FLOWER PRODUCTION OF GERBERA CULTIVARS IN TWO SOILLESS SUBSTRATES UTJECAJ KULTIVARA I HIDROPONSKIH SUPSTRATA NA PRINOS CVJETOVA GERBERE

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1 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes FLOWER PRODUCTION OF GERBERA CULTIVARS IN TWO SOILLESS SUBSTRATES UTJECAJ KULTIVARA I HIDROPONSKIH SUPSTRATA NA PRINOS CVJETOVA GERBERE Kristin Btelj, Smiljn Goret Bn, L. Bućn ABSTRACT The effect of two hydroponic sustrtes (orgnic mix with perlite nd rockwool) on the flower production of three gerer cultivrs ('', 'Dlm' nd '') ws studied from August 2005 through Mrch Flower production ws higher in orgnic sustrte compred to rockwool in Dec (34%), Apr (12%) nd Mr (20%). Interction etween type of sustrte nd cultivrs for flower production ws found in Jn., Sep. nd Nov Production of flowers of in orgnic sustrte ws higher compred to other comintions, except in Jn when the production ws the sme s of on orgnic sustrte. Through experimentl period cultivrs hd more influence on production of flowers thn sustrte. Dimeter of flower stlk nd dimeter of inflorescence were influenced y cultivr s well. Under the conditions of our study there ws not much influence of sustrte type on flower production or on flower stem qulity, however choice of cultivr hd significnt effect. Key words: Gerer jmesonii, soilless sustrte, yield SAŽETAK Istrživn je utjecj dvju hidroponskih supstrt; orgnskog s perlitom i norgnskog (kmen vun), te triju kultivr gerere '', 'Dlm' i '' n prinos cvjetov gerere u rzdolju od kolovoz do ožujk U usporedi prinos cvjetov gerere uzgojenih n kmenoj vuni u odnosu n prinos cvjetov n orgnskom supstrtu, io je viši z 34% u prosincu 2005., 127

2 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes z 12% u trvnju 2006., te z 20% u ožujku Interkcij supstrt i kultivr došl je do izržj u siječnju, rujnu i studenom U usporedi s drugim kultivrim, prinos cvjetov gerere io je njveći kod kultivr n orgnskom supstrtu, osim u siječnju kd je imo izjednčen prinos s kultivrom. U eksperimentlnom rzdolju kultivri su imli veći utjecj n prinos cvjetov nego supstrt. Pod utjecjem kultivr ili su promjer cvjetne stpke i promjer cvjetne glvice. Rezultti pokzuju d nije ilo velike rzlike u prinosu ko ni u kkvoći cvjetov gerere uzrokovne vrstom supstrt (orgnskog i kmene vune), no izor kultivr im znčjn utjecj Ključne riječi: Gerer jmesonii, hidroponski supstrti, prinos INTRODUCTION Gerer jmesonii is n ornmentl plnt grown for the cut flower mrket on lrge scle (Teeri et l., 2006).; flowers re ville in wide rnge of colors, including yellow, ornge, pink, crimson, red, purple, nd white (Emongor, 2004). Gerer could hve potentil in Mediterrnen res owing to the prevlent economic nd ecologicl conditions (Iss et l. 2001). In Mediterrnen countries soilless techniques hve een used for severl yers nd they hve intensified production of floriculturl crops (Mloup et l., 1992). The cost, locl vilility nd experience with sustrte use, re usully the determining fctors for choosing prticulr sustrte type (Smrtzidis et l., 2005). Experiments crried out to ssess the physicl nd chemicl properties of sustrtes, nutrient supply, wter vilility nd their reltion to prticulr plnt chrcteristics contriute to the optimiztion nd productivity in intensive culture methods (Iss et l., 2001). The min dvntges of soilless systems re more ccurte control over the supply of wter, nutrients, nd ph compred to soil culture. Reduction of lor requirement, higher yields, nd etter uniformity of qulity due to esier nd more ccurte control of production fctors re some dditionl enefits. In these systems there is no need for soil steriliztion nd more crops per yer re possile (Olympios, 2005). 128

3 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes Rockwool (inorgnic sustrte) nd orgnic mix of corn pet, fier pet, coco fier, nd rice husk with perlite (orgnic sustrte) re the commonest soilless sustrtes in gerer production in Croti. Orgnic sustrtes of moderte or low iostility will relese ville nutrients nd vry in their chemicl properties, such s ph, electricl conductivity (EC) nd ction exchnge cpcity, s consequence of the decomposition of the sustrte s orgnic mtter (Lemire, 1997). Rockwool is chemiclly inert sustrte, otined from dise, volcnic rock, with porosity of out 96% (Jörgensen, 1975). It is n rtificil sustrte, which offers high degree of wter permeility nd high wter content t low suction (Bogoul nd Boulrd 2006). The im of the present study ws to investigte the influence of two hydroponic sustrtes, orgnic mix nd rockwool on flower production of gerer cultivrs in non heted greenhouse. MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment ws conducted in non heted greenhouse locted in Split, in the Mediterrnen re (lt N, long E) of Croti. The experiment lsted from August 2005 through Mrch Air temperture during the experiment ws mesured dily with min/mx thermometer. Minimum tempertures were under optimum temperture for flower production in the cold period of the yer (from Decemer to mid Ferury) wheres the dy/night tempertures were 15/12 C. Gerer seedlings were received from commercil nursery in rockwool plugs (ø 4.6 x 5 cm) nd were trnsplnted on 7 th July 2005 t the stge of the third true lef. Three gerer cultivrs '', 'Dlm' nd '' (Florist De Kwkel.v., Alsmeer, Netherlnds) nd two growing medi (rockwool sls nd orgnic sustrte) were tested in open hydroponic systems under nturl photoperiod. Plnts were potted into 3.5 L pots (20 cm dimeter x 16 cm height) filled with commercil sustrte (EGO Potgrondedrijf Bleiswijk BV, Bleiswijk, Hollnd) consisting of corn pet, fier pet, cocofier EGO-production, lck pet fier, rice husk, nd perlite (orgnic sustrte with perlite). The second 129

4 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes sustrte (inorgnic), were rockwool cues (10 x 10 x 6.5 cm) nd sls (100 x 15 x 7.5 cm) (Agron, Btk, Slovki). Gerer plnts hd previously een inserted in rockwool cue, perforted in the centre, nd then put on the sturted rockwool sl. Plnts in pots were plced on enches t 40 x 40 cm spce (density of 6 plnts m -2 ); the sme density ws provided on enches with rockwool sls. Tle 1. Effect of sustrte nd cultivr on flower production per plnt of gerer in Tlic 1. Utjecj supstrt i kultivr n proizvodnju cvjetov gerere po iljci u Tretments Flower production per plnt Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Sustrte (S) Orgnic Rockwoll Cultivr (Cv.) Dlm Significnce Sustrte (S) NS NS NS *** Cultivr (Cv.) ** ** ** NS S X Cv. NS NS NS NS Mens within columns for sustrte or cultivr followed y different letters re significntly different t P 0.05 y Fisher s protected LSD test. Rzličit slov u stupcim pokzuju znčjne rzlike kod supstrt i kultivr (P 0.05) kod Fisherov LSD test 130

5 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes 131

6 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes Tle 3. Effect of sustrte nd cultivr on flower production per plnt of gerer in Tlic 3. Utjecj supstrt i kultivr n proizvodnju cvjetov gerere po iljci u Tretments Flower production per plnt Jn. Fe. Mr. Sustrte (S) Orgnic Rockwoll Cultivr (Cv.) Dlm Significnce Sustrte (S) NS NS ** Cultivr (Cv.) NS NS NS S X Cv. NS NS NS Mens within columns for sustrte or cultivr followed y different letters re significntly different t P 0.05 y Fisher s protected LSD test. Rzličit slov u stupcim pokzuju znčjne rzlike kod supstrt i kultivr ( P 0.05) kod Fisher s LSD test Plnts in oth sustrtes were irrigted with the sme nutrient solution (ph 5.5, EC dsm -1 ). Following mcronutrients were pplied in the first 6-8 weeks of cultivtion (mm): NO 3 -N, 1.0 NH 4 N, 1.25 P, 3.5 C, 4.5 K, 1.25 SO 4 nd 1.2 Mg; nd micronutrients (in µm): 5.0 Mn, 4.0 Zn, 40.0 B, 0.75 Cu, 0.6 Mo nd 50 Fe s Fe-EDTA. After the first 6-8 weeks, when the first flowers ppered, the finl nutrient solution contining the sme concentrtion of micronutrients s previously nd the following mcronutrients (mm) 11.4 NO 3 -N, 0.9 NH 4 N. 1.5 P, 4.0 C, 5.2 K, 1.8 SO 4, nd 1.2 Mg ws used. Nutrient solution ws delivered vi drip system with four-outlet emitters of 3 132

7 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes Tle 4. Effects of sustrte nd cultivr on rosette height nd dimeter (on 12 th, 20 th nd 28 th Aug nd on 5 th Sept. 2005). Tlic 4. Utjecj supstrt i kultivr n visinu i promjer rozete (dn 12., 20. i i ) Tretments Sustrte (S) Height of rosette (cm) Dimeter of rosette (cm) Orgnic Rockwoll Cultivr (Cv.) Dlm Significnce Sustrte (S) * ** NS NS *** *** * NS Cultivr (Cv.) ** ** ** *** NS NS NS * S X Cv. NS NS * ** NS ** NS NS Mens within columns for sustrte or cultivr followed y different letters re significntly different t P 0.05 y Fisher s protected LSD test. ) Rzličit slov u stupcim pokzuju znčjne rzlike kod supstrt i kultivr ( P 0.05) kod Fisher s LSD test. L h -1 cpcity (Toro Compny, El Cjon, Clif.) with one spigot plced in ech pot nd in ech cue on rockwool sls. The irrigtion rte depended on the plnt size nd the environmentl conditions in the greenhouse. The mount of pplied nutrient solution rnged from 0.5 L to 2.0 L per plnt dily with leching frction of 15 to 25%. Flower hrvesting ws recorded weekly nd yield ws expressed s numer of flowers per plnt per month. Flowers were picked efore the development of the second tuulr ring nd only well developed flower were tken into considertion. 133

8 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes Tle 5. Effects of sustrte nd cultivr on flower stlk dimeter, dimeter of disk floret nd dimeter of gerer centrl disk floret on 22 nd Fe Tlic 5. Utjecj supstrt i kultivr n promjer cvjetne stljike, promjer cvjetne glvice te promjer centrlnog disk cvjetne glvice cvjetov gerere Mens within columns for sustrte or cultivr followed with different letters re significntly different t P 0.05 y Fisher s protected LSD test. Rzličit slov u stupcim pokzuju znčjne rzlike kod supstrt i kultivr ( P 0.05) kod Fisher s LSD test Height (from the sustrte surfce to the top of the highest lef) nd dimeter of rosette were mesured on ll plnts from 12 th Aug. to 5 th Sept on weekly sis. Height of rosette, dimeter of inflorescence (cpitulum), dimeter of disk florets s well s the flower stlk dimeter, were mesured on ll plnts on 22 nd Fe During winter (from Nov. to Fe.) nd spring of (Fe. nd Mr.) smples of dringe solution were collected to determine ph nd electricl conductivity (EC). In ll the cses, three smples per cultivr per sustrte were collected. 134

9 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes The experiment ws set up s completely rndomized lock design in three replictions. All dt were sujected to nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) using PROC GLM of the SAS softwre pckge (SAS Institute, 1989) to determine the significnce of mix orgnic sustrte with perlite nd inorgnic sustrte s well s their interction. When the effects were significnt men seprtion ws performed y Fisher s protected LSD t P RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In Dec. 2005, flower production in orgnic sustrte ws 34% higher compred to rockwool (Tle 1). From Sept. to Dec '' hd the lowest numer of flowers per plnt, nd compred to '' it produced 25% less flowers in Sept. nd 17% in Oct. nd Nov. (Tle 1). On Apr. 2006, orgnic sustrte hd 11% higher production of flowers compred to rockwool (Tle 2). Cultivr hd 17-35% lower production of flowers compred to '' in Fe., Apr., My, Jun., Aug., Oct., Sep., nd Dec (Tle 2). During the whole period cultivr hd higher numer of flowers per plnt compred to the other cultivrs. This difference in flower production is due to the fct tht. elongs to the type of mini cultivrs (7-9 cm flower dimeter), nd Dlm nd to stndrd cultivr types (10-14 cm flower dimeter). Previous reserch on gerer cultivrs lso showed tht production level of mini cultivrs ws 500 stems m -2 per yer nd tht of the stndrd ones 250 stems m -2 per yer (Evns, 2005). Flower production ws higher in orgnic sustrte in Dec (34%), Apr (12%), nd Mr (20%) compred to rockwool (Tle 1, 2 nd 3). Interction etween type of sustrte nd cultivr ws found for flower production in Jn., Sep. nd Nov Production of flowers of in orgnic sustrte ws highest compred to other cultivrs, except in Jn. when the production ws the sme s for in orgnic sustrte (Fig 1). Vn Leke nd Dmre (1998) lso found tht orgnic sustrte (coir) nd rockwool hd no influence on the numer of flower stems. At the strt of cultivtion (12 th Aug. to 5 th Sept ) the height nd dimeter of rosette were ffected y oth the sustrte nd cultivr (Tle 4). On 28 th Aug. nd 5 th Sept nd Dlm hd higher rosette on rockwool thn on orgnic sustrte, ut hd higher rosette on orgnic 135

10 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes Flower production per plnt. A Dlm Dlm Flower production per plnt... B c Orgnic c c Rockwool c Dlm Flower production per plnt... Dlm C Orgnic Rockwool Dlm Dlm Orgnic Rockwool Fig.1 Effect of sustrte nd cultivr on flower production per plnt in Jn. (A), Sept (B) nd Nov. (C) in Sl.1. Utjecj supstrt i kultivr n proizvodnju cvjet po iljci u siječnju (A), rujnu (B), i studenom (C),

11 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes Height of rosette (cm)... A Height of rosette (cm)... B Dimeter of rosette (cm)... Dlm Dlm Dlm Dlm C Orgnic Dlm Rockwool Dlm Dimeter of disk florets (mm)... D Orgnic Dlm Rockwool d Dlm Orgnic Rockwool Orgnic Rockwool Fig.2. Effect of sustrte nd cultivrs on rosette height on 28 th Aug 2005 (A) nd 5 th Sep (B), rosette dimeter on t 20 th Aug (C) nd disk florets dimeter on 22. Fe (D). Sl.2.Utjecj supstrt i kultivr n visinu rozete (A) te (B), promjer rozete (C) i promjer centrlnog disk cvjetne glvice (D). sustrte (Fig 2. A nd B). The sme effect ws recorded for the dimeter of rosette on 20 th August ((Fig 2. C). Cultivr effect on the dimeter ws recorded only on 5 th Septemer. On 22 nd Fe sustrte showed no influence on either the dimeter of inflorescence (cpitulum), dimeter of disk florets or the flower stlk dimeter (Tle 4). Dimeter of flower stlk nd dimeter of inflorescence were wider in 137

12 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes Dlm compred to '' nd '' (Tle 4). Cultivrs on rockwool hd wider dimeter of disk florets thn those on orgnic sustrte, except (Fig.2 D). As reported y Vn Leke nd Dmre (2008), qulity of flower stem prmeters determined y stem length, stem weight, nd flower dimeter were ffected y choice of the sustrte (1998). According to our results it seems tht there is not much difference in flower productivity etween orgnic sustrte nd rockwool sls, lthough sustrte ffected EC nd ph vlues in dringe solution during winter nd spring. The EC of dringe solution from orgnic sustrte ws higher in oth the periods compred to rockwool. However, ph vlues were higher in rockwool (dt not shown). This is consistent with the results of Ad El-Hdy nd Etism El-Drdiry (2006) who determined higher EC vlues in orgnic (compost) thn inorgnic sustrte (perlite). CONCLUSION This experiment showed tht orgnic sustrte compred to rockwool s growing medium for gerer cultivtion in non heted greenhouse in the Mediterrnen do not considerly ffect flower production or flower stem qulity. Choice of cultivrs, however, hd significnt effect LITERATURE Ad El Hdy, M. nd Etism El-Drdiry I Improving hydrophysicl properties qulity of compost. J. of Appl. Sci. Res. 12: Bogoul, S. nd T. Boulrd Wter dynmics in two rockwool sl growing sustrtes of contrsting densities. Scienci Hort. 107: Emongor, V.E Effects of gierellic Acid on posthrvest qulity nd vselife of gerer cut flowers (Gerer jmesonii). J. of Agron. 3: Evns, A Size nd system trends. FlowerTec 8:

13 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes Iss M, G. Ouzounidou, H. Mloup, H.-I. A. Constntinidou Sesonl nd diurnl photosynthetic responses of two gerer cultivrs to different sustrtes nd heting systems. Scienci Hort. 88: Jörgensen, E Grodn stone wool s medium for propgtion nd culture. Act Hort. 54: Lemire, F The prolem of the iostility in orgnic sustrtes. Act Hort. 450: Mloup, E., I. Mitsios, P.F. Mrtinez, S. Bldenopoulou Study of sustrtes used in gerer soilless culture grown in plstic greenhouse. Act Hort.323: Olympios, C.M Overview of soilless culture: dvntges, constrins nd perspectives for use in Mediterrnen countries. Chiers options Mediterrneenne s 31: Smrtzidis, C. Awd T., Mloup E., Rdoglou K., H.-I. A. Constntinidou Rose productivity nd physiologicl responses to different sustrtes for soil-less culture. Scienci Hort. 106: Syros, T., T. Yupsnis, M. Omirou, A. Economou Photosynthetic response nd peroxidses in reltion to wter nd nutrient deficiency in gerer. Environ. nd Expt. Bot. 52: Teeri, T.H., P.Elom, M. Kotilinen, V.A. Alert Mining plnt diversity: gerer s model system for plnt development nd iosynthetic reserch. BioEssys 28: Vn Leke, M.-C. nd Dmre P Gerer cultivtion on coir with recircultion of the nutrient solution: comprtion with rockwool culture. Act. Hort 458: Adres utor - uthor s ddress: Primljeno Received mr. sc. Kristin Btelj, dr. sc. Smiljn Goret Bn, dr. sc. Lovre Bućn Institut z jdrnske kulture i meliorciju krš, Put Duilov 11, Split kristin@krs.hr 139

14 140 K. Btelj et l.: Flower production of gerer cultivrs in two soilless sustrtes

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