Physiological response of 'Segreng' rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) to biogas sludge at Wukirsari Village, Cangkringan, Sleman

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1 Biology, Medicine, & Nturl Product Chemistry Volume 7, Numer, 8 Pges: - DOI:./iomedich ISSN 89-5 (pper) ISSN (online) Physiologicl response of 'Segreng' rice plnt (Oryz stiv L.) to iogs sludge t Wukirsri Villge, Cngkringn, Slemn Dwi Umi Siswnti*, Sudjino, Nindy Senissi Asri, Mift Arlind, Arind Poetri Shofi Rochmn, Akrim Syhidh Fculty of Biology, Universits Gdjh Md, Jl. Bulksumur, Yogykrt, 558, Indonesi Tel , Fx Author correspondency*: dwiumi@ugm.c.id Astrct Wukirsri Villge, Cngkringn District is elong to Merpi Mountin s slopes which locted etween the Gendol River nd Yellow River. Nowdys, we fced the prolem of norgnic fertilizer overused such s Ure, ZA, TSP/SP-3 nd KCl in griculture lnd. The effort to return the soil orgnic compound cn e done y dded some orgnic compounds or microil io -orgnic fertilizer. Sludge is fermented iodigester yield nd it hs lost its gs. The im of this reserch ws to understnd the physiologicl response nd optimum dose of iogs s plnting medium to Segreng Rice plnted in the rice field of Wukirsri Villge, Cngkringn District, Slemn Regency. This reserch ws done on greenhouse scle nd rice field scle. The tretment given on ; ;,5; nd,5 liters per m of rice field res, nd given on ; ; 8; ; nd ml per 5 kg soil on polygs. Dt were tken in three repetitions. The vegettive growth prmeters included plnt height, numer of leves, numer of seedlings nd chlorophyll content, while genertive growth prmeters mesured included NRA levels, dried iomss including crown/stem, roots, filled grins, empty grins, nd totl weight nd numer of filled grins, empty rins, nd the numer of pnicles. The result were tested with ONE WAY ANOVA (Anlysis of Vrince) with SPSS version 9 for Windows nd followed y Duncn's Multiple Rnge Test with 95% significnce level (α =.5). Generlly, the result showed tht iogs sludge cn increse the vegettive nd genertive growth of rice plnt Segreng on polyg scle nd rice field scle. The rice plnt on polyg with ml iogs sludge ws significntly different on the vegettive growth nd chlorophyll content, while the rice plnt on polyg with 8 ml iogs sludge ws significntly different on the genertive growth nd NRA levels. Keywords: Physiologicl Response; Sludge; Biogs; Segreng ; Wukirsri INTRODUCTION Rice (Oryz stiv L.) is n Indonesin min food nd strtegic commodity. However, rice production in Indonesi hs not een le to meet the popultion demnds (Alvn et l., 5). In Yogykrt, the rice demnd continues to increse ecuse the growth of popultion is not lnced with griculturl re expnsion nd rice qulity improvement. This in turn led to decrese in rice production. Wukirsri Villge, Cngkringn District elongs to Slemn Regency which is the supplier of rice in the Specil Region of Yogykrt. The re of this villge is,5 h. Topogrphiclly, the villge is locted t n ltitude of 5 to m ove se level, with n verge rinfll of mm/yer. The verge temperture per yer is -3 o C. Wukirsri villge is suitle re for griculture. Wukirsri villge is locted etween the Gendol River in the est nd the Yellow River to the west (RPJM Des Wukirsri, 5; Siswnti, 5). Rice production in Yogykrt hs decresed from 7,7 tons in 3 to 73,8 tons in (BPS Derh Istimew Yogykrt, 5). The productivity decrese ecomes serious ostcle fced y the griculturl sector tody. One of the impcts is the use of inorgnic fertilizers such s Ure, ZA, TSP / SP-3 nd KCl (Redono, ). The undnce of inorgnic mterils in the soil reduced the regenertion ility of rice plnts (Suddi & Widd, in Redono, ). According to Siswnti (5), the griculturl lnd in Slemn District, including in Wukirsri Villge contins high chemicls due to excessive use of chemicl fertilizers (5 kg/h). Bio orgnic fertilizers cn improve the physicl, chemicl, nd iologicl properties of the soil tht mke them quite profitle. One kind of io orgnic fertilizers tht is expected to contin mny nutrients is iogs sludge. Biogs produces liquid solid wste in the form of livestock mnure tht hs lost its gs nd is rich in the elements needed y plnts such s protein, cellulose, nd lignin which cnnot e replced y chemicl fertilizers (Ginting, 7). Until now there hs een no reserch on red rice plnt using iogs sludge s fertilizer, therefore, it ws not yet known out the effect of iogs sludge s plnting medium to vegettive nd genertive growth, chlorophyll content nd NRA content of Segreng rice

2 Biology, Medicine, & Nturl Product Chemistry 7 (), 8: - plnted in the rice field of Wukirsri Villge, Cngkringn District, Slemn Regency. The im of this reserch is to understnd the effect of iogs sludge s plnting medium on the vegettive growth, genertive growth, chlorophyll content nd the Nitrte Reductse Anlysis (NRA) vlue of Segreng rice, nd to find out the optimum concentrtion of iogs sludge on the growth of 'Segreng' rice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tools nd Mterils The tools used in this study were plows, moo, liter glss cylinder, thermometer, soil ph tester, luxmeter, tue, spectrophotometer, nlyticl scle, micropipet, pipette, pump pippet, porcelin pllet, Whtmn no. filter pper, luminum foil, cuvette, scissors, oven, ml mesuring flsk, nd drk flkon. Mterils used in this study were Segreng rice seedlings, pddy soil, iogs sludge, polyg, wter, 8% cetone, distilled wter, slt, phosphte uffer ph 7.5. M, NNO 3 5 M,.% NED, % SA in 3 N HCl, qudest, NNO. M, tissue pper, nd luminum foil. Dt Collection Rice field with n re of 5 m ws divided into five prts/plots so tht ech plot size ws m. Plot (control) ws not dded with sludge, plot ws dded with liter of sludge, plot 3 ws dded with.5 liter sludge, plot ws dded with liter sludge, nd plot 5 ws dded with.5 liter sludge. Menwhile, on polyg medi tretments, preprtion of rice field soil ws done y mesuring the weight until 5 kg, mixed with sludge, then put them in polygs with the dimeter of cm. The tretment given on P (control) ws not dded with sludge, P ws dded with ml sludge, P3 ws dded with 8 ml sludge, P ws dded with ml sludge, nd P5 ws dded with ml sludge. Prmeters mesured on the growth of rice plnts include the numer of leves, numer of seedlings, plnt height, nd nlysis of chlorophyll content y Spectrophotometric Method (AOAC, 995). While the prmeters mesured on the productivity of rice crops include dry weight, numer of pnicles, the weight of filled nd empty grins, the numer of filled nd empty grins, nd NRA vlue nlysis using modified Assy Method (Hrtiko, 983). The dt of vegettive prmeter, genertive prmeter, chlorophyll content nd NRA level of the 5 tretments were tested with ONE WAY ANOVA (Anlysis of Vrince) with SPSS version 9 for Windows nd followed y Duncn's Multiple Rnge Test with 95% significnce level (α =.5) Oservtion nd mesurement of vegettive prmeters were done every week for 9 times of oservtion, followed y oservtion nd mesurement of genertive prmeters done every week for 5 times of oservtion. Prmeters oserved included plnt height, numer of leves, numer of seedlings, totl chlorophyll content, dry iomss weight, crown weight, root weight, filled grins weight, empty grins weight, numer of filled grins, numer of empty grins, numer of pnicles, nd NRA levels. The steps tken in this reserch were lnd preprtion, seed preprtion, rice seed plnting, prmeters mesurement nd rice plnt mintennce. Preprtion of lnd included the process of jcking rice fields with depth of -5 cm nd repeted times with week time difference. This ws imed to ensure the soil conditions ecome poor of nutrients, so tht the effect of iogs sludge ecomes significnt. In the mentime of witing the rediness of rice field, preprtion of Segreng rice seedlings ws done. Segreng vriety rice ws chosen for this study ecuse it hs severl enefits including:. High yield, i.e. 3- ton/h,. The husks contin β-crotene of 88.5 micro g/ g, 3. High rice selling vlue, which is 3% more expensive thn ordinry rice,. Tolernt to wter stress, 5. High protein content of out 7.3%, completed with.3% iron nd.3% vitmin B (Kristmtini & Prjitno, 9). Rice seeds were first soked in 3% NCl solution for hours. This tretment served to seprte good qulity rice of seeds with the d ones. Good qulity rice seeds would sink, while d seeds would flot when soked in slt solution. Furthermore, good qulity rice seeds were dried under sunlight for out 3 dys until dry grins were otined. It imed to void possile contmintion of moist rice seeds. Furthermore, rice seeds were spred in nursery re of x m with inundted soil. In this condition, seeds would experience imiition, or the process of wter seeping into the seeds. Wter would ctivte enzymes tht ply roles in the germintion process. The seeds were grown until dys. At this ge, the rooting system of the rice seedlings were strong enough nd the numer of leves were more thn, so it could e stted tht the rice seedlings were redy to e moved to the rice field. Prior to the process of moving rice seedlings to the rice field, the lnd were processed with iogs sludge. Biogs sludge used were ; ;.5; ; nd.5 liters per m of the rice field nd ml; ml; 8 ml; ml nd ml per 5 kg of soil on polygs. Dt were tken on three repetitions. The vegettive growth prmeters included plnt height, numer of leves, numer of seedlings nd chlorophyll content, while genertive growth prmeters mesured included NRA levels, dried iomss including crown/stem, root, filled grins, empty

3 Numer of Leves Numer of Leves Plnt Height (cm) Plnt Height (cm) Siswnti et l. Physiologicl Response of 'Segreng' Rice Plnt (Oryz stiv L.) 3 grins, nd totl weight nd numer of filled grins, empty rins, nd the numer of pnicles. The tretment of rice crops included the opening of irrigtion flows, weeding nd erdicting pests. Mesurements of growth prmeters were done weekly. The mesurement of plnt height ws done y medline from the se of stem to the highest lef tip. The numer of seedlings is the numer of new clumps tht ppers next to the prent plnt. The totl numer of leves is the numer of leves of the prent plnt nd the numer of leves of the seedlings or clumps. The mesurement of chlorophyll content ws done on the th week, the lef smples used were prent plnt leves, tken ± 5 cm in the middle of the lef. This ws ecuse the section ws ssumed to e mesophyll tissue where the process of photosynthesis hppens, so the chlorophyll content otined were expected to e more optimum thn t the edges. The mesurement of chlorophyll content ws done y spectrophotometric method. The principle of the spectrophotometric method is mesuring the sornce vlue of the solution to prticulr wvelength. In this study, the wvelength used were,5 nm nd nm, ecuse chlorophyll is le to sor wvelength of 73 nm, while chlorophyll is le to sor wvelength t 55- nm. Menwhile, NRA test ws done when the rice entered the genertive stge, mrked y usted pnicles. The NRA test ws performed ecuse the ctivity of enzyme nitrte reductse could show how much the rte of metolism in the plnt ody is incresed due to the preprtion of uilding molecules (proteins) to e trnsported to the grin of rice. Nitrte reductse is the key enzyme tht first converts nitrte ions which re sored y the roots into nitrites, which re then converted to mmoni. Ammoni will rect with glutmine to form mino cid glutmte nd form other mino cids. These mino cids re used s cell constituents nd trnsported to the grin. Therefore, ccording to Alnopri (), NRA levels usully show predictions of the productivity of pnicle-usted rice. In the NRA test, the rice leves used were flg leves or the leves locted just ove the grins. The flg leves re the topmost leves nd the youngest leves mong the other leves. Young leves hve higher ctivity thn the old leves. According to Hrtiko (983), the lef tht hs higher position hs higher nitrte reductse ctivity thn the leves elow it. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Bsed on the reserch, the vegettive growth prmeters included plnt height, numer of leves, numer of seedlings nd chlorophyll content, while genertive growth prmeters mesured included NRA levels, dried iomss including crown/stem, root, filled grins, empty grins, nd totl weight nd numer of filled grins, empty rins, nd the numer of pnicles, ws present elow: Note for Figure 8: Tretment = Control Tretment = liter sludge/ m or ml sludge/polyg Tretment 3=,5 liters sludge/ m or 8 ml sludge/polyg Tretment = liters sludge/ m or ml sludge/polyg Tretment 5=,5 liters sludge/ m or ml sludge/polyg ,,,, Tretments, Figure. The verge of Plnt Height on 9 th weeks in, (A) rice field; (B) polygs Figure. The verge of Numer of Leves on 9 th weeks in, (A) rice field; (B) polygs.,, Tretments,, Tretments,,, Tretments

4 Chlorophyl Content (mg/g lef) Numer of Grins Chlorophyl Content (mg/g lef) Numer of Grins Numer of Seedlings Dried Biomss (g) Numer of seedlings Dried Biomss (g) Biology, Medicine, & Nturl Product Chemistry 7 (), 8: ,, Tretments 5 3 5,,,,,, Tretments Totl Biomss Stem Biomss Root Biomss.5.5.5,,, 5 5 Tretments Totl Biomss Stem Biomss Root Biomss Tretments Figure 5. The verge of dried mss in (A) rice field nd (B) polygs. Figure 3. The verge of Numer of Seedling on 9 th in, (A) rice field; (B) polygs Tretments Tretments Chlorophyl Chlorophyl Chlorophyl Chlorophyl Tretments Filled Grins Empty Grins Figure. The verge numer of grins in (A) rice field (B) polyg. Tretments Filled Grins Empty Grins Figure. The Chlorophyl Content of ech tretment in (A) rice field nd (B) polygs.

5 NRA Levels NRA Levels Grins Mss (g) Grins Mss (g) Siswnti et l. Physiologicl Response of 'Segreng' Rice Plnt (Oryz stiv L.) Figure 7. The verge of Grins Mss in (A) rice field nd (B) polygs Figure 8. Nitrte Reductse Anlysis levels of smple in (A) rice field nd (B) polygs. 7 Tretments Tretments Filled Grins Empty Grins Filled Grins Empty Grins Tretments A B C D E Tretments Discussion The rice cultivtion system conducted in this reserch is the Legowo Jjr plnting system or commonly known s Tjrwo. Tjrwo system is plnting system with spces etween rows : 5 cm, in rows :.5 cm, nd etween legowo/groups of rows : 5 cm. The spcing is rrnged y nrrowing the distnce of the rice inside the row nd widening the distnce etween the rows. Tjrwo's unique principle is the rrngement of rice plnts tht ffects those t the outer sides. Generlly, the plnts grown t the outer sides provide etter growth thn plnts in the middle ecuse of the reduced interrow plnt competition (Phruddin et l., ). Tjrwo ws chosen ecuse it hs severl dvntges, i.e. sunlight cn e sored y the stem etter so tht the rte of photosynthesis is higher, fertiliztion nd crop pest control re esier to e done ecuse there is wide distnce (legowo) etween rows. In ddition, the Tjrwo system cn lso increse the popultion of plnts per hectre (Phruddin et l., ). A previous reserch y Anggrini et l. (3) lso shows tht the productivity of rice grown y Tjrwo plnting system is etter thn y conventionl/tile system. The Tjrwo system hs the dvntge of hving wide open spce etween two groups of crop rows, incresing the intensity of sunlight entering the clumps, incresing rice yield to -5%, fcilitting plnt mintennce, nd reducing the risk of pests nd diseses (Adulrchmn et l. 3). The height of Segreng rice crops tend to increse every week. The height drop of rice plnts with tretment of ml / 5kg t week ws possily due to the pest ttck or the torn out leves t severl centimeters from the top. From tle on environmentl prmeters dt, it cn e seen tht there ws considerle decrese in ir humidity, it cn lso indicte decrese in the height of rice plnts. Figure is given to clrify the oservtions for plnt height. Bsed on the oservtions, the highest plnt height ws found in rice plnts grown in ml sludge / 5kg of rice field soil. Bsed on DMRT test (α =,5), the effect of iogs sludge dosge on plnt height ws not significntly different. This cn hppen if the rice plnts hve rech the vegettive phse t the 9th week, ecuse ccording to Vergr (97), the rice plnt t the th week until efore the 7th week is ctively propgting to produce seedlings nd fter the 7th week, the plnt is redy to enter the reproductive phse y inititing the formtion of pnicles. After going through the plnting period, the rice plnts t week 7 hve entered the reproductive phse. The rice plnt hs pssed through phse where the cells of ctive plnts divide nd enlrge. Of the five tretments, the est iogs sludge concentrtion for the vegettive prmeters of Segreng rice ws P ( L/ m ). Bsed on ANOVA test result, the result of tretment (P) ws significntly different to tretment 5 (P5).

6 Biology, Medicine, & Nturl Product Chemistry 7 (), 8: - Menwhile, the numer of leves were otined on the 9 th week. The tretment tht gve the highest totl numer of leves ws tretment (P) tht ws L/ m or L/h. Bsed on ANOVA test result, it ws found tht tretment (P) ws significntly different to tretment 5 (P5). This is ecuse t tht concentrtion, the N nd Mg content is optimlly sored y the rice plnt for chlorophyll synthesis, to otin more lef numer thn other tretments. Plnt growth is ffected y vrious fctors, oth internl fctors nd externl fctors. Internl fctors derived from the seeds of rice itself (e.g. genetic nd seed conditions), while externl fctors derived from the surrounding environment round the rice which certinly hs n effect on rice growth. Ech plce hs different environment, e it ir temperture, wter temperture, soil moisture, soil ph, other soil conditions, pests nd diseses, nd rinfll. The existence of these vritions of environmentl conditions certinly result in the different growth nd development of rice mong regions, lthough given the sme tretment. CONCLUSION Conclusion The iogs sludge could increse the vegettive nd genertive growth of Segreng rice plnt on rice field or polygs in Wukirsri Villge, Cngkringn, Slemn. Bsed on the DMRT nlysis with One Wy Anov, the Tretment viz Liter/ m or ml/polyg gve the est result on vegettive growth nd chlorophyll content of the Segreng rice plnt. Menwhile, tretment 3 viz,5 liters/ m or 8 ml/polyg gve the est result for genertive growth nd NRA levels of the Segreng rice plnt. Suggestion Bsed on the reserch tht hs een done, there re some suggestions to support the next reserch of orgnic frming, such s we need to increse the iogs sludge concentrtion nd need to dd the tretment rnge to get significntly differences y One Wy Anov nlyze. REFERENCES Adulrchmn, S., M. J. Mejy, N. Agustini, I. Gunwn, P. Ssmit, A. Guswr. 3. Legowo Cultivtion System. Bdn Penelitin dn Pengemngn Pertnin Kementerin Pertnin. Sung. p: 8 Alvn, Ade, Rit Hyt, dn Erit Hyti. 5. Pengrhun Pemupukn Terhdp Pertumuhn Beerp Vriets Pdi Gogo (Oryz stiv L.). Jurnl Flortek : -8. Bdn Pust Sttistik Indonesi.. Rt-rt Konsumsi Per Kpit Seminggu Beerp Mcm Mknn Penting. Accessed on st April. Ginting. 7. Teknologi Pengolhn Limh Peternkn. Fkults Pertnin Universits Sumtr Utr. Medn. Hrtiko, H Lef nd root in vivo nitrte reductse ctivities of coconut (Cocos nucifer L.) cultivrs nd hyrids. Ph.D Disserttion of University of the Phillipines. Los Bnos, p: - 3 Phruddin, A., Mripul dn P. Rido.. Cr tnm pdi sistem legowo mendukung ush tni di des ojong, cikemr sukumi. Buletin Teknik Pertnin, 9(): - Redono, Cucuk.. Respon Petni Terhdp Penggunn Pupuk Orgnik Pd Tnmn Pdi Swh di Kelurhn Bokohrjo Kecmtn Prmnn Kupten Slemn. Jurnl Agric Ekstensi. Vol. No. st, June. p. 9 RPJM Pemerinth Des Wukirsri.. Rencn Pemngunn Jngk Menengh Des (RPJMDes) Wukirsri, Cngkringn, Slemn. Unpulished. Siswnti, D.U. 5. Pertnin Orgnik Terpdu Di Des Wukirsri, Slemn, Yogykrt Segi Ush Pemulihn Kesuurn Lhn Terims Erupsi Merpi Dn Pencpin Des Mndiri Sejhter. Indonesin Journl of Community Enggement. Vol. No., Septemer 5. Steenis, Dr. C.G.G.J vn FLORA: Untuk Sekolh Indonesi. PT. Prdny Prmit. Jkrt. p. 7. Sutejo, M.M Pupuk dn Cr Pemupukn. Jkrt: Rinek Cipt. Suzuki, K, Tkesi W nd Volum.. Concentrtion nd Critliztion of Phosphte, Ammonium nd Minerl in the Effluent of Biogs Digester in the Mekong Delt. Jerrren nd Contho University Vietnm. Vietnm. p.3