Rootstocks Influence the Growth, Biochemical Contents and Disease Incidence in Thompson Seedless Grapevines

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1 British Journl of Applied Science & Technology 4(6): , 2014 SCIENCEDOMAIN interntionl Rootstocks Influence the Growth, Biochemicl Contents nd Disese Incidence in Thompson Seedless Grpevines Rmhri G. Somkuwr1*, Stish Jogih1, Snjy D. Swnt1, Prvin B. Twre1, Devnnd D. Bondge1 nd Prern Itroutwr1 1 Ntionl Reserch Centre for Grpes, P.O. Box 03, Mnjri Frm Post, Pune , Indi. Authors contriutions The reserch work ws crried out t the reserch nd developmentl plot of NRC Grpes, Pune. Authors RGS, SJ nd SDS designed the experiment, wrote the protocol nd recorded the oservtions. Authors PBT nd DDB done the field work nd collected smples for study nd uthor PI performed iochemicl nd sttisticl nlysis. Author RGS prepred the mnuscript. All uthors red nd pproved the finl mnuscript. th Originl Reserch Article Received 6 April 2013 th Accepted 15 August 2013 th Pulished 27 Decemer 2013 ABSTRACT The vritions in growth, powdery mildew nd nthrcnose incidence nd iochemicl chnges in Thompson Seedless grpevines grfted onto Dog Ridge nd 110-R rootstocks in comprison to the own rooted grpe vines ws investigted. Bud sprouting fter pruning ws chieved erlier in cse of own-rooted vines. However, the vine growth pttern studied in terms of the shoot length, inter nodl length, shoot dimeter nd lef re ws highest in cse of vines grfted onto Dog Ridge. Folir powdery mildew nd nthrcnose incidence ws highest in vines grfted onto Dog Ridge nd own-rooted vines, respectively. The disese incidence ws recorded lest in vines grfted onto 110R. The iochemicl nlysis ws lso influenced y the rootstocks. The leves of vines grfted onto Dog Ridge recorded the highest reducing sugrs nd protein contents nd the lest totl sugrs nd phenolic contents. The vines grfted onto 110-R topped in totl phenolic contents nd other phenolic derivtives. Keywords: Grpe; rootstocks; cnopy rchitecture; diseses; phenolics. *Corresponding uthor: E-mil: rgsgrpes@gmil.com;

2 ABBREVIATIONS DNSA - Dinitroslicylic Acid; BSA - Bovine serum lumin-frction V; DMACA - pdimethylminocinnmldehyde. 1. INTRODUCTION Grpe (Vitisvinifer L.) is one of the mjor importnt commercil fruit crops of Indi with1,11,000 h re with n nnul production of 12,35,000 tones [1]. Tle grpes occupy more thn 90% of the re under grpe cultivtion in Indi. Amongst the tle grpe vrieties, Thompson Seedless is populr cultivr for oth fresh consumption (locl nd export mrket) nd risin mking. Trditionl grpe cultivtion in Indi involves growing commercil vrieties of grpes on own roots. Due to incresing prolems of soil slinity, d qulity wter nd drought, the decline in the productivity of own rooted vines in Mhrshtr nd neighoring sttes hs een reported. Owing to the dverse conditions, use of rootstock for the estlishment of grpe vineyrds ecme importnt. As result, the use of rootstock incresed for enhncing grpe production in Indi. The primry use of rootstocks is for pest resistnce [2,3]. The mjor functions of the grpevine root system re vine wter reltions, the uptke nd trnsloction of nutrients, the synthesis nd metolism of plnt growth sustnces nd the storge of crohydrtes [4]. Reynolds nd Wrdle [5] outlined seven mjor criteri for choosing rootstocks in the order of importnce. Numerous reports hve lso proved tht rootstock ffect vine growth, yield nd fruit qulity. These effects tke plce due to the interction etween environmentl fctors nd the physiology of scion nd rootstock cultivrs. Grpe rootstocks hve primry effect on vine size mesured in terms of pruning weights, s indicted y [2,3,6,7]. An increse in vine size when the cnopy length is fixed, results in crowding of shoots nd internl cnopy shding [8]. Most secondry effects of rootstocks re medited through their influence on vine size nd internl cnopy shding. The difference in performnce of vines grfted on rootstock nd own rooted vines is experienced y the grpe growers. In the tropicl prts of the country where the grpes re eing grown for tle s well s wine purpose, cnopy development is n importnt spect for the production of qulity grpes nd lso to minimize the disese incidence. For sustinle viticulture, it is importnt to know the interctions mong rootstocks, different soil chrcters nd scion productivity [9]. A rootstock found to e eneficil for one cultivr my not e universlly dvntgeous for others, s the interction of stock nd scion influences the vine performnce more thn the stock or scion lone [10]. With incresed wreness out the use of rootstocks in overcoming the dverse effects of drought nd slinity, growers strted using Dog Ridge rootstock for the cultivtion of Thompson Seedless grpes. However, in the tropicl nd sutropicl climte of Indi, Dog Ridge induced more vegettive vigour in the scions, which reduced the ud fruitfulness of Thompson Seedless in the long run. In this context, there ws n incresed demnd for n lterntive rootstock tht would e suitle for Thompson Seedless in the tropicl nd sutropicl climte of the Indin sucontinent. Another grpe rootstock i.e., 110-R which is lterntive rootstock to the present Dog Ridge [11] ws introduced to overcome these prolems. Use of Dog Ridge nd 110-R rootstocks is gining importnce in Indin viticulture nd the mjority of vineyrds re eing estlished on these rootstocks to overcome the dverse effects of iotic stresses such s drought nd slinity. In ddition, rootstocks re known to influence the growth pttern of scions fter grfting nd some my even induce resistnce to diseses y vrious physiologicl nd iochemicl chnges in grfted vines [12]. Grpe 1031

3 species nd their cultivrs differ in their susceptiility to powdery mildew infection [13]. The rootstocks lter the cnopy rchitecture of grpevine therey creting fvorle or unfvorle microclimte for the development of vrious diseses. This lso lters the iochemicl composition of grpevine s whole nd of finl hrvest. Considering this, the present study ws initited with the ojective to evlute the chnges in growth ehviour, iochemicl composition nd disese incidence of Thompson Seedless grfted onto Dog Ridge nd 110-R rootstocks, with own rooted Thompson Seedless s control. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tril ws conducted t the frm of Ntionl Reserch Centre for Grpes, Pune during The grpe rootstock Dog Ridge nd 110-R long with own-rooted vines of Thompson Seedless were plnted during the yer 1999 with 3.0 m distnce etween the rows nd 1.8 m etween the vines nd the grfting of tle grpe vriety Thompson seedless ws performed during Octoer, The experimentl site is situted in Mid-West Mhrshtr t n ltitude of 559 m ove men se level; it lies on N ltitude nd E longitudes. The climte in this region is mild to slightly dry. The soil is hevy lck -1 with ph 7.75 nd EC 0.46 ds m.the vines were trined on extended Y system of trining with four cordons (H shpe Height = 1.20m from surfce, Cross rm width = 0.60m) developed horizontlly with verticl shoot positioningon the cordons. The distnce from the fruiting wire to the top of folige support wire ws 0.60 m. 2.1 Growth Prmeters The investigtion ws crried out fter foundtion pruning on nine yer old Thompson Seedless vines grfted onto Dog Ridge nd 110-R rootstock nd ws compred with own rooted Thompson Seedless. The cnes were pruned during mid-april leving only single visile ud t the se on cordon. The dys tken for sprouting were recorded on dy to dy sis y visul oservtions. The shoot length ws mesured t 30, 60 nd 90 dys fter pruning (DAP) with the help of mesuring tpe. Inter nodl length, shoot dimeter nd lef re ws lso mesured fter 90 DAP with the help of mesuring scle, vernier clliper nd lef re meter (CID, Inc), respectively. Dys tken for cne mturity were lso recorded s the time tken for complete rowning of cne from the dte of foundtion pruning inspecting visully of proper lignifiction. 2.2 Disese Assessment Powdery mildew nd nthrcnose incidence were ssessed in-situ y visul oservtions s the percent numer of the leves nd cnes infected y ech disese t 90 dys fter pruning. The infection of ech disese on lef s well s on cne ws recorded using the 0-5 scle nd ws then mentioned s percent infection. 2.3 Biochemicl Anlysis of Leves The totl sugr content ws mesured y hydrolysing the polyscchrides into simple sugrs y cid hydrolysis nd estimting the resultnt monoscchrides y Anthrone method [14]. Quntity of the crohydrte ws expressed s glucose equivlent s determined from liner regression otined y plotting sorption ginst known stndrd glucose concentrtion. Reducing sugrs were estimted y using Dinitroslicylic Acid (DNSA) method [15]. The results were expressed s glucose equivlent s determined from 1032

4 liner regression otined y plotting the sorption ginst known stndrd glucose concentrtion. Proteins were estimted y using stndrd procedure s suggested y Lowry et l. [16] method. The lue colour developed y the reduction of the phosphomolydicphosphotungistic components in the Folin-Cioclteu regent y the mino cids tyrosine nd tryptophn present in the protein plus the colour developed y the iuret rection of the protein with the lkline cupric trtrte re mesured in Lowry s method. The lue colour developed ws red t 660nm on UV-visile spectrophotometer (Shimdzu- 1601). The quntity of protein ws determined from liner regression otined y plotting the sorption ginst known stndrd BSA (Bovine serum lumin-frction V) concentrtion. The proteins -1 were expressed s mg g fresh weight of smple. Totl phenolic content ws estimted y using one grm fresh smples of lef homogenized in 80% ethnol repetitively nd finl volume mde up to 10.0ml. The mixtures were sonicted for 15min for complete extrction nd centrifuged t 9000rpm for 10min. The superntnts were utilized for nlysis of totl phenolic contents nd other phenolic derivtives. The totl phenolic contents were determined y Folin-Cioclteu method [17], using gllic cid s the stndrd. The totl polyphenolic concentrtion ws clculted -1 from clirtion curve using gllic cid s stndrd (0-10 mg L ). Dt were expressed -1 in mg g GAE. Totl flvn-3-ol content ws estimted using DMACA(pdimethylminocinnmldehyde) method [18]. The concentrtion of totl flvn-3-ols ws expressed s the CE (mg g-1) of the fresh smple. Flvonol content ws estimted y mesuring the sornce of the extrct t 360 nm fter the ddition of 2% HCl [19] nd ws expressed s the quercetin equivlent (QE mg g-1). Totl flvonoids were determined clorimetriclly, following the procedures proposed y Kim et l. [20]. The mount of totl flvonoids ws expressed s the ctechin equivlent (CE, mg g-1). 2.4 Sttisticl Anlysis The experiment ws conducted in rndomized lock design consisting of three tretment grfted onto Dog Ridge, 110-R nd own root vines of Thompson Seedless. Ech tretment consisted of 20 plnts nd ws replicted five times totling 45 plnts under ech tretment. The dt ws nlyzed sttisticlly using Sigm Stt version RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results on dys tken for sprouting (Tle 1) reveled lte sprouting in grfted Thompson Seedless vines (13-14 dys) fter pruning while the erly sprouting ws reported in own-rooted vines (10 dys) fter pruning. However, the shoot growth led in cse of grfted vines nd the vines grfted onto Dog Ridge exhiit more vigour. The results on shoot length mesurements mde it cler tht t ll the stges of investigtion i.e. 30, 60 nd 90 DAP, the shoot lengths were in the sequence of own-rooted Thompson seedless vines < vines grfted on 110R < vines grfted onto Dog Ridge. The internode length, shoot dimeter nd lef re mesurements t 90 DAP (Tle 1) exhiited the sme pttern. The dys tken for cne mturity were significntly more in vines grfted onto Dog Ridge (84.51 dys) followed y 110-R (79.80 dys) nd ws lest in cse of own rooted vines (74.59 dys). The effect of rootstocks on dys tken for sprouting ws highly significnt. The results of the present investigtion re in ccordnce with the reports of severl workers in the pst, who estlished the influence of rootstocks on ud urst. Stish et l. [21] reported tht 1033

5 Thompson Seedless grfted onto Dog Ridge tke significntly more time to sprout fter pruning. Prksh nd Reddy [22] reported the effect of different rootstocks on ud rek in the grpe cultivr An-e-Shhi, with significnt effect of rootstocks on ud urst. These results re similr to the current findings of delyed ud sprouting on Dog Ridge rootstock. However, Tngolr nd Ergenoglu [23] reported tht time required for ud rek ws not significntly ffected y rootstocks. The rootstock Dog Ridge is imprting more vigour compred to other rootstock under tropicl condition. This hs lso expressed in terms of increse in shoot length in grfted vines thn tht of own rooted vines. Sommer et l. [24] lso reported the increse in shoot length on grfted vines. Stish et l. [21] while working on performnce of Thompson Seedless grfted onto different rootstock lso reported increse in shoot length nd cne dimeter in the vines grfted onto Dog Ridge rootstock compred to own rooted vines. Bic et l. [25] found significnt effect of use of rootstock on higher lef re. The rootstock Dog Ridge is performing etter under Indin condition considering the yield nd qulity requirement. However, 110-R is nother ddition which is n lterntive to present Dog Ridge, looking into the soil nd wter prolem in grpe cultivtion [11]. The vines grfted onto 110-R rootstock re erly to sprout thn Dog Ridge grfted vines in ddition to uniform sprouts is lso chieved. The cne mturity is n indiction of proper lignifiction in the shoot. The erly cne mturity helps to store enough reserve food mteril in shoot in ddition to the helthy vine. The vines grfted onto 110-R rootstock were erly to mture indicting proper vine helth. The iochemicl composition of the leves t 90 DAP (Fig. 1) reveled tht the totl sugrs were significntly more in cse of own-rooted nd 110-R grfted vines thn the vines grfted onto Dog Ridge. Reducing sugrs nd protein contents were significntly higher in cse of the vines grfted onto Dog Ridge. The results on phenolic compounds in the leves (Fig. 2) indicted tht the totl phenols, flvn-3-ols, flvonols nd flvonoids contents were significntly high in the vines grfted onto 110-R rootstock. Own-rooted vines were t second position nd the vines grfted onto Dog Ridge hd the lest phenolic contents. The results on iochemicl composition exhiited significnt difference due to grfting of Thompson Seedless onto Dog Ridge nd 110-R rootstocks. This might e due to the ltertions in the growth pttern of the vines y rootstocks s well s the differences in their uptke of nutrients nd wter from soil solution, s root development ptterns vry with the rootstocks. Most secondry effects of rootstocks re medited through their influence on vine size nd internl cnopy shding. Previous reserch hs found reltionship etween cnopy structure nd sunlight exposure nd susequent phenolic contents [26]. In ddition, reltionship etween vritions in vine growth nd differences in totl phenolic levels (mesured s sornce t 280 nm) hs een reported [27,28]. Influence of rootstocks on chnging pttern of phenolic compounds in Thompson Seedless reported y [29] confirms the results of the present investigtion. Grpe erries ct s typicl sink orgn which rely on the use of ville crohydrte resource produced y photosynthesis to support their growth nd development. In ddition to the numer of fctors ssessing to monitor ripening, erry sugr concentrtion is minly due to wter loss from the erries t mturity [30]. The effect of rootstock on fruit composition hs een reported erlier y severl workers, especilly in wine grpes, with close link etween fruit qulity nd wine prepred from those grpes. Solule solids, orgnic cids, ph, phenolic nd nthocynins, monoterpenes nd other components [31] re fruit qulity prmeters tht ffect the qulity of wine. Hle nd Brien [32] first investigted the influence of Slt Creek rootstock on the composition nd qulity of Shirz grpes nd wine. 1034

6 Tle 1. Effect of Dog Ridge nd 110-R rootstocks on growth, powdery mildew nd nthrcnose disese incidence in Thompson Seedless grpes Prmeters Dys tken for sprouting Shoot length t 30 DAP (cm) Shoot length t 60 DAP (cm) Shoot length t 90 DAP (cm) Internode length (cm) Shoot dimeter (mm) Lef re (cm2) Dys required for cne mturity Folir powdery mildew incidence (%) Folir nthrcnose incidence (%) Anthrcnose incidence on cnes (%) Vines grfted on Dog Ridge ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.12 c Vines grfted on 110R ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.13 Own-rooted Thompson seedless ± ±1.66 c ±1.27 c ±2.25 c 4.90 ±0.24 c 6.71 ±0.12 c ± c ±1.02 c 2.08 ± ± ±0.39 Significnce * ns The dt re the mens of five replictes ±stndrd devition. *, nd ns represent significnce P<0.05, p<0.01 nd non-significnce, respectively y one-wy-anova sttistics. Vlues followed y different letters differ significntly y DMRT t P=

7 Their results showed tht grfted Shirz hd lrger erries with lower solule solids nd higher ph, titrtle cidity, mlte nd potssium. Kuot et l. [33] on his study on Fujimori grpes grfted onto seven different rootstocks found tht the glucose nd fructose content of the pulp ws higher in erries grfted onto 3309 C, 3306C nd 8B. However, some reserchers reported no significnt effects of rootstock on fruit composition in grpes. Reynolds nd Wrdle [34] studied nine grpe cultivrs nd four rootstocks (3309C, 5BB, 5C, SO4) nd they reported non-significnt differences in titrtle cidity s well s ph mg g-1 50 Vines grfted on Dogridge Vines grfted on 110R c Own-rooted ThS vines c Totl sugrs Reducing sugrs Solule proteins Fig. 1. Effect of dog ridge nd 110-R rootstocks on iochemicl composition of Thompson seedless grpes s compred to own-rooted vines The dt on disese incidence on Thompson Seedless grpevines (Tle 1) reveled tht the powdery mildew incidence in cse of vines grfted onto Dog Ridge (3.19%) ws significntly higher thn the vines grfted onto 110-R (1.57%) nd own-rooted Thompson Seedless vines (2.08%). There ws no significnt difference in nthrcnose infection on leves. However, the nthrcnose infection of the cnes ws the highest in own rooted (2.00%) Thompson Seedless followed y vines grfted onto 110-R (1.20%) nd the lest in cse of the vines grfted onto Dog Ridge (0.80%). Rootstocks not only perform criticl function in wter nd nutrient ssimiltion [35], ut lso provide incresed tolernce to insect pest nd diseses of grpes [36]. In the present investigtion, use of Dog Ridge rootstock found increse in folir powdery mildew disese susceptiility. However, the vines grfted onto 110-R rootstock exhiited significntly low powdery mildew incidence. The finding of the present investigtion confirms the results of [29] who reported less powdery mildew infection in vines grfted onto 110-R rootstocks. The species of genus Vitis tht contin high polyphenols content (V. rotundifoli) re more resistnt to infection cused y Uncinulnector, nd when infected they produce lrger mounts of polyphenols thn vrieties tht re more susceptile [37]. Rootstocks my influence the iochemicl composition of the scion leves grfted onto them, which in turn ffects the degree of 1036

8 resistnce or susceptiility to disese [29].Vrition in the incidence of disese in Thompson Seedless grfted onto different rootstocks my hve een due to the genetic mkeup of the rootstock, which hve indirectly contriuted to the synthesis of vrious secondry metolites. The results on reduced nthrcnose incidence on Thompson Seedless grfted vines were similr with the finding of Ren nd Lu [36] where they reported incresed resistnce of Florid hyrid grpes to nthrcnose disese. Pospisilov [38] rted the severity of mildew on oth the fruit nd leves for 926 cultivrs of V. vinifer nd found tht disese severity on the fruit generlly corresponded to tht on the leves for given cultivr c Vines grfted on Dogridge Vines grfted on 110R Own-rooted ThS vines 100 ug g-1 c 10 c 1 Totl phenolics Flvn-3-0ls Flvonols Flvonoids Fig. 2. Effect of dog ridge nd 110-R rootstocks on phenolic contents of Thompson seedless leves s compred to own-rooted vines The correltion coefficients (Tle 2) etween the growth prmeters, iochemicl composition nd disese incidence of the vines reveled tht the dys tken for sprouting fter pruning hd no significnt impct on further growth, iochemicl composition s well s disese incidence of the vines. The vine vigour mesured in terms of shoot length, inter nodl length nd lef re were significntly inter-relted nd hd positive correltion with folir powdery mildew incidence nd nthrcnose infection of cnes with mixed influence on iochemicl composition. Disese incidence of Thompson Seedless vines hd no significnt correltion with iochemicl composition of the leves t 90 DAP. 1037

9 Tle 2. Correltion etween vine growth, disese incidence nd iochemicl composition in own-rooted nd grfted Thompson seedless grpe Prmeters Dys tken for sprouting Shoot length Inter nodl length Folir PM incidence Folir Anthrcnose Cne Anthrcnose Totl phenolic Reducing sugrs Totl sugrs Shoot length -0.19ns 0.89 Inter nodl length -0.13ns 0.89 Lef re -0.29ns Folir PM -0.19ns Folir nthrcnose 0.15ns -0.29ns -0.24ns -0.39ns Cne nthrcnose 0.41ns ns Totl phenolics 0.10ns ns 0.50* Reducing sugr -0.05ns 0.57* ns -0.51* -0.38ns *, nd ns represent significnce of the correltion coefficients t P<0.05, p<0.01 nd non-significnce, respectively. Totl sugrs 0.31 ns ns 0.05 ns ns Protein 0.03ns 0.26ns 0.50* 0.47* 0.10ns -0.08ns ns -0.10ns 1038

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