2. Introduction of Committee Members and Guests. For a committee roster, see page 03.

Transcription

1 NFPA Technical Committee on Assembly Occupancies NFPA 101 and NFPA 5000 FIRST DRAFT MEETING AGENDA Sunday-Monday, August 12-13, 2012 St. Louis Union Station Marriott St. Louis, Missouri 1. Call to Order. Call meeting to order by Chair Jeffrey Tubbs at 1:00 p.m. on August 12, 2012 at the St. Louis Union Station Marriott, St. Louis, MO. 2. Introduction of Committee Members and Guests. For a committee roster, see page Approval of Prior Meeting Minutes. Approve the October 18, 2010 and the February 9, 2011 meeting minutes. See page Committee Name Change. See pag The New Process Review. See page Audible/Visible Signals Task Group. Dan Finnegan Chair, George Bushey, Bill Conner, Jerrold Gorrell, Greg Miller, Ed Roether and Jeff Tubbs. 7. Aisle Terminations Task Group. Ed Roether Chair, George Bushey, Bill Conner, Jake Pauls, Vincent Quinterno and Phil Sherman. 8. Evaluation of Smoke-Protected Assembly Seating Capacity Factors. Greg Miller Chair, Harold Hansen, Jake Pauls, Vincent Quinterno, Ed Roether and Jeff Tubbs. 9. Life Safety Evaluation. Ed Roether Chair, George Bushey, Dan Finnegan, Harold Hansen, John Lake, Phil Sherman and Vincent Quinterno. See page Crowd Managers. Jeff Tubbs Chair, David Bowman, Harold Hansen and Vincent Quinterno. 11. Exemptions for Place of Religious Worship. Vern Martindale Chair, Dan Finnegan, Vincent Quinterno and Robert Schultz. 12. Definition of Nightclub. 13. Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF) Project on Emergency and Non- Emergency Use of Buildings. Assembly Committee will meet jointly with Mercantile Committee on Monday, August 13 for briefing. See page 42. Page 1 of 91

2 14. Correlating Committee Wish List for 2015 edition. See page Fix Needed to NFPA (1). See page Needed Changes for NFPA 5000/101 Correlation. See page Review of Core Chapters First Revisions. Drafts to be provided via separate distribution prior to meeting date. 18. NFPA 101 First Draft (formerly ROP) Preparation. For Public Input, see page NFPA 5000 First Draft (formerly ROP) Preparation. Please note there was no Public Input for Assembly Occupancies for NFPA Other Business. 21. Future Meetings. 22. Adjournment. Page 2 of 91

3 Address List No Phone Assembly Occupancies and Membrane Structures Building Code Jeffrey S. Tubbs Chair Arup 955 Massachusetts Avenue, 4th Floor Cambridge, MA SE 7/20/2000 Ron Coté Secretary (Staff-Nonvoting) National Fire Protection Association 1 Batterymarch Park Quincy, MA /02/2012 Ron Coté 1/1/1991 Scott W. Adams Principal Park City Fire Service District PO Box Park City, UT International Fire Marshals Association Local E 4/3/2003 Raymond J. Battalora Principal Aon Fire Protection Engineering 1701 North Collins Blvd., Suite 235 Richardson, TX I 3/15/2007 George D. Bushey Principal Rosser International 524 West Peachtree Street, NW Atlanta, GA SE 4/5/2001 William Conner Principal Bill Conner Associates LLC 637 North Marion Street Oak Park, IL American Society of Theater Consultants Alternate: Eugene Leitermann SE 1/1/1987 Bhola Dhume Principal City of New Orleans Department of Safety & Permits 1300 Perdido, Room 7E03, City Hall New Orleans, LA Alternate: Elbert R. Thomas, Jr. E 1/1/1992 Robert D. Fiedler Principal City of Lincoln Bureau of Fire Prevention 555 South 10th Street Lincoln, NE Alternate: Charles J. Schweitzer E 1/1/1991 Daniel P. Finnegan Principal Siemens Industry, Inc. Building Technology Division Fire Safety Unit 8 Fernwood Road Florham Park, NJ National Electrical Manufacturers Association M 3/2/2010 William E. Fitch Principal Phyrefish.com 31 SE 5th Street, Suite 3815 Miami, FL SE 1/1/1991 Ralph D. Gerdes Principal Ralph Gerdes Consultants, LLC 5510 South East Street, Suite E Indianapolis, IN Alternate: David Cook SE 1/17/1997 Harold C. Hansen Principal International Association of Venue Managers 7414 North Sheridan Road Chicago, IL U 10/28/2008 Page 3 of 91 1

4 Address List No Phone Assembly Occupancies and Membrane Structures Building Code Wesley W. Hayes Principal Polk County Fire Services Division PO Box 1458 Bartow, FL International Fire Marshals Association County E 4/3/ /02/2012 Ron Coté Mike Hayward Principal PlayPower LT Canada, Inc. 326 Grand River Street North PO Box 125 Paris, ON N3L 2N5 Canada International Play Equipment Manufacturers Assn. M 10/4/2001 Jonathan Humble Principal American Iron and Steel Institute 45 South Main Street, Suite 312 West Hartford, CT Alternate: Farid Alfawakhiri M 7/20/2000 Kenneth F. Keberle Principal Karl s Event Services 2537 East Huntington Drive Tempe, AZ U 10/18/2011 John Lake Principal City of Gainesville 306 NE 6th Avenue, Building B PO Box 490, Station 9 Gainesville, FL E 4/3/2003 Vern L. Martindale Principal Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 50 East North Temple, 10th Floor Salt Lake City, UT Alternate: Vern T. Lewis U 1/1/1995 Gregory R. Miller Principal Code Consultants, Inc Woodland Parkway, Suite 300 St. Louis, MO National Association of Theatre Owners Alternate: Gene Boecker U 1/1/1991 Jake Pauls Principal SE 4/1/1993 Jake Pauls Consulting Services in Building Use & Safety Winexburg Manor Drive, Suite 201 Silver Spring, MD Steven W. Peavey Principal Altamonte Springs Building Fire Safety Division 225 Newburyport Avenue Altamonte Springs, FL Florida Fire Marshals & Inspectors Association E 4/3/2003 Vincent Quinterno Principal Rhode Island State Fire Marshal s Office 118 Parade Street Providence, RI E 8/5/2009 Ed Roether Principal Ed Roether Consulting LLC Mission Belleview Louisburg, KS SE 7/20/2000 Karl G. Ruling Principal Entertainment Services & Technology Assn. 630 Ninth Avenue, Suite 609 New York, NY US Institute for Theatre Technology Alternate: Jerrold S. Gorrell U 4/5/2001 Page 4 of 91 2

5 Address List No Phone Assembly Occupancies and Membrane Structures Building Code Steven J. Scandaliato Principal SDG, LLC 1330 West Roller Coaster Road, Suite 100 Tucson, AZ American Fire Sprinkler Association Alternate: Thomas G. Wellen IM 1/15/2004 Robert C. Schultz, Jr. Principal University of Texas at Austin Fire Prevention Services PO Box 7729 Austin, TX Alternate: Waymon Jackson 07/02/2012 Ron Coté U 8/5/2009 Philip R. Sherman Principal Philip R. Sherman, PE 444 Wilmot Center Road PO Box 216 Elkins, NH SE 1/1/1989 Stephen V. Skalko Principal Portland Cement Association 128 Summerfield Drive Macon, GA M 4/5/2001 Robert B. Treiber Principal National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc Georgeland Trail Centerville, OH National Fire Sprinkler Association Alternate: Lorrell Bush M 4/3/2003 Farid Alfawakhiri Alternate American Iron and Steel Institute 380 Cottonwood Lane Naperville, IL Principal: Jonathan Humble M 7/23/2008 Gene Boecker Alternate Code Consultants, Inc Woodland Parkway, Suite 300 St. Louis, MO National Association of Theatre Owners Principal: Gregory R. Miller U 1/12/2000 Lorrell Bush Alternate National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc Droylsden Lane Eustis, FL National Fire Sprinkler Association Principal: Robert B. Treiber M 03/05/2012 David Cook Alternate Ralph Gerdes Consultants, LLC 5510 South East Street, Suite E Indianapolis, IN Principal: Ralph D. Gerdes SE 1/17/1997 Jerrold S. Gorrell Alternate Theatre Safety Programs East Bumblebee Lane Fountain Hills, AZ US Institute for Theatre Technology Principal: Karl G. Ruling U 4/3/2003 Waymon Jackson Alternate University of Texas at Austin 1 University Station, Stop C2600 PO Box 7729 Austin, TX Principal: Robert C. Schultz, Jr. U 10/18/2011 Eugene Leitermann Alternate Theatre Projects Consultants, Inc. 25 Elizabeth Street South Norwalk, CT American Society of Theater Consultants Principal: William Conner SE 7/19/2002 Page 5 of 91 3

6 Address List No Phone Assembly Occupancies and Membrane Structures Building Code Vern T. Lewis Alternate Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 50 East North Temple, 10th Floor Salt Lake City, UT Principal: Vern L. Martindale U 10/4/2001 Charles J. Schweitzer Alternate City of Lincoln Bureau of Fire Prevention 555 South 10th Street Lincoln, NE Principal: Robert D. Fiedler 07/02/2012 Ron Coté E 03/05/2012 Mark V. Smith Alternate Alachua County Fire Rescue Fire Prevention Bureau PO Box 548 Gainesville, FL Northeast Florida Fire Prevention Association E 1/15/2004 Elbert R. Thomas, Jr. Alternate New Orleans Fire Department 317 Decatur Street New Orleans, LA Principal: Bhola Dhume E 03/05/2012 Thomas G. Wellen Alternate American Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc Merit Drive, Suite 350 Dallas, TX Principal: Steven J. Scandaliato IM 7/26/2007 Ron Coté Staff Liaison National Fire Protection Association 1 Batterymarch Park Quincy, MA /1/1991 Page 6 of 91 4

7 ROC MEETING MINUTES Building Construction Life Safety Technical Committee on Assembly Occupancies Monday, October 18, 2010 Hotel Monteleone New Orleans, LA 1. Call to Order. The meeting was called to order by Chair Jeffrey Tubbs at 8:00 a.m. on Monday, October 18, 2010, at the Hotel Monteleone, New Orleans, LA. 2. Introduction of Committee Members and Guests. The following committee members and guests were in attendance. TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS PRESENT NAME Jeff Tubbs, Chair Ron Coté, Nonvoting Secretary Raymond Battalora, Principal David Bowman, Principal George Bushey, Principal William Conner, Principal Bhola Dhume, Principal Robert Fiedler, Principal REPRESENTING Arup Fire NFPA Aon Fire Protection Engineering Corporation National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc. Rosser International Bill Conner Associates LLC Rep. American Society of Theater Consultants City of New Orleans, Department of Safety and Permits City of Lincoln, NB-Bureau of Fire Prevention BLD/SAF-AXM ROC Meeting Minutes / Page 1 Page 7 of 91

8 Daniel Finnegan, Principal William Fitch, Principal Siemens Industry, Inc. Rep. National Electrical Manufacturers Association Phyrefish Enterprises, Inc. Jerrold Gorrell, Alternate (Alternate to K. Ruling) Harold Hansen, Principal John Lake, Principal Vern Martindale, Principal Gregory Miller, Principal Jake Pauls, Principal Vincent Quinterno, Principal Robert Schultz, Principal Philip Sherman, Principal Paul Wertheimer, Principal Theatre Safety Programs Rep. US Institute for Theatre Technology International Association of Venue Managers City of Gainesville Rep. NE Florida Fire Prevention Association Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Code Consultants, Inc. Rep. National Association of Theatre Owners Jake Pauls Consulting Services in Building Use & Safety Rhode Island State Fire Marshal s Office University of Texas at Austin Philip R. Sherman, P.E. Crowd Management Strategies GUESTS NAME Ed Roether (application pending for reappointment) Ed Roether Consulting TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS NOT PRESENT NAME Scott Adams, Principal REPRESENTING Park City Fire Service District Rep. International Fire Marshals Association BLD/SAF-AXM ROC Meeting Minutes / Page 2 Page 8 of 91

9 Ronald Farr, Principal Ralph Gerdes, Principal Wesley Hayes, Principal Mike Hayward, Principal Jonathan Humble, Principal Steven Peavey, Principal Steven Scandaliato Stephen Skalko, Principal Thomas Wellen (Voting Alternate) Michigan Bureau of Fire Services Rep. Michigan Fire Inspectors Society Ralph Gerdes Consultants, LLC Polk County Fire Services Division Rep. Int l Fire Marshals Association PlayPower LT Canada, Inc. Rep. International Play Equipment Manufacturers Association American Iron and Steel Institute Altamonte Springs Rep. Florida Fire Marshals & Inspectors Association SDG, LLC Rep. American Fire Sprinkler Association Portland Cement Association American Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc. 3. Approval of Minutes. The minutes of the December 9, 2009 meeting were approved as written and distributed. 4. The Revision Process. Staff addressed the actions that the committee could take at the ROC meeting; described the letter ballot for recording the written vote on the committee actions on the comments; and highlighted significant changes made to the core chapters during the ROC meetings held two weeks earlier. 5. Audible/Visible Signals Task Group. The task group (consisting of Dan Finnegan Chair, George Bushey, Bill Conner, Jerrold Gorrell, Greg Miller, Ed Roether, and Jeff Tubbs) was asked to continue its work in evaluating occupant notification via a system that uses a public address system in lieu of a NFPA 72 system and requires no acceptance testing or maintenance. Retain subject on agenda. 6. Aisle Terminations Task Group. BLD/SAF-AXM ROC Meeting Minutes / Page 3 Page 9 of 91

10 The task group (consisting of Ed Roether Chair, George Bushey, Bill Conner, Jake Pauls, Vincent Quinterno and Phil Sherman) was asked to continue its work as draft changes were rejected for this revision cycle. See Comment c and b. Retain subject on agenda. 7. Defining Nightclub and Bar-Like Assembly Occupancies. The task group s work was accepted and the task group was discharged. See Comment b and a. 8. Evaluation of Smoke-Protected Assembly Seating Capacity Factors. The task group (consisting of Greg Miller Chair, Harold Hansen, Jake Pauls, Vincent Quinterno, Ed Roether and Jeff Tubbs) was asked to continue its work. Retain subject on agenda. 9. NFPA 101 ROC Preparation. All comments were addressed. See the ROC letter ballot. 10. NFPA 5000 ROC Preparation. All comments were addressed. See the ROC letter ballot. 11. Other Business. - Life Safety Evaluation. A task group was formed to consider operational requirements for venue operators to follow similar to what is done for design. The task group includes Ed Roether Chair, George Bushey, Dan Finnegan, Harold Hansen, John Lake, Phil Sherman and Vincent Quinterno. Retain subject on agenda. - Crowd Managers. A task group was formed to address more fully the subject of crowd managers and their training. The task group includes Jeff Tubbs Chair, David Bowman, Harold Hansen, Vincent Quinterno and Paul Wertheimer. Retain subject on agenda. - Exemptions for Places of Religious Worship. A task group was formed to address current exemptions for places of religious worship. The task group includes Vern Martindale Chair, Dan Finnegan, Vincent Quinterno, Robert Schultz and Paul Wertheimer. Retain subject on agenda. 12. Future Meetings. The committee will need to meet in the Fall of 2012 to prepare the Reports on Proposals (ROPs) for the 2015 editions of NFPA 101 and NFPA The committee asked to meet in a pre-rop teleconference approximately six months prior to the ROP meeting. The committee asked that the ROP meeting be scheduled for one day. 13. Adjournment. BLD/SAF-AXM ROC Meeting Minutes / Page 4 Page 10 of 91

11 The meeting was adjourned at 1:25 PM. Minutes prepared by Ron Coté and Linda MacKay BLD/SAF-AXM ROC Meeting Minutes / Page 5 Page 11 of 91

12 TELECONFERENCE MEETING MINUTES Building Construction Life Safety Technical Committee on Assembly Occupancies Wednesday, February 9, 2011 Quincy, MA 1. Call to Order. The meeting was called to order by Chair Jeff Tubbs at 1:30 p.m. on Wednesday, February 9, 2011 via teleconference. 2. Introduction of Committee Members. The following committee members were in attendance. NAME Jeff Tubbs, Chair Ron Coté, Nonvoting Secretary Raymond Battalora, Principal William Conner, Principal Ralph Gerdes, Principal Jerrold Gorrell, Alternate (Alternate to K. Ruling) Harold Hansen, Principal Wesley Hayes, Principal Jonathan Humble, Principal REPRESENTING Arup Fire NFPA Aon Fire Protection Engineering Corporation Bill Conner Associates LLC Rep. American Society of Theater Consultants Ralph Gerdes Consultants, LLC Theatre Safety Programs Rep. US Institute for Theatre Technology International Association of Venue Managers Polk County Fire Services Division Rep. Int l Fire Marshals Association American Iron and Steel Institute BLD/SAF-AXM Teleconference Meeting Minutes / Page 1 Page 12 of 91

13 Vern Martindale, Principal Jake Pauls, Principal Steven Peavey, Principal Vincent Quinterno, Principal Karl Ruling, Principal Steven Scandaliato, Principal Robert Schultz, Principal Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Jake Pauls Consulting Services in Building Use & Safety Altamonte Springs Rep. Florida Fire Marshals & Inspectors Association Rhode Island State Fire Marshal s Office Entertainment Services & Technology Association Rep. US Institute for Theatre Technology SDG, LLC Rep. American Fire Sprinkler Association University of Texas at Austin 3. Bars with Live Entertainment and Proposed Definition of Nightclub. The committee reviewed the action taken by the Technical Correlating Committee on Comment b to Reject the addition of a definition of Nightclub for the 2012 edition of NFPA 101. The committee reviewed its action on Comment a that deletes the entry of Bars with live entertainment from the list of locations where the main entrance/exit must accommodate a minimum of 2/3 of the occupant load ( ) and where sprinklers must be provided ( and ). The committee agreed that the proposed changes to , and should move forward regardless of the fact that there will be no definition of Nightclub. No one expressed interest in pursuing a Notice of Intent to Make a Motion (NITMAM) on either Comment b or Comment a. The committee asked that the subject of defining Nightclub remain on the agenda for the next revision cycle. 4. Adjournment. The teleconference meeting was adjourned at 2:05 p.m. Minutes prepared by Ron Coté and Linda MacKay BLD/SAF-AXM Teleconference Meeting Minutes / Page 2 Page 13 of 91

14 Cote, Ron From: Sent: To: Cc: Subject: Cote, Ron Friday, April 27, :03 PM Cronin, Amy; Fuller, Linda Solomon, Robert; MacKay, Linda BLD/SAF-AXM Name Change Would you please add an item to the Standards Council agenda to change the name of BLD/SAF- AXM from Technical Committee on Assembly Occupancies and Membrane Structures to Technical Committee on Assembly Occupancies. The Correlating Committee on Safety to Life and the Correlating Committee on Building Code met in a joint meeting on March 13, A motion carried by unanimous vote to request the Council to make the name change. The subject was discussed in the most recent revision cycle by BLD/SAF- AXM and there was no disagreement on the name change. It is a subject that Ralph Gerdes pursued as chair of the technical committee but did not see it finalized before he left the Standards Council. The BLD/SAF-AXM committee is responsible for the assembly occupancy provisions in NFPA 101 and NFPA The BLD/SAF-IND committee is responsible for the membrane structures provisions of NFPA 101 and NFPA 5000, along with responsibility for industrial and storage occupancies. The BLD/SAF-AXM committee also is responsible for updating NFPA 102 which is wholly comprised of extracted text from NFPA 101 and NFPA NFPA 102 has, among its many subjects, extracted text on membrane structures. Prior to NFPA 102 becoming an extracted text document, the committee had some responsibility for writing/revising membrane structure requirements. The current committee name is a hold-over that is no longer accurate. Ron Coté, P.E. Principal Life Safety Engineer NFPA - Quincy, MA USA 1 Page 14 of 91

15 NFPA 101/5000 First Draft (Public Input) Meeting Assembly Occupancies 1 NFPA 101 / 5000 First Draft (Public Input) Technical Committee Meeting Meeting General Guidelines Fire Safety If alarm sounds 2 Members, please make changes to your contact information on roster sheets accompanying the signin list Use of tape recorders or other means capable of reproducing verbatim transcriptions of this meeting is not permitted Guests Members representing another interest category Page 1 Page 15 of 91

16 NFPA 101/5000 First Draft (Public Input) Meeting NFPA First Draft Meeting General Procedures o Follow Robert s Rules of Order. o Discussion requires a motion. 3 NFPA First Draft Meeting 4 Motions for Ending Debate Previous Question or Call the Question o Not in order when another has the floor o Requires a second o This motion is not debatable and DOES NOT automatically stop debate o A 2/3 affirmative vote will immediately close debate and return to the original motion on the floor. Less then 2/3 will allow debate to continue. Page 2 Page 16 of 91

17 NFPA 101/5000 First Draft (Public Input) Meeting NFPA First Draft Meeting Committee member actions: o o o Member addresses the chair. Receives recognition from the chair. Introduces the motion. o Another member seconds the motion. 5 NFPA First Draft Meeting 6 Committee chair actions: o States the motion. o Calls for discussion. o Ensures all issues have been heard. o Takes the vote. o Announces the result of the vote. Page 3 Page 17 of 91

18 NFPA 101/5000 First Draft (Public Input) Meeting NFPA First Draft Meetings Technical Committee on Assembly Occupancies (28) Enforcers, 7 Members: 25% Insurance, 1 Member: 4% Installer/Maintainer, 1 Member: 4% Manufacturers, 5 Members: 18% Special Experts, 8 Members: 29% Users, 6 Members: 21% 7 NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process Timeline Public Input Stage (First Draft): PI Closing Date: May 4, 2012 First Draft Meeting: Core Chapters: May 21-25, 2012 Occupancy Chapters: August 12-16, 2012 Correlating Committees: November 5-7, 2012 Posting of First Draft for Balloting Date: Varies by TC Posting of First Draft for Public Comment: February 22, 2013 Comment Stage (Second Draft): Public Comment Closing Date: May 3, 2013 Second Draft Meeting: Core Chapters: May 20-23, 2013 Occupancy Chapters: June 24-27, 2013 Correlating Committees: October, 2013 Posting of Second Draft for Balloting Date: Varies by TC Posting of Final Second Draft for NITMAM: January 3, Page 4 Page 18 of 91

19 NFPA 101/5000 First Draft (Public Input) Meeting NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process 9 Timeline Tech Session Preparation: NITMAM Closing Date: February 7, 2014 NITMAM /CAM Posting Date: April 4, 2014 NFPA Annual Meeting: June 9-12, 2014 Standards Council Issuance: Issuance of Documents with CAM: August 14, 2014 with 2015 edition date Changes in Terms: NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process Terms 10 New Term Input Stage Public Input First Draft Meeting Committee Input Committee Statement (CS) First Revision (FR) First Draft Report First Draft Old Term ROP Stage Proposal ROP Meeting Committee Proposal that Failed Ballot or Trial Balloon Committee Statement Committee Proposal or Accepted Public Proposal ROP ROP Draft Page 5 Page 19 of 91

20 NFPA 101/5000 First Draft (Public Input) Meeting Changes in Terms: NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process Terms 11 New Term Comment Stage Public Comment Second Draft Meeting Committee Comment Second Revision Second Draft Report Second Draft Old Term ROC Stage Public Comment ROC Meeting Committee Comment that Failed Ballot or Trial Balloon Committee Comment or Accepted Public Comment ROC ROC Draft NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process Actions 12 NEW Committee Actions and Motions: o Resolve Public Input o Create a First Revision o Create a Committee Input (Trial Balloon) Page 6 Page 20 of 91

21 NFPA 101/5000 First Draft (Public Input) Meeting NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process Actions 13 Resolve a Public Input (No Change to Text): o Committee does not want to incorporate the Public Input (PI) as a revision. o Committee develops a Committee Statement (CS) to respond to (resolve) a Public Input. o Committee must indicate, in CS, reasons for not accepting the recommendation (more on Slide 16). o CS does not get balloted. NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process Actions Create a First Revision (FR) 14 o Committee details the change (in legislative text) it is making to current document. o Committee develops a Committee Statement (CS) substantiating the change. o If the revision is associated with one or more Public Input, the Committee develops a CS to respond to each PI. o Each FR gets balloted. Page 7 Page 21 of 91

22 NFPA 101/5000 First Draft (Public Input) Meeting NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process Actions Create a Committee Input (Trial Balloon) 15 o Committee wants to receive Public Comment on a topic, but not ready to incorporate it into the draft. o Need to provide a Committee Statement. o Does not get balloted. NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process Actions 16 Committee Response (CS) to Public Input: o All PI must receive a response (CS). o Advise submitter of flaws. o Provide reasons why committee disagreed. o Provide direction relative to refinement needed for securing committee s support. o Explain how the submitter s substantiation is inadequate. Page 8 Page 22 of 91

23 NFPA 101/5000 First Draft (Public Input) Meeting NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process Actions Committee Response (CS) to Public Input: o Should reference the First Revision i if it addresses the intent of the Submitter s Public Input. 17 Formal voting NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process Voting 18 o Voting during meeting is used to establish a sense of agreement (simple majority), and move First Revisions to letter ballot. o Secured by letter ballot (2/3 agreement). o Only the results of the formal ballot determine the official position of the committee on the First Draft. Page 9 Page 23 of 91

24 NFPA 101/5000 First Draft (Public Input) Meeting NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process Voting Ballots are on the First Revisions (FR) ONLY Public Input and Committee Input not balloted Reference materials are available: First Draft, PI, CI, CS Ballot form allows you to vote: o o Affirmative on all FR Affirmative on all FR with exceptions specifically noted Ballot form provides a column for affirmative with comment o Note: This box only needs to be checked if there is an accompanying comment. Reject or abstain requires a reason. 19 NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process Voting 20 Initial ballot. Circulation of negatives and comments. Members may change votes during circulation. First Revision that fails letter ballot becomes Committee Input (CI) just like the trial balloon version of CI so as to solicit Public Comment. Page 10 Page 24 of 91

25 NFPA 101/5000 First Draft (Public Input) Meeting Balloting NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 New Process Voting 21 o Balloting will be web-based, based on-line format. o Alternates encouraged to return ballots. 22 TC Struggles with an Issue TC needs data on a new technology or emerging issue Two opposing views on an issue with no real data Data presented is not trusted by committee Code Fund Lends a Hand TC rep and/or staff liaison submits a Code Fund Request Requests are reviewed by a Panel and chosen based on need / feasibility Research Project Carried Out Funding for project is provided by the Code Fund and/or industry sponsors Project is completed and data is available to TC Page 11 Page 25 of 91

26 NFPA 101/5000 First Draft (Public Input) Meeting Legal 23 Antitrust: the single most important provision- Federal law prohibits contracts, combinations, or conspiracies which unreasonably restrain trade or commerce. Section 1 of the Sherman Act Patent: Disclosures of essential patent claims should be made by the patent holder, but others may also notify NFPA if they believe that a proposed or existing NFPA standard includes an essential patent claim. Legal Activities Disapproved by the Courts Packing meetings 24 Hiding commercial interest throwing the committees out of balance No decision-making authority to unbalanced Task Groups; include all interested parties. Hiding scientific or technical information from committees Page 12 Page 26 of 91

27 NFPA 101/5000 First Draft (Public Input) Meeting Doc Info Pages 25 Document Information Next Edition Technical Committee Document scope Current/Previous Edition information Issued TIAs, FIs and Errata Archived revision information Standard Council Decisions Articles and Reports Read only document Meetings and Ballots ROP/ROC or First Draft Report and Second Draft Report NITMAM and Standards Council Decisions Submission of Public Input/Comment Private TC info Ballot circulations, informational ballots and other committee info Committee name, responsibility and scope Staff liaison Committee list Private committee contact information Current committee documents in PDF format Committees seeking members and committee online application NFPA First Draft Meetings 26 Questions Page 13 Page 27 of 91

28 12.4 Special Provisions Life Safety Evaluation * Where a life safety evaluation is required by other provisions of the Code, it shall comply with the following: (1) The life safety evaluation shall be performed by persons acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. (2) The life safety evaluation shall include a written assessment of safety measures for conditions listed in of the building systems and facility management in accordance with (3) The life safety evaluation shall be approved annually by the authority having jurisdiction and shall be updated for special or unusual conditions in accordance with Life safety evaluations shall include an assessment of all of the following conditions and related appropriate safety measures: (1) Nature of the events and the participants and attendees (2) Access and egress movement, including crowd density problems (3) Medical emergencies (4) Fire hazards (5) Permanent and temporary structural systems (6) Severe weather conditions (7) Earthquakes (8) Civil or other disturbances (9) Hazardous materials incidents within and near the facility (10) Relationships among facility management, event participants, emergency response agencies, and others having a role in the events accommodated in the facility * Life safety evaluations shall include assessments of both building systems and facility management features upon which reliance is placed for the safety of facility occupants, and such assessments shall consider scenarios appropriate to the facility Building systems: Prior to issuance of the building permit the design team shall provide the authority having jurisdiction with documentation in accordance with Facility management: Prior to issuance of the certificate of occupancy the facility management shall provide the authority having jurisdiction with documentation in accordance with Life safety evaluation: Prior to issuance of the building permit the persons performing the life safety evaluation shall confirm that the building systems provide appropriate safety measures. Prior to issuance of the certificate of occupancy the persons performing the life safety evaluation shall confirm that the facility management and operational plans provide appropriate safety measures. The authority having jurisdiction shall determine the acceptable persons performing the life safety evaluation in a timely manner to enable the design team and facility management to resolve concerns to the satisfaction of the persons performing the life safety evaluation prior to their submission The A/E design team shall provide the authority having jurisdiction with a life safety building systems document providing the following information. The A/E design team shall distribute the life safety building systems document to the persons performing the life safety evaluation, the authority having jurisdiction and the building owner and copy all parties of the distribution prior to issuance of the building permit. (1) Life safety narrative describing (a) Building occupancy, construction type and intended uses and events (b) Building area and population capacity of the proposed facility (c) Principal fire and life safety features / strategies for the building i. Sprinkler protection ii. Smoke control/protection iii. Fire alarm- visual and audible iv. P.A system v. Emergency power and lighting vi. Provisions for patrons with disabilities vii. Fire department access viii. Fire/Emergency command center (d) Exterior construction design parameters used/applied Page 28 of 91

29 (2) Life safety floor plans of each level indicating: (a) Occupant load, exit location, exit capacity, main exit/entry, horizontal exits, travel distance and exit discharge (c) Fire and smoke barriers (d) Areas of smoke protected assembly occupancy (e) Separate smoke protected areas or zones- if applicable (f) Areas of other occupancy type and separations if required (g) Unprotected vertical openings-atrium, communicating space and convenience openings (h) Event plans for each anticipated type of event depicting: i. Seating configuration ii. Exhibit booth layout iii. Stage location iv. Occupant load, exit capacity required, exits provided and travel distance. vi. Any floor or stage use restrictions vi. Plan and/or section drawing indicating areas where the roof construction is more than 50 feet and limits of sprinkler protection. vii. Areas of Refuge-Interior and Exterior (3) Engineering analysis and calculations (a) Smoke protection calculations i. NFPA92 to derive smoke exhaust and fresh air requirements ii. Smoke maintained at a level six feet above the floor of means of egress iii. Proposed testing protocol for smoke system and pass/fail criteria iv. Calculations for performance based design methods accepted by AHJ v. Smoke and fire modeling vi. Timed exiting analysis vii. Assumed flow rates and travel speed (b) Sprinkler protection calculations, including engineering analysis substantiating locations in accordance with where sprinkler protection would be ineffective due to height and combustible loading (c) Load diagram of rigging/load capacity of gridiron, fly loft or long span roof structure used for hanging overhead objects The facility management shall provide the authority having jurisdiction with a life safety management document providing the following information. The facility management shall distribute the life safety management document to the persons performing the life safety evaluation, the authority having jurisdiction and the A/E design team and copy all parties of the distribution prior to issuance of the certificate of occupancy. (1) Facility management and operational plans shall address the following (a) Best practices adopted or recognized (b) Emergency plan (c) Evacuation plan (d) Shelter-in-place plan to include capacities and protection considerations (e) Crowd management training plan (f) Safety Plan i. Training Plan ii. Safety Equipment Plan (g) Fire alarm, smoke system protocol and testing plan (h) First aid or medical treatment plan i. Defined levels of service ii. Standing orders adopted iii. Supply and equipment plan (i) Housing keeping plan biological, medical, hazardous materials cleaning (j) Emergency communication plan i. Chain of authority and incident command system employed ii. Contact information for: a Venue personnel a Emergency management and response organizations, e.g. fire, police, medical, utility, transportation, key stakeholders v. Communication systems iv. Standard announcement for incidents or emergency situations (k) Risk and threat assessment for venue and surrounding area Page 29 of 91

30 i. Severe weather ii. Hazardous materials iii. Terrorism (l) Operating procedures and protocols for risks i. Severe weather preparedness and monitoring plan ii. Hazardous materials incidence response plan iii. Terrorism response plan (m) First responder response/arrival routes plan (n) Alcohol management plan (o) Food safety plan (p) Rigging and temporary performance structure i. Design and safety review plan ii. Emergency action plan (q) Chemical and hazardous materials information and data (r) Barrier and wall protections plan for motor sports or similar events (2) Records of the facility management plans shall be maintained for the following; including procedures and location (a) Crowd management training (b) Safety training (c) Fire alarm, smoke system maintenance and test records (d) First aid or medical treatment and regulation compliance (3) Building systems reference guide. A basic life safety building systems reference guide shall be developed and maintained. The life safety building systems reference guide shall contain the important and key information for venue management s use when planning events/activities for the safety of patrons, performers/participants, employees and venders. The life safety building systems document in accordance with shall be permitted to be used, but the life safety building systems reference guide shall include: (a) Occupant capacity of every space/room (b) Egress flow diagrams, including assumed flow rates, and capacities of all aisles and hallways, including public and nonpublic areas (c) Capacities of all exterior doors and/or choke points in immediate perimeter areas (d) Limitations or assumptions for ingress control that could be in place during an emergency egress/evacuation (e.g., control gates, queuing barriers, turnstiles, etc.) (e) Capacities of immediate perimeter exterior walkways, including assumed flow rates for exterior areas (f) Assumed egress paths for normal conditions transportation modes (g) Management level (lay) sequencing charts for alarm and emergency communication systems, the manual or override options/instructions i. List of codes or alarm signals ii. Location of manual overrides iii. Description of what exactly happens during an alarm, such as exhaust fans or doors open (h) Principle fire and life safety features/strategies, such as sprinkler, smoke control, fire alarm notifications, PA system, fire department access (i) Assumptions when developing occupancy plans for venue floor, open areas, and non-event spaces i. Event floor plans/set up diagrams for each typical type event/activity ii. Fire sprinkler and smoke protection capabilities (j) Severe weather shelter areas, locations, structure considerations (limitations), capacities (occupancy and density factor) (k) Command center i. Location (formal or informal) ii. Structural integrity considerations iii. Redundant locations and/or capabilities iv. Jurisdictional rights assumes and/or applied (l) Locations and capacities of wheelchair and mobility imparted seating (m) Locations and capacities of Safe Haven areas (n) Rigging or structural load capacities of grids, truss structure, fly lofts, ceilings, floors, ramps, staging, etc. (o) List of locations of emergency equipment, i.e. fire extinguishers, fire hose cabinets, fire hydrants, AED s, etc. (p) Sequencing of electrical service i. Emergency generators and chart of all areas illuminated during power outage ii. Multiple electrical feed capabilities (q) List of mechanical, moveable equipment in facility (r) Potential hazards in the surrounding neighborhood (train tracks, propane stations, etc.) Page 30 of 91

31 i. Assumptions or accommodations considered and used in design (4) The facility management plans shall be maintained and adjusted as necessary for changes to the venue structure, operating purposes and style, and event occupancy. (5) Facility management and operational plans shall be review by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) annually. (6) For events and activities at the venue that are outside the normal operating conditions or vary from the normal facility management plans, facility management shall perform an event/activity specific facility management plan for the authority having jurisdiction review. The authority having jurisdiction shall provide guidance as needed, but approval of the authority having jurisdiction for the specific facility management plan shall occur prior to such event. A Life safety evaluations are examples of performance-based approaches to life safety. In this respect, significant guidance in the form and process of life safety evaluations is provided by Chapter 5, keeping in mind the fire-safety emphasis in Chapter 5. The general approach to performance criteria, scenarios, evaluation, safety factors, documentation, maintenance, and periodic assessment (including a warrant of fitness) all apply to the broader considerations in a life safety evaluation. A life safety evaluation deals not only with fire but also with fire, storm, collapse, crowd behavior, and other related safety considerations for which a checklist is provided in A Chapter 5 provides guidance, based on fire safety requirements, for establishing a documented case showing that products of combustion in all conceivable fire scenarios will not significantly endanger occupants using means of egress in the facility (for example, because of fire detection, automatic suppression, smoke control, large-volume space, or management procedures). Moreover, means of egress facilities plus facility management capabilities should be adequate to cope with scenarios where certain egress routes are blocked for some reason. In addition to making realistic assumptions about the capabilities of persons in the facility (for example, an assembled crowd including many disabled persons or persons unfamiliar with the facility), the life safety evaluation should include a factor of safety of not less than 2.0 in all calculations relating to hazard development time and required egress time (the combination of flow time and other time needed to detect and along the egress routes). The factor of safety takes into account the possibility that half of the egress routes might not be used (or be usable) in certain situations. Regarding crowd behavior, the potential hazards created by larger masses of people and greater crowd densities (which can be problematic during ingress, occupancy, and egress) demand that technology be used by designers, managers, and authorities responsible for buildings to compensate for the relaxed egress capacity provisions of Table In very large buildings for assembly use, the hazard of crowd crushes can exceed that of fire or structural failure. Therefore, the building designers, managers, event planners, security personnel, police authorities, and fire authorities, as well as the building construction authorities, should understand the potential problems and solutions, including coordination of their activities. For crowd behavior, this understanding includes factors of space, energy, time, and information, as well as specific crowd management techniques such as metering. Published guidance on these factors and techniques is found in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Section 3, Chapter 13, pp (Pauls, J., Movement of People ), and the publications referenced therein. Table and Table are based on a linear relationship between number of seats and nominal flow time, with not less than 200 seconds (3.3 minutes) for 2000 seats plus 1 second for every additional 50 seats up to 25,000. Beyond 25,000 total seats, the nominal flow time is limited to 660 seconds (11 minutes). Nominal flow time refers to the flow time for the most able group of patrons; some groups less familiar with the premises or less able groups might take longer to pass a point in the egress system. Although three or more digits are noted in the tables, the resulting calculations should be assumed to provide only two significant figures of precision. A Factors to be considered in a Life Safety Evaluation include the following. (1) Nature of the Events Being Accommodated (a) Ingress, intra-event movement, and egress patterns (b) Ticketing and seating policies/practices (c) Event purpose (e.g., sports contest, religious meeting) (d) Emotional qualities (e.g., competitiveness) of event (e) Time of day when event held (f) Time duration of single event (g) Time duration of attendees occupancy of the building (2) Occupant Characteristics and Behavior (a) Homogeneity (b) Cohesiveness (c) Familiarity with building (d) Familiarity with similar events Page 31 of 91

32 (e) Capability (as influenced by factors such as age, physical abilities) (f) Socioeconomic factors (g) Small minority involved with recreational violence (h) Emotional involvement with the event and other occupants (i) Use of alcohol or drugs (j) Food consumption (k) Washroom utilization (3) Management (a) Clear, contractual arrangements for facility operation/ use as follows: i. Between facility owner and operator ii. Between facility operator and event promoter iii. Between event promoter and performer iv. Between event promoter and attendee v. With police forces vi. With private security services vii. With ushering services (b) Experience with the building (c) Experience with similar events and attendees (d) Thorough, up-to-date operations manual (e) Training of personnel (f) Supervision of personnel (g) Communications systems and utilization (h) Ratios of management and other personnel to attendees (i) Location/distribution of personnel (j) Central command location (k) Rapport between personnel and attendees (l) Personnel supportive of attendee goals (m) Attendees respect for personnel due to the following: i. Dress (uniform) standards ii. Age and perceived experience iii. Personnel behavior, including interaction iv. Distinction between crowd management and control v. Management s concern for facility quality (e.g., cleanliness) vi. Management s concern for entire event experience of attendees (i.e., not just during the occupancy of the building) (4) Emergency Management Preparedness (a) Complete range of emergencies addressed in operations manual (b) Power loss (c) Fire (d) Severe weather (e) Earthquake (f) Crowd incident (g) Terrorism (h) Hazardous materials (i) Transportation accident (e.g., road, rail, air) (j) Communications systems available (k) Personnel and emergency forces ready to respond (l) Attendees clearly informed of situation and proper behavior (5) Building Systems (a) Structural soundness (b) Normal static loads (c) Abnormal static loads (e.g., crowds, precipitation) (d) Dynamic loads (e.g., crowd sway, impact, explosion, wind, earthquake) (e) Stability of nonstructural components (e.g., lighting) (f) Stability of movable (e.g., telescoping) structures (g) Fire protection (h) Fire prevention (e.g., maintenance, contents, housekeeping) (i) Compartmentation (j) Automatic detection and suppression of fire (k) Smoke control (l) Alarm and communications systems (m) Fire department access routes and response capability (n) Structural integrity Page 32 of 91

33 (o) Weather protection (p) Wind (q) Precipitation (attendees rush for shelter or hold up egress of others) (r) Lightning (s) Circulation systems (t) Flowline or network analysis (u) Waywinding and orientation (v) Merging of paths (e.g., precedence behavior) (w) Decision/branching points (x) Route redundancies (y) Counterflow, crossflow, and queuing situations (z) Control possibilities, including metering (aa) Flow capacity adequacy (bb) System balance (cc) Movement time performance (dd) Flow times (ee) Travel times (ff) Queuing times (gg) Route quality (hh) Walking surfaces (e.g., traction, discontinuities) (ii) Appropriate widths and boundary conditions (jj) Handrails, guardrails, and other rails (kk) Ramp slopes (ll) Step geometries (mm) Perceptual aspects (e.g., orientation, signage, marking, lighting, glare, distractions) (nn) Route choices, especially for vertical travel (oo) Resting/waiting areas (pp) Levels of service (overall crowd movement quality) (qq) Services (rr) Washroom provision and distribution (ss) Concessions (tt) First aid and EMS facilities (uu) General attendee services A scenario-based approach to performance-based fire safety is addressed in Chapter 5. In addition to using such scenarios and, more generally, the attention to performance criteria, evaluation, safety factors, documentation, maintenance, and periodic assessment required when the Chapter 5 option is used, life safety evaluations should consider scenarios based on characteristics important in assembly occupancies. These characteristics include the following: (1) Whether there is a local or mass awareness of an incident, event, or condition that might provoke egress (2) Whether the incident, event, or condition stays localized or spreads (3) Whether or not egress is designed by facility occupants (4) Whether there is a localized start to any egress or mass start to egress (5) Whether exits are available or not available Examples of scenarios and sets of characteristics that might occur in a facility include the following. Scenario 1. Characteristics: Mass start, egress desired (by management and attendees), exits not available, local awareness. Normal egress at the end of an event occurs just as a severe weather condition induces evacuees at the exterior doors to retard or stop their egress. The backup that occurs in the egress system is not known to most evacuees, who continue to press forward (potentially resulting in a crowd crush). Scenario 2. Characteristics: Mass start, egress not desired (by management), exits possibly not available, mass awareness. An earthquake occurs during an event. The attendees are relatively safe in the seating area. The means of egress outside the seating areas are relatively unsafe and vulnerable to aftershock damage. Facility management discourages mass egress until the means of egress can be checked and cleared for use. Scenario 3. Characteristics: Local start, incident stays local, egress desired (by attendees and management), exits available, mass awareness. Page 33 of 91

34 A localized civil disturbance (for example, firearms violence) provokes localized egress, which is seen by attendees, generally, who then decide to leave also. Scenario 4. Characteristics: Mass start, egress desired, incident spreads, exits not available, mass awareness. In an open-air facility unprotected from wind, precipitation, and lightning, sudden severe weather prompts egress to shelter but not from the facility. The means of egress congest and block quickly as people in front stop once they are under shelter while people behind them continue to press forward (potentially resulting in a crowd crush). These scenarios illustrate some of the broader factors to be taken into account when assessing the capability of both building systems and management features on which reliance is placed in a range of situations, not just fire emergencies. Some scenarios also illustrate the conflicting motivations of management and attendees based on differing perceptions of danger and differing knowledge of hazards, countermeasures, and capabilities. Mass egress might not be the most appropriate life safety strategy in some scenarios, such as Scenario 2. Table A summarizes the characteristics in the scenarios and provides a framework for developing other characteristics and scenarios that might be important for a particular facility, hazard, occupant type, event, or management. A Outdoor facilities are not accepted as inherently smoke-protected but must meet the requirements of smoke-protected assembly seating in order to utilize the special requirements for means of egress. A (1)(b) The engineering analysis should be part of the life safety evaluation required by Table A Life Safety Evaluation Scenario Characteristics Matrix - No change - Page 34 of 91

35 13.4 Special Provisions Life Safety Evaluation * Where a life safety evaluation is required by other provisions of the Code, it shall comply with the following: (1) The life safety evaluation shall be performed by persons acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. (2) The life safety evaluation shall include a written assessment of safety measures for conditions listed in of the building systems and facility management in accordance with (3) The life safety evaluation shall be approved annually by the authority having jurisdiction and shall be updated for special or unusual conditions in accordance with Life safety evaluations shall include an assessment of all of the following conditions and related appropriate safety measures: (1) Nature of the events and the participants and attendees (2) Access and egress movement, including crowd density problems (3) Medical emergencies (4) Fire hazards (5) Permanent and temporary structural systems (6) Severe weather conditions (7) Earthquakes (8) Civil or other disturbances (9) Hazardous materials incidents within and near the facility (10) Relationships among facility management, event participants, emergency response agencies, and others having a role in the events accommodated in the facility * Life safety evaluations shall include assessments of both building systems and facility management features upon which reliance is placed for the safety of facility occupants, and such assessments shall consider scenarios appropriate to the facility Documentation of the building systems in accordance with shall be provided upon request of the authority having jurisdiction Facility management shall provide the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) with documentation in accordance with upon request of the AHJ The life safety evaluation shall confirm that the building systems and the facility management and operational plans provide appropriate safety measures The authority having jurisdiction shall be provided with a life safety building systems document providing the following information. (1) Life safety narrative describing (a) Building occupancy, construction type and intended uses and events (b) Building area and population capacity of the proposed facility (c) Principal fire and life safety features for the building i. Sprinkler protection ii. Smoke control/protection iii. Fire alarm- visual and audible iv. P.A system v. Emergency power and lighting vi. Provisions for patrons with disabilities vii. Fire department access viii. Fire/Emergency command center (d) Exterior construction (2) Life safety floor plans of each level indicating: (a) Occupant load, exit location, exit capacity, main exit/entry, horizontal exits, travel distance and exit discharge (c) Fire and smoke barriers (d) Areas of smoke protected assembly occupancy (e) Separate smoke protected areas or zones- if applicable Page 35 of 91

36 (f) Areas of other occupancy type and separations if required (g) Unprotected vertical openings-atrium, communicating space and convenience openings (h) Event plans for each anticipated type of event depicting: i. Seating configuration ii. Exhibit booth layout iii. Stage location iv. Occupant load, exit capacity required, exits provided and travel distance. vi. Any floor or stage use restrictions vi. Plan and/or section drawing indicating areas where the roof construction is more than 50 feet and limits of sprinkler protection. vii. Areas of Refuge-Interior and Exterior (3) Engineering analysis and calculations (a) Smoke protection calculations i. NFPA92 to derive smoke exhaust and fresh air requirements ii. Smoke maintained at a level six feet above the floor of means of egress iii. Proposed testing protocol for smoke system and pass/fail criteria iv. Calculations for performance based design methods accepted by AHJ v. Smoke and fire modeling vi. Timed exiting analysis vii. Assumed flow rates and travel speed (b) Sprinkler protection calculations, including engineering analysis substantiating locations in accordance with where sprinkler protection would be ineffective due to height and combustible loading (c) Load diagram of rigging/load capacity of gridiron, fly loft or long span roof structure used for hanging overhead objects The facility management shall provide the authority having jurisdiction with a life safety management document providing the following information. (1) Facility management plans shall address the following (a) Best practices adopted or recognized (b) Emergency plan (c) Evacuation plan (d) Shelter-in-place plan to include capacities and protection considerations (e) Crowd management training plan (f) Safety Plan i. Training Plan ii. Safety Equipment Plan (g) Fire alarm, smoke system protocol and testing plan (h) First aid or medical treatment plan i. Defined levels of service ii. Standing orders adopted iii. Supply and equipment plan (i) Housing keeping plan biological, medical, hazardous materials cleaning (j) Emergency communication plan i. Chain of authority and incident command system employed ii. Contact information for: a Venue personnel a Emergency management and response organizations, e.g. fire, police, medical, utility, transportation, key stakeholders v. Communication systems iv. Standard announcement for incidents or emergency situations (k) Risk and threat assessment for venue and surrounding area i. Severe weather ii. Hazardous materials iii. Terrorism (l) Operating procedures and protocols for risks i. Severe weather preparedness and monitoring plan ii. Hazardous materials incidence response plan iii. Terrorism response plan (m) First responder response/arrival routes plan Page 36 of 91

37 (n) Alcohol management plan (o) Food safety plan (p) Rigging and temporary performance structure i. Design and safety review plan ii. Emergency action plan (q) Chemical and hazardous materials information and data (r) Barrier and wall protections plan for motor sports or similar events (2) Records of the facility management plans shall be maintained for the following; including procedures and location (a) Crowd management training (b) Safety training (c) Fire alarm, smoke system maintenance and test records (d) First aid or medical treatment and regulation compliance (3) Building systems reference guide. A basic life safety building systems reference guide shall be developed and maintained. The life safety building systems reference guide shall contain the important and key information for venue management s use when planning events/activities for the safety of patrons, performers/participants, employees and venders. The life safety building systems document in accordance with shall be permitted to be used, but the life safety building systems reference guide shall include: (a) Occupant capacity of every space/room (b) Egress flow diagrams, including assumed flow rates, and capacities of all aisles and hallways, including public and nonpublic areas (c) Capacities of all exterior doors and/or choke points in immediate perimeter areas (d) Limitations or assumptions for ingress control that could be in place during an emergency egress/evacuation (e.g., control gates, queuing barriers, turnstiles, etc.) (e) Capacities of immediate perimeter exterior walkways, including assumed flow rates for exterior areas (f) Assumed egress paths for normal conditions transportation modes (g) Management level (lay) sequencing charts for alarm and emergency communication systems, the manual or override options/instructions i. List of codes or alarm signals ii. Location of manual overrides iii. Description of what exactly happens during an alarm, such as exhaust fans or doors open (h) Principle fire and life safety features/strategies, such as sprinkler, smoke control, fire alarm notifications, PA system, fire department access (i) Assumptions when developing occupancy plans for venue floor, open areas, and non-event spaces i. Event floor plans/set up diagrams for each typical type event/activity ii. Fire sprinkler and smoke protection capabilities (j) Severe weather shelter areas, locations, structure considerations (limitations), capacities (occupancy and density factor) (k) Command center i. Location (formal or informal) ii. Structural integrity considerations iii. Redundant locations and/or capabilities iv. Jurisdictional rights assumes and/or applied (l) Locations and capacities of wheelchair and mobility imparted seating (m) Locations and capacities of Safe Haven areas (n) Rigging or structural load capacities of grids, truss structure, fly lofts, ceilings, floors, ramps, staging, etc. (o) List of locations of emergency equipment, i.e. fire extinguishers, fire hose cabinets, fire hydrants, AED s, etc. (p) Sequencing of electrical service i. Emergency generators and chart of all areas illuminated during power outage ii. Multiple electrical feed capabilities (q) List of mechanical, moveable equipment in facility (r) Potential hazards in the surrounding neighborhood (train tracks, propane stations, etc.) i. Assumptions or accommodations considered and used in design (4) The facility management and operational plans shall be maintained and adjusted as necessary for changes to the venue structure, operating purposes and style, and event occupancy. (5) Facility management and operational plans shall be review by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) annually. Page 37 of 91

38 (6) For events and activities at the venue that are outside the normal operating conditions or vary from the normal facility management plans, facility management shall perform an event/activity specific facility management plan for the authority having jurisdiction review. The authority having jurisdiction shall provide guidance as needed, but approval of the authority having jurisdiction for the specific facility management plan shall occur prior to such event. A Life safety evaluations are examples of performance-based approaches to life safety. In this respect, significant guidance in the form and process of life safety evaluations is provided by Chapter 5, keeping in mind the fire-safety emphasis in Chapter 5. The general approach to performance criteria, scenarios, evaluation, safety factors, documentation, maintenance, and periodic assessment (including a warrant of fitness) all apply to the broader considerations in a life safety evaluation. A life safety evaluation deals not only with fire but also with fire, storm, collapse, crowd behavior, and other related safety considerations for which a checklist is provided in A Chapter 5 provides guidance, based on fire safety requirements, for establishing a documented case showing that products of combustion in all conceivable fire scenarios will not significantly endanger occupants using means of egress in the facility (for example, because of fire detection, automatic suppression, smoke control, large-volume space, or management procedures). Moreover, means of egress facilities plus facility management capabilities should be adequate to cope with scenarios where certain egress routes are blocked for some reason. In addition to making realistic assumptions about the capabilities of persons in the facility (for example, an assembled crowd including many disabled persons or persons unfamiliar with the facility), the life safety evaluation should include a factor of safety of not less than 2.0 in all calculations relating to hazard development time and required egress time (the combination of flow time and other time needed to detect and along the egress routes). The factor of safety takes into account the possibility that half of the egress routes might not be used (or be usable) in certain situations. Regarding crowd behavior, the potential hazards created by larger masses of people and greater crowd densities (which can be problematic during ingress, occupancy, and egress) demand that technology be used by designers, managers, and authorities responsible for buildings to compensate for the relaxed egress capacity provisions of Table In very large buildings for assembly use, the hazard of crowd crushes can exceed that of fire or structural failure. Therefore, the building designers, managers, event planners, security personnel, police authorities, and fire authorities, as well as the building construction authorities, should understand the potential problems and solutions, including coordination of their activities. For crowd behavior, this understanding includes factors of space, energy, time, and information, as well as specific crowd management techniques such as metering. Published guidance on these factors and techniques is found in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Section 3, Chapter 13, pp (Pauls, J., Movement of People ), and the publications referenced therein. Table and Table are based on a linear relationship between number of seats and nominal flow time, with not less than 200 seconds (3.3 minutes) for 2000 seats plus 1 second for every additional 50 seats up to 25,000. Beyond 25,000 total seats, the nominal flow time is limited to 660 seconds (11 minutes). Nominal flow time refers to the flow time for the most able group of patrons; some groups less familiar with the premises or less able groups might take longer to pass a point in the egress system. Although three or more digits are noted in the tables, the resulting calculations should be assumed to provide only two significant figures of precision. A Factors to be considered in a Life Safety Evaluation include the following. (1) Nature of the Events Being Accommodated (a) Ingress, intra-event movement, and egress patterns (b) Ticketing and seating policies/practices (c) Event purpose (e.g., sports contest, religious meeting) (d) Emotional qualities (e.g., competitiveness) of event (e) Time of day when event held (f) Time duration of single event (g) Time duration of attendees occupancy of the building (2) Occupant Characteristics and Behavior (a) Homogeneity (b) Cohesiveness (c) Familiarity with building (d) Familiarity with similar events (e) Capability (as influenced by factors such as age, physical abilities) (f) Socioeconomic factors (g) Small minority involved with recreational violence (h) Emotional involvement with the event and other occupants (i) Use of alcohol or drugs (j) Food consumption (k) Washroom utilization Page 38 of 91

39 (3) Management (a) Clear, contractual arrangements for facility operation/ use as follows: i. Between facility owner and operator ii. Between facility operator and event promoter iii. Between event promoter and performer iv. Between event promoter and attendee v. With police forces vi. With private security services vii. With ushering services (b) Experience with the building (c) Experience with similar events and attendees (d) Thorough, up-to-date operations manual (e) Training of personnel (f) Supervision of personnel (g) Communications systems and utilization (h) Ratios of management and other personnel to attendees (i) Location/distribution of personnel (j) Central command location (k) Rapport between personnel and attendees (l) Personnel supportive of attendee goals (m) Attendees respect for personnel due to the following: i. Dress (uniform) standards ii. Age and perceived experience iii. Personnel behavior, including interaction iv. Distinction between crowd management and control v. Management s concern for facility quality (e.g., cleanliness) vi. Management s concern for entire event experience of attendees (i.e., not just during the occupancy of the building) (4) Emergency Management Preparedness (a) Complete range of emergencies addressed in operations manual (b) Power loss (c) Fire (d) Severe weather (e) Earthquake (f) Crowd incident (g) Terrorism (h) Hazardous materials (i) Transportation accident (e.g., road, rail, air) (j) Communications systems available (k) Personnel and emergency forces ready to respond (l) Attendees clearly informed of situation and proper behavior (5) Building Systems (a) Structural soundness (b) Normal static loads (c) Abnormal static loads (e.g., crowds, precipitation) (d) Dynamic loads (e.g., crowd sway, impact, explosion, wind, earthquake) (e) Stability of nonstructural components (e.g., lighting) (f) Stability of movable (e.g., telescoping) structures (g) Fire protection (h) Fire prevention (e.g., maintenance, contents, housekeeping) (i) Compartmentation (j) Automatic detection and suppression of fire (k) Smoke control (l) Alarm and communications systems (m) Fire department access routes and response capability (n) Structural integrity (o) Weather protection (p) Wind (q) Precipitation (attendees rush for shelter or hold up egress of others) (r) Lightning (s) Circulation systems (t) Flowline or network analysis (u) Waywinding and orientation Page 39 of 91

40 (v) Merging of paths (e.g., precedence behavior) (w) Decision/branching points (x) Route redundancies (y) Counterflow, crossflow, and queuing situations (z) Control possibilities, including metering (aa) Flow capacity adequacy (bb) System balance (cc) Movement time performance (dd) Flow times (ee) Travel times (ff) Queuing times (gg) Route quality (hh) Walking surfaces (e.g., traction, discontinuities) (ii) Appropriate widths and boundary conditions (jj) Handrails, guardrails, and other rails (kk) Ramp slopes (ll) Step geometries (mm) Perceptual aspects (e.g., orientation, signage, marking, lighting, glare, distractions) (nn) Route choices, especially for vertical travel (oo) Resting/waiting areas (pp) Levels of service (overall crowd movement quality) (qq) Services (rr) Washroom provision and distribution (ss) Concessions (tt) First aid and EMS facilities (uu) General attendee services A scenario-based approach to performance-based fire safety is addressed in Chapter 5. In addition to using such scenarios and, more generally, the attention to performance criteria, evaluation, safety factors, documentation, maintenance, and periodic assessment required when the Chapter 5 option is used, life safety evaluations should consider scenarios based on characteristics important in assembly occupancies. These characteristics include the following: (1) Whether there is a local or mass awareness of an incident, event, or condition that might provoke egress (2) Whether the incident, event, or condition stays localized or spreads (3) Whether or not egress is designed by facility occupants (4) Whether there is a localized start to any egress or mass start to egress (5) Whether exits are available or not available Examples of scenarios and sets of characteristics that might occur in a facility include the following. Scenario 1. Characteristics: Mass start, egress desired (by management and attendees), exits not available, local awareness. Normal egress at the end of an event occurs just as a severe weather condition induces evacuees at the exterior doors to retard or stop their egress. The backup that occurs in the egress system is not known to most evacuees, who continue to press forward (potentially resulting in a crowd crush). Scenario 2. Characteristics: Mass start, egress not desired (by management), exits possibly not available, mass awareness. An earthquake occurs during an event. The attendees are relatively safe in the seating area. The means of egress outside the seating areas are relatively unsafe and vulnerable to aftershock damage. Facility management discourages mass egress until the means of egress can be checked and cleared for use. Scenario 3. Characteristics: Local start, incident stays local, egress desired (by attendees and management), exits available, mass awareness. A localized civil disturbance (for example, firearms violence) provokes localized egress, which is seen by attendees, generally, who then decide to leave also. Scenario 4. Characteristics: Mass start, egress desired, incident spreads, exits not available, mass awareness. Page 40 of 91

41 In an open-air facility unprotected from wind, precipitation, and lightning, sudden severe weather prompts egress to shelter but not from the facility. The means of egress congest and block quickly as people in front stop once they are under shelter while people behind them continue to press forward (potentially resulting in a crowd crush). These scenarios illustrate some of the broader factors to be taken into account when assessing the capability of both building systems and management features on which reliance is placed in a range of situations, not just fire emergencies. Some scenarios also illustrate the conflicting motivations of management and attendees based on differing perceptions of danger and differing knowledge of hazards, countermeasures, and capabilities. Mass egress might not be the most appropriate life safety strategy in some scenarios, such as Scenario 2. Table A summarizes the characteristics in the scenarios and provides a framework for developing other characteristics and scenarios that might be important for a particular facility, hazard, occupant type, event, or management. A Outdoor facilities are not accepted as inherently smoke-protected but must meet the requirements of smoke-protected assembly seating in order to utilize the special requirements for means of egress. A (1)(b) The engineering analysis should be part of the life safety evaluation required by Table A Life Safety Evaluation Scenario Characteristics Matrix - No change - Page 41 of 91

42 CODE FUND PROJECT STATEMENT FORM Return to Amanda Kimball Fire Protection Research Foundation, One Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA ) PROPOSED PROJECT TITLE: Defining Emergency and Non Emergency Use of Buildings by Occupants 2) PROBLEM STATEMENT (ONE OR TWO SENTENCES ADDRESSING WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? ): While NFPA 101, Life Safety Code is well known for its application and use to protect occupants from fire and similar emergencies, it also has certain provisions that have caused the code to become the defacto expert document for non emergency use as well. The extent of this application is not as clear and there are any number of scenarios where this subject could be applied in a more obvious and concise manner. Non fire events such as crowd crush, crowd craze and weather events that result in life threatening circumstances while considered by NFPA codes are not explicitly enforced and understood to the extent they should be. See supplemental information attached. 3) RESEARCH OBJECTIVE (ONE OR TWO SENTENCES ADDRESSING HOW WILL THE PROBLEM BE SOLVED? ): To address and define potential scenarios where some of these conditions might be considered and elaborated on in the codes-nfpa 1, NFPA 101 and NFPA 5000 specifically. 4) PROJECT DESCRIPTION (ONE OR TWO PARAGRAPHS ON STUDY DESIGN & TASKS, E.G. LITERATURE REVIEW, COMPUTER MODELING, HAZARD ANALYSIS, LOSS SUMMARY, CODE COMPARISON, FIELD USAGE SURVEY, ETC ): A basic literature search to comprehensively identify the extent of these issues, look at the number of incidents based on the number of participants involved, what were the contributing circumstances (drugs, alcohol, violence, poor planning, accidental) what outcomes have resulted (death, injury, lawsuits, civil or criminal charges) and what mitigating effects might be considered would be among the goals of a project. 5) RELEVANT NFPA DOCUMENT(S) & HOW PROJECT WILL IMPACT THEM: NFPA 1, NFPA 101 and NFPA The scope of this would affect the NFPA 1 TC, as well as NFPA 101/NFPA 5000 TCs that deal with Fundamentals, Means of Egress, Assembly Occupancies and Mercantile Occupancies. 6) OTHER ORGANIZATIONS THAT COULD POSSIBLY FUND, IF ANY: OSHA, International Association of Venue Managers, International Association of Shopping Centers, National Center for Spectator Sport Safety & Security. 7) WHEN DO YOU NEED PROJECT DELIVERABLES (ESTIMATED TIMEFRAME FOR COMPLETION, SENSE OF URGENCY): NFPA TC s that are most impacted by this will be meeting in May and August of More high profile cases seem to be occurring (Wal-Mart Crowd Crush (one death)-2008; Love Parade- 2010; Rangers Ball Park-2011; Indiana State Fair-2011; Black Friday Events This is an old problem that seems to be getting more attention. Having this information available for the AUG 2011 meetings of the NFPA committees would allow them to integrate some CI changes into the codes for the 2015 editions. Form Updated: 13 July 2011 Page 42 of 91

43 8) SUBMITTED BY (STAFF LIAISON/TC CHAIR/ETC) AND DATE SUBMITTED: ROBERT SOLOMON - DEC 21, 2011 Note: Code Fund projects have typically been reasonably small in size (~$30K) and a maximum one year effort. Form Updated: 13 July 2011 Page 43 of 91

44 Defining Emergency and Non Emergency Use of Buildings by Occupants While NFPA 101, Life Safety Code is well known for its application and use to protect occupants from fire and similar emergencies, it also has certain provisions that have caused the code to become the defacto expert document for non emergency use as well. Specifically, the code states: 1.1.5* Considerations Not Related to Fire. The Code also addresses other considerations that, while important in fire conditions, provide an ongoing benefit in other conditions of use, including non-fire emergencies. Likewise, the code exempts certain subjects and behaviors as follows: Areas Not Addressed. The Code does not address the following: (1)*General fire prevention or building construction features that are normally a function of fire prevention codes and building codes (2) Prevention of injury incurred by an individual due to that individual s failure to use reasonable care (3) Preservation of property from loss by fire The in between area that exists at present has been the topic of some discussion as a result of the death of a Texas Ranges fan (Shannon Stone) at a baseball game on July 7, Mr. Stone lost his balance and went over an approximately 32 inch high railing and fell 20 feet. He was simply trying to catch a ball (for his 6 year old son) that had been tossed to him by the Rangers left fielder, Josh Hamilton. Mr. Stone died about 1 hour after being transported to the hospital. The height of these railings is now being discussed by MLB as well as individual stadium managers. The genesis of the precise rules for railings and guards in all modern era US codes can be traced back to the NFPA Building Exits Code (1929) and the NFPA Life Safety Code (1997). Even in 1929, the NFPA code developers recognized that in assembly occupancies, 1 Non Emergency Movement and Use NFPA-FPRF Page 44 of 91

45 some balance between safety of occupants and line of sight to the performance area had to be maintained. Rail and guard allowances in the 1929 code as well as the 2012 code permit such rails to be as low as 26 inches at the front row of the assembly seating area. Such special allowances are described as sight-line constrained rail heights and have a limited set of circumstances in which the rule can be applied. Here is one example. A few days after Mr. Stone s death, another man went over a rail during the Home Run Derby in Arizona. Miraculously, his brother and another man grabbed his les and they were able to pull him back without serous injury. While that scenario fell into the category of (2) mentioned above, Mr. Stone s death was truly an accident. As this subject is further explored, it begs the question about what does it mean for the code to provide an ongoing benefit in other conditions of use, including non-fire emergencies. Leaning out to catch a foul ball or home run or to grab a ball tossed up by a player is not inherently dangerous but it is natural human instinct. 2 Non Emergency Movement and Use NFPA-FPRF Page 45 of 91

46 MLB actually encourages such behavior as witnessed by the fan reaction of the Home Run Derby held every July the night before the All Star Game. The goal of the player is to hit as many homeruns as possible. The goal of the fans is to snag as many of those balls as possible. It is kind of daunting to see 200 pound men clamoring for the ball-in some cases pushing their way through younger children or smaller stature adults. In some ways, it is the next level of scooping up the candy that used to be thrown from parade floats-a practice that is now discouraged because of the potential to be run over by the float. These behaviors are described in some circles as a crowd craze. A crowd craze can materialize when a reward is offered for taking some action. The act usually involves an action such as moving quickly as an individual or as part of crowd reaction. The action might be to acquire something (a baseball), see someone or something (a celebrity) or to receive some other reward or prize. Many of the provisions of the code are developed based on making sure individuals or crowds can safely move away from an inherently dangerous situation or circumstance. This is especially true in assembly occupancies where the prescriptive rules of the code layout some pretty precise rules. A crowd craze is set up when the action being taken is to achieve a positive goal (perceived or real), but that along way establishes a circumstance that creates a dangerous condition. The crowd crushes at The Who concert in 1979 and the Love Parade in 2010 are examples of a type of crowd craze as the concert goers were simply attempting to get to the venue. They were not fleeing danger or otherwise doing anything that would be expected to invoke danger. The Life Safety Evaluation (LSE) of NFPA 101 is a tool that must be applied to myriad circumstances for assembly occupancies. The LSE provides an extraordinarily comprehensive list of considerations that must be evaluated-many of which deal with non-fire and nonemergency events. Application of the LSE concept beyond assembly occupancies might be considered-especially in buildings or areas where a crowd craze might materialize. A potential FPRF project in this area would be to define situations where some of these scenarios might be considered in the code. Additional circumstances and requirements might be identified and considered for inclusion in NFPA 1, Fire Code, NFPA 101, Life Safety Code and NFPA 5000, Building Construction and Safety Code. A basic literature search to comprehensively identify the extent of these issues, look at the number of incidents based on the number of participants involved, what were the contributing circumstances (drugs, alcohol, violence, poor planning, accidental) what outcomes have resulted (death, injury, lawsuits, civil or criminal charges) and what mitigating effects might be considered would be among the goals of a project. A secondary consideration may be to consider social media impacts where flash mobs can materialize in large, concentrated numbers in a relatively short period of time. Managing this scenario is much more difficult and simply may not be feasible. 3 Non Emergency Movement and Use NFPA-FPRF Page 46 of 91

47 Ideas for discussion include the following. WHERE WHAT NOTES STAKEHOLDER BASEBALL VENUES OTHER SPORTS VENUES MERCANTILE-A Fan reaction to foul balls, home runs. Launching shirts from the T-Shirt gun. See what the literature says. Celebrity meet and greet at a mall or other venue. Natural instinct to try and catch the ball. Natural instinct to try and grab the shirt. Most other venues don t have a thing that goes into the stands. Get a glimpse of famous person, or autograph or picture. Bieber Fever effect. MERCANTILE-B Black Friday Sale. Get the best deal; limited quantity of high value item. RELIGIOUS EVENT Hajj or pilgrimage to sacred spot or area. May bring large number of participants (>1M) to specific concentrated area. MLB including its minor league affiliates. IAVM If other scenarios identified, then potential to include NBA, NFL, MLS, NASCAR, NCAA ICSC, Wal-Mart, Target ICSC, Wal-Mart, Target, Best Buy et.al. OSHA Varies. Seems to be a category that occurs predominantly outside of the US. 4 Non Emergency Movement and Use NFPA-FPRF Page 47 of 91

48 Crowd Management Safety Guidelines for Retailers Page 1 of 2 All DOL OSHA Advanced Search A to Z Index En Español Contact Us FAQs About OSHA OSHA Newsletter RSS Feeds Print This Page Text Size Home Workers Regulations Enforcement Data & Statistics Training Publications Newsroom Small Business What's New Offices Crowd Management Safety Guidelines for Retailers Crowd-related injuries during special retail sales and promotional events have increased during recent years. In 2008, a worker died at the opening of a "Black Friday" sale. Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, employers are responsible for providing their workers with safe and healthy workplaces. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) encourages employers to adopt effective safety and health management systems to identify and eliminate work-related hazards, including those caused by large crowds at retail sales events. OSHA has prepared these guidelines to help employers and store owners avoid injuries during the holiday shopping season, or other events where large crowds may gather. Crowd management planning should begin in advance of events that are likely to draw large crowds, and crowd management, pre-event setup, and emergency situation management should be part of event planning. OSHA recommends that employers planning a large shopping event adopt a plan that includes the following elements. Planning Where large crowds are expected, have trained security or crowd management personnel or police officers on site. Create a detailed staffing plan that designates a location for each worker. Based on the size of the crowd expected, determine the number of workers that are needed in various locations to ensure the safety of the event (e.g., near the door entrance and throughout the store). Ensure that workers are properly trained to manage the event. Contact local fire and police agencies to determine if the event site meets all public safety requirements, and ensure that all permits and licenses are obtained and that local emergency services, including the local police, fire department and hospital, are aware of the event. Designate a worker to contact local emergency responders if necessary. Provide legible and visible signs that describe entrance locations, store opening times, and other important information such as the location of major sale items. Prepare an emergency plan that addresses potential dangers facing workers, including overcrowding, crowd crushing, being struck by the crowd, violent acts and fire. Share emergency plan with all local public safety agencies. Train workers in crowd management procedures and the emergency plan. Provide them with an opportunity to practice the special event plan. Include local public safety agencies if appropriate. Pre-Event Setup: Set up barricades or rope lines for crowd management well in advance of customers arriving at the store. Make sure that barricades are set up so that the customers' line does not start right at the entrance to the store. This will allow for orderly crowd management entry and make it possible to divide crowds into small groups for the purpose of controlling entrance. Ensure that barricade lines have an adequate number of breaks and turns at regular intervals to reduce the risk of customers pushing from the rear and possibly crushing others, including workers. Designate workers to explain approach and entrance procedures to the arriving public, and direct them to lines or entrances. Make sure that outside personnel have radios or some other way to communicate with personnel inside the store and emergency responders. Consider using mechanisms such as numbered wristbands or tickets to provide the earlierarriving customers with first access to sale items. Consider using Internet lottery for "hot" items. Locate shopping carts and other potential obstacles or projectiles inside the store and away from the entrance, not in the parking lot. If appropriate, provide public amenities including toilets, washbasins, water and shelter. Communicate updated information to customers waiting in line. Distribute pamphlets showing the location of entrances, exits and location of special sales items within the store. Shortly before opening, remind waiting crowds of the entrance process (i.e., limiting entry to small groups, redemption of numbered tickets, etc.). Page 48 of 91 11/14/2011