long Tom Watershed between 1994 and

3 This conservation plan will enhance the wildlife and water quality values of the 1998 project by increasing riparian vegetation along Amazon Creek and providing connectivity to other habitats via hedgerows. Because of the interest and long-term commitment to conservation shown by Mr. Sherwood, as well as the farm s location within the Long Tom Watershed, activities proposed under this plan have a high likelihood of success and will contribute to the overall environmental quality of the Long Tom Watershed. Current Farm Practices and Habitat Conditions The conservation areas in this plan have been designated as north and south units to facilitate discussion and planning (see appendix A). Field identification follows the numbering system used by RiverCrops employees. Table 1 lists the current crops (2001) in production for each field impacted by or considered for habitat improvement activities. Figure 1 shows the general schedule of field operations for fields in grass seed production in the Willamette Valley. These dates correspond with field operations on the Sherwood Farm. Specific swathing dates for the fields adjacent to the conservation areas are shown in table 2. Current aerial photos (circa 2000) of the conservation areas are available in appendix B. Areas designated for planting are outlined on those photos. Several soil types are present in the conservation areas and are influential in current farming and habitat patterns. Appendix C contains the soil maps for the conservation areas. Table 3 lists the soils important to this project and their attributes. Most of the soils in the conservation areas are Bashaw clay, a deep and poorly drained clay soil associated with alluvial deposits of the Long Tom River and Amazon Creek floodplains. Some areas consist of moderately well drained silty clay loams of the Awbrig-Coburg soil complex. Seed certification requirements in the grass seed industry are rigorous and have impacted the habitat conditions along field borders and odd areas on the Sherwood Farm. Pollen contamination and weed dispersal into grass seed fields is highly regulated by certification standards 3. These standards necessitate clean field borders that are regularly mowed and sprayed with herbicides. Most farmers are reluctant to invest in habitat plantings along field borders that may compromise certification opportunities (Downing pers. comm.). 3

4 As evidenced by the aerial photos in appendix B, grass fields dominate the conservation areas. In general, the landscape is quite homogeneous with very little habitat diversity. Field borders along most of the Sherwood grass fields consist of bare ground and sparse patches of exotic broadleaf and grass weeds. Where fences remain between fields, vegetation tends to be more developed, dominated by grasses such as oat (Avena spp.) and volunteered fescue and ryegrass from adjacent cultivated fields. The most significant habitat type other than cultivated grass is the remnant ash swale forested wetland. Several patches of ash swale (all < 8 ha) are found in the conservation areas. The most conspicuous of these are the two large stands in the southern conservation unit, totaling approximately 8 hectares (see appendix B). These stands are dominated by Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia) and are frequently inundated during the winter months. Other wetlands that occur in the conservation areas include a straightened channel of Amazon Creek and a depressional wetland in the southern unit. Portions of these areas are outlined in blue in the aerial photos in appendix B. Both areas are dominated by reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). Several species of willow (Salix sitchensis and S. geyeriana), as well as black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), and Oregon ash are also represented in these areas. Riparian planting was conducted along much of Amazon Creek in 1998, but establishment success was low. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES This plan will achieve the following goals: 1) Improve California quail habitat, including breeding and wintering habitat. 2) Provide improved connectivity between pre-existing ash swales. 3) Improve general songbird habitat. 4) Provide improved habitat conditions for Western Meadowlarks, including increased structural diversity for singing perches and reduced opportunities for ecological traps. 4

5 5) Provide general water quality improvement with increased filtering and stream shading from riparian plantings. The primary objective of the conservation practices recommended in this plan is to increase suitable habitat for California quail on the Sherwood Farm. The practices will emphasize the role of increased hedgerows in providing nesting and foraging cover, food sources, as well as corridors for dispersal. The hedgerows will provide linkages to preexisting areas of suitable habitat, including ash swale areas and riparian areas. Additional improvements will include planting of riparian vegetation and a recommendation for alternative field operations to reduce the likelihood of ecological trap conditions developing in cultivated fields. Small numbers of California quail currently use areas of the farm, but Mr. Sherwood has expressed a desire to encourage greater use of the farm by quail. He has suggested that quail were more abundant in the area prior to the removal of cattle and the associated fencerows and fencerow vegetation during the 1950 s. An increasing shift toward grass seed production on the Sherwood Farm and the southern Willamette Valley, in general, may be attributed to the overall reduction in habitat diversity in the region 1 A secondary objective of this conservation plan is to improve habitat for resident and migratory songbirds. Hedgerows are important sources of habitat for songbirds in agricultural landscapes 1. Many of the same values hedgerows provide for quail are equally valuable for songbirds. The western meadowlark may benefit indirectly from the development of hedgerows. Meadowlarks are grassland birds that require large ( > 8 ha.) patches of grassland or prairie 4. Meadowlarks have declined significantly in the Willamette Valley and are of great interest for conservation efforts 4. Hedgerows can provide the shrubs and small trees preferred by these birds for singing perches. These perches are essential for territory establishment and courtship activities of breeding meadowlarks. Grassland birds such as the meadowlark are particularly vulnerable to field operations and will benefit from manipulation of the timing of field operations outlined in the next section. 5

6 Finally, all practices recommended in this plan will provide important water quality values by reducing quantity and velocity of field run-off, serve as filters, and provide shade to Amazon creek and the riparian area in the southern unit. This plan is consistent with ongoing efforts by the Long Tom watershed council and seeks to contribute to the overall environmental quality of the Long Tom watershed. CONSERVATION AND HABITAT ENHANCEMENTS Hedgerow Development This is the primary conservation practice in this plan and will contribute towards all 5 goals outlined in the preceding section. Two 500-meter (0.6 miles) hedgerows will be planted over a three-year period along fencerows in the conservation area. One hedgerow will be planted in each of the two conservation units. Appendix B shows the designated hedgerow areas outlined in red. The hedgerows will consist of a mix of non-invasive shrubs and trees planted in two alternating rows. The use of alternating rows has been used locally with success both in creating an aesthetically pleasing hedgerow and enhancing the structural diversity and cover value for wildlife (Downing pers. comm.). Row sections will be 10 meters long and distance between rows will be 0.5 meters. Planting will occur in single species "blocks" consisting of 3-5 plants (Downing pers. comm.). This method facilitates the identification of problem areas and replanting. Shrubs will be planted every meters and trees will be planted every 3 to 5 meters. Protective plastic sleeves must be used with each plant to reduce mortality from rodents and other herbivores. Solid polyurethane tubes are recommended because these create a greenhouse effect around the plant and reduce moisture stress. Straw mulching around plant bases is recommended to reduce soil moisture loss during summer months. Soil conditions along the southern hedgerow range from Salem gravelly silt loam on the west end to Coburg silty clay loam on the east end. These soils are moderately well drained and are associated with mesophytic vegetation such as Oregon white oak (Quercus garryanna), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), and rose (Rosa spp.). Species 6

7 selected for planting in this hedgerow will include these species, as well as others compatible with mesic conditions. Table 4 lists the species selected for planting in the southern hedgerow. Soil conditions along the northern hedgerow vary from Salem gravelly silt loam to Bashaw clay. Bashaw clay is a poorly drained soil that frequently experiences ponding during the winter months. Vegetation associated with Bashaw clay include Oregon ash, Douglas hawthorn, and rushes (Juncus spp.) and sedges (Carex spp.). Table 4 lists the species selected for planting in the northern hedgerow. Site preparation in both locations will require removal of old fence wire and posts. Row planting is recommended if Sherwood Farm equipment can accomplish this along the fence line without destroying the clumps of native trees currently established. Mechanical removal of invasive shrubs (i.e. Rosa multiflora) may be required. At least one application of 2,4-D or Glyphosate will be required to reduce competition from exotic species. Care will be taken to not injure or kill the native woody vegetation already established in the fencerows. The use of a spray buggy may be appropriate and could be coordinated with other field spraying operations on the Sherwood Farm to reduce the workload. Site maintenance after planting will require watering every 7-10 days during the warm months (May - October). Weed competition should be controlled with manual pulling and spot spraying of herbicide. Maintenance will be required during the first three years after planting. Riparian Planting Planting of riparian trees and shrubs along a portion of Amazon Creek and the pond in the southern unit will contribute toward all 5 goals outlined in the preceding section. 500 meters along Amazon Creek and the pond with a riparian zone consisting of 360 meters will be planted. Substantial site preparation due to the density of reed canary grass will 7

8 require an additional year before planting can begin. In order to help ensure success, plantings will be well spaced, ensuring that weed control can be maintained for each plant throughout the planning period. Individual plants will be planted 4-6 meters apart. Protective sleeves will be required as in the hedgerow planting described above. Straw mulch around plant bases is also recommended. Soil conditions along both riparian areas are Bashaw clay. The pond in the southern unit drains the ash swale directly to the south and frequently floods into the adjacent christmas tree field. Facultative wetland species are appropriate for this area. Along Amazon creek, however, channel manipulation in the past has created perched banks approximately 1 meter above the permanent water table. This site requires much more mesic type vegetation. Table 5 lists the plants recommended for both riparian sites. Because of the dense growth of reed canary grass, extensive site preparation will be required. Reed canary grass is a strong competitor and very difficult to remove from a site. The strategy chosen for this project involves herbicide treatment of the entire area during the spring growing season 1 year prior to planting 5. Spot spraying of herbicides in planting circles of approximately 2 meters in diameter will be conducted during the growing season prior to fall planting. Great care must be taken not to damage existing native plants, although the sites are so dominated by canary grass that only a few large willows and ash remain. "Rodeo", a glyphosate herbicide registered for use in wetlands, is recommended for this project 5. Site maintenance will be important in these areas. Regular watering every 7-10 days will be required. Manual and spot treatment of herbicides will be required to keep canary grass from overgrowing the young plants. At least three years of site maintenance will be required. 8

9 Alternative Field Operation Recommendations The songbird-nesting season in western Oregon generally occurs between April 15 and July 15. It is during this period when birds are most vulnerable to disturbance and mortality from field operations. Cultivated grass fields can appear to be suitable habitat to birds early in the breeding season. However, grass fields can become ecological traps when swathing or windrowing occurs before nesting activities have finished. On the Sherwood Farm, the last fertilizer applications occur in early April. Fields are not entered again until it is time to swath grass culms, where they are left on the ground in rows to finish maturing before combining. This practice of cutting the grass before full maturity prevents shattering of the inflorescences and unacceptable loss of grass seed. Swathing begins in mid-june and continues into mid-july (see table 2). The timing of swathing depends largely on the variety of grass, but is influenced by soil moisture as well. Grassland nesting birds, including western meadowlarks, require at least 5 weeks to successfully complete one nesting cycle, including time for territory establishment and courtship (see table 6). Many of these species will attempt 2 nd broods and population maintenance may depend on an abundance of 2 brood pairs. Therefore, optimal breeding conditions may require 10 weeks between April 15 and July 15. A great opportunity exists in the grass seed industry to provide 10 or more weeks of uninterrupted breeding habitat in fields that are fertilized as early as possible and planted in late maturing varieties. It is recommended that, where possible, Mr. Sherwood should identify opportunities to aggregate late maturing fields and schedule the last spring fertilizing operations as early as possible in those fields. These actions, combined with modest improvements in structural diversity, such as those outlined in this plan, may be the best chance we have for slowing or reversing the decline of grassland dependent birds in the Willamette Valley. 9

10 SCHEDULE Hedgerow Development Table 7 outlines the steps required to accomplish this objective. Riparian Planting Table 8 outlines the steps required to accomplish this objective. COSTS Total project costs are estimated to be $1700. No costs to grass seed production on the Sherwood Farm are associated with this plan. Hedgerow Development Table 4 lists the price per plant for high quality bare rootstock. Table 9 outlines the total costs involved in this portion of the conservation plan. Riparian Development Table 5 lists the price per plant for high quality bare rootstock. Table 9 outlines the total costs involved in this portion of the conservation plan. Funding and Assistance Opportunities Mr. Sherwood leases land that is not compliant under the Wetland Conservation Compliance Program. Because of this, this project can not receive USDA assistance. There are other sources of support, however. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) Access and Habitat Program and the Wildlife Habitat Conservation and Management Program both may be appropriate for this project. Benefits from these programs include financial assistance, tax incentive, and technical assistance from ODFW personnel. The Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board (OWEB) Watershed Enhancement Program is also a potential source for financial assistance. To contact OWEB in Salem, call Several private organization may also be willing to 10

11 provide grant funding or other assistance. One of particular interest for this plan is Quail Unlimited, Inc (QU). This organization sponsors the Quail Habitat Improvement Program, which will provide donations for shelterbelt and hedgerow planting, as well as organize volunteer labor. Contact is through the ODFW or the QU national headquarters ( ). Dana Erickson of the Long Tom Watershed Council has more information on other private funding opportunities. 1. Edge, W. D. Wildlife in agriculture, pastures, and mixed environs. In Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Johnson, D.H. and O'Neil, T.A. (Mng. Dirs. (OSU Press, Corvallis. 2001). 2. O'Neil, T.A. et. al. Matrixes for Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. A companion CD to Johnson, D.H. and O'Neil, T.A. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. (2001) 3. Oregon State University Extension Service. Oregon Seed Certification Service Handbook Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (2001). 4. Altman, B., Hayes, M., Janes, S., and Forbes, R. Wildlife of westside grassland and chaparral habitats. In Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Johnson, D.H. and O'Neil, T.A. Mng. Drs. (OSU Press, Corvallis. 2001). 5. Smith, T.E. ed. Missouri Vegetation Management Manual. Missouri Department of Conservation, Natural History Division. (accessed on 7/25/01) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful that Mr. Tom Sherwood was willing to allow me access to his farm to develop this plan. I thank him for his patience and understanding that this was, first and foremost, a class project. This has been an excellent learning exercise for me. I do sincerely hope that some, or perhaps all, of the elements in this plan may be implemented on the Sherwood Farm. 11

12 The following people were very helpful to me in developing this plan: Mark Thomassen of RiverCrops Farm Services, Inc.; Dana Erickson, of the Long Tom Watershed Council; Allen Makinson, soil scientist for the USDA NRCS ofice in Tangent, Oregon; David Downing, groundwater technical specialist for the East Lane Soil and Water Conservation District; Jonathan "Jock" Beall, wildlife biologist for the USFWS W.L. Finley Wildlife Refuge; Mark Mellbye, Linn County Extension Officer. The Lane County USDA Service Center provided the 2001 aerial photographs and soil survey data. 12

13 TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1 Current crops and hectares for fields adjacent to conservation planning areas on the Sherwood Farm, Oregon. Field Number Crop Field size (ha.) FM 11 Annual Ryegrass 9.96 (24.9 acres) FM 12 Annual Ryegrass (49.7 acres) FM 14 Annual Ryegrass 4.80 (12.0 acres) FM 15 Annual Ryegrass 2.88 (7.2 acres) FM 50S Mint 6.08 (15.2 acres) FM 51N Tall Fescue 6.60 (50.2 acres) FM 51S Annual Ryegrass 6.60 (16.5 acres) Trees Christmas Trees (44.4 acres) Figure 1 Timing and sequence of field operations for grass seed production in the Willamette Valley,Oregon. 13

14 Table 2 Swathing dates for specific varieties of grass seed on the Sherwood Farm, 2000 Triumph Tall Fescue (FM 51N) June 16,17,19,20 Big Daddy Annual Ryegrass (FM 11,12,14,15, 51S) June 26,27 Top Hat Perennial Ryegrass July 11,14,17 R2 Perennial Ryegrass July 10, 11,17 Table 3 Soils types that occur in the conservation planning areas on the Sherwood Farm, Oregon a Soil Code Name Attributes 8 Bashaw Clay deep, poorly drained, flat 31 Coburg Silty Clay Loam deep, moderately well drained 75 Malabon Silty Clay Loam deep, well drained 118 Salem Gravelly Silt Loam deep, well drained a Soil data from the Soil Survey of Lane County Area, Oregon, USDA Soil Conservation service 14

15 Table 4 Hedgerow plants and cost per plant for species selected for use in the California quail habitat enhancement project, Sherwood Farm, Oregon a North Unit Species c Cost per plant b Pacific Ninebark (Physocarpus capitatus) $1.10 Pacific Serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) $0.95 Blue Elderberry (Sambucus caerulea) $1.10 Pacific Willow (Salix lasiandra) $0.95 Oregon Ash (Fraxinus latifolia) $0.65 Douglas Hawthorn (Cretaegus douglasii) $0.95 Cascara (Rhamnus purshiana) $0.95 Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) $1.10 Douglas Spirea (Spirea douglasii) $0.95 Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) $0.95 Nootka Rose (Rosa nutkana) $0.95 Baldhip Rose (Rosa gymnocarpa) $0.95 Swamp Rose (Rosa pisocarpa) $0.95 South Unit Species c Cost per plant b Valley Pine (Pinus ponderosa) $0.75 Bigleaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum) $2.50 Nootka Rose (Rosa nutkana) $0.95 Indian Plum (Oemlaria cerasiformis) $1.10 Oregon White Oak (Quercus garryanna) $1.10 Cascara (Rhamnus purshiana) $0.95 Douglas Hawthorn (Cretaegus douglasii) $0.95 Pacific Serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) $0.95 Piper's Willow (Salix piperi) $0.95 Sitka Willow (Salix sitchensis) $0.95 Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) $0.95 Oregon Grape (Berberis nervosa) $0.65 a Price data is from 7-Oaks Nursery and David Downing, East Lane SWCD and are subject to change. b All rootstock are at least inches tall at time of purchase. c Suggestions were made by Allen Makinson, NRCS and David Downing, East Lane SWCD. 15

16 Table 5 Riparian plants and price per plant for riparian enhancement on the Sherwood farm, Oregon Species Cost per plant Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) $1.10 Oregon Ash (Fraxinus latifolia) $0.65 Pacific Willow (Salix lasiandra) $0.95 Sitka Willow (Salix sitchensis) $0.95 Scouler's Willow (Salix scouleriana) $0.95 Red-Osier Dogwood (Cornus sericea) $1.10 Pacific Ninebark (Physocarpus capitatus) $1.10 Douglas Spirea (Spirea douglasii) $0.95 Table 6 Timing of incubation and brood rearing for three area-sensitive grassland birds in the Willamette Valley, Oregon a a Data from Gough, G.A. et. al. Patuxent bird identification infocenter, version 97.1., Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD. 16

17 Table 7 Schedule of activities for hedgerow development on the Sherwood Farm, Oregon North Unit Activity Time of implementation Site preparation Summer/Fall (Year 1) Site planting Fall/Early Winter (Year 1) Site Maintenance Spring/Summer (Year 2/3/4) Problem ID and replanting Fall/Early Winter (Year 3) South Unit Activity Time of implementation Site preparation Summer/Fall (Year 2) Site planting Fall/Early Winter (Year 2) Site Maintenance Spring/Summer (Year 3/4/5) Problem ID and replanting Fall/Early Winter (Year 4) Table 8 Schedule of activities for riparian planting on the Sherwood Farm, Oregon North Unit Activity Time of implementation Site preparation Spring/Summer (Year 1/2) Site planting Fall/Early Winter (Year 2) Site Maintenance Spring/Summer (Year 2/3/4) Problem ID and replanting Fall/Early Winter (Year 3) South Unit Activity Time of implementation Site preparation Spring/Summer (Year 2/3) Site planting Fall/Early Winter (Year 3) Site Maintenance Spring/Summer (Year 3/4/5) Problem ID and replanting Fall/Early Winter (Year 4) 17

18 Table 9 Estimated costs for hedgerow development on the Sherwood Farm, Oregon Item Cost Total bare rootstock costs a $ Planting cost b $ Polyurethane protective tubing $ Site preparation c $ Site maintenance d $ Replanting e $ Total Costs $ a Calculated as 166 plants for 500 meters of hedgerow, $1.05 average costs per plant. b Calculated as $0.65 per plant for estimated labor costs, based on recent local projects (Downing pers. comm.). c Calcuated as 8 hours of labor at $12.00 per hour. d Calculated as 20 hours of labor over three years at $12.00 per hour. e Calculated for 50 plants with tubing and labor. Table 10 Estimated costs for riparian planting on the Sherwood Farm, Oregon Item Cost Total bare rootstock costs a $ Planting cost b $ Polyurethane protective tubing $ Site preparation c $ Site maintenance d $ Replanting $ Total Costs $ a Calculated as 172 plants for 860 meters of riparian, $1.00 average costs per plant. b Calculated as $0.65 per plant for estimated labor costs, based on recent local projects (Downing pers. comm.). c Calcuated as 10 hours of labor at $12.00 per hour. d Calculated as 30 hours of labor over three years at $12.00 per hour. 18

19 Appendix A Field map of the north unit conservation area on the Sherwood Farm. The area within the red circle is designated for habitat improvement as outlined in this plan. 19

20 Field map of the south unit conservation area on the Sherwood Farm. Area within the red circle is designated for habitat improvement as outlined in this plan. 20

21 Appendix B 2000 aerial photo of the north unit, Sherwood Farm. 21

22 2000 aerial photo of the south unit, Sherwood Farm. 22

23 Appendix C Soil map of the western portion of the south unit. The pond and the west half of the hedgerow are visible in this map. The area of interest is outlined in red. 23

24 Soil map of the eastern portion of the south unit and the entire north unit. The area of interest in the north unit is outlined in blue. The area of interest in the south unit is outlined in red. 24