INTRODUCTION SUPPLEMENT ISSUE. KEY WORDS Paclobutrazol, Wheat, Priming, Foliar application. *Corresponding Author

Transcription

1 IMPROVEMENT OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) YIELD BY APPLICATION OF PACLOBUTRAZOL Leil Pirhmdi *, Friorz Shekri, Adolh Jvnmrd, Krim Noori Deprtment of Agriculture, Mrgheh University, IRAN ABSTRACT In Irn, whet is considered s vlule crop to chieve politicl nd economic stility, nd lso it is considered s n importnt fctor in improving the income of mny frmers. The ojective of the present study ws the effect of priming nd folir ppliction of Pcloutrzol t different concentrtion of it on incresing whet production nd higher yield per unit re. This experiment ws crried out s fctoril in Rndomized Complete Block Design with 16 tretment nd three replictions in the reserch frm of Deprtment of Agriculture, Mrgheh University, in yers.the first fctor included priming t 4 levels (Control, hydro-priming, priming with 25 nd 1 mg. lit -1 PBZ); nd the second fctor included folir ppliction t 4 levels (distilled wter (Control), 3, 6 nd 9 mg. lit -1 PBZ). The chrcteristics of plnt height, numer of fertile tillers per plnt, peduncle length, penultimte length, dys till heding, spike numer per m 2, seed numer per spike, 1-seed weight, spikelet numer per spike, seed yield, iologicl yield nd hrvest index (HI), protein percentge nd protein yield were mesured. The otined dt were sujected to sttisticl nlysis using SPSS, MSTAT.C; SttisticlAnlysis System. The nlysis of vrince showed tht seed priming hd significnt (p.1) effects on numer of spikelets per spike, grin numer per spike, iologicl yield, protein yield nd ws (p.5) significnt on the plnt height nd stem length, spike length, 1-seed weight nd grin yield. The interction of seed priming nd folir hd significnt (p /5) effect on Penultimte length nd Hrvest Index. The mens of the collected dt from the different tretments during oth PBZ pplictions were compred using Duncn s test, with P.5 nd P.1 s significnt. The nlysis of vrince showed tht the effects of seed priming nd the interction of priming nd folir hd significnt effect (p.1) on the numer of plnts per m 2 Consequently, seed priming PBZ ppliction could e suggested s one effective wys to the seed yield improvement nd increse. INTRODUCTION KEY WORDS Pcloutrzol, Whet, Priming, Folir ppliction Pulished: 15 Octoer 216 *Corresponding Author Emil: L_pirhmdi61@yhoo.co m Whet (Triticum estivum L.) grin is mjor stple crop in mny prts of the world (Titoun et l., 215). In Irn, whet is considered s vlule crop to chieve politicl nd economic stility, nd lso it is considered s n importnt fctor in improving the income of mny frmers (Nqizdeh nd Gholmi Turnposhti, 214). Although whet production per unit re in Irn hs significntly incresed during the pst yer, it still does not supply enough mount for nnul domestic demnd. Therefore, finding wy to increse this crop's production is one of our country's reserch priorities; nd its higher production cn e fctor in reducing food import dependency (Ismilpoor, 27). Whet vergely provides 6 percent of humns' energy intke; nd s eing the world's mjor griculturl crop, most of the world's frmlnds is devoted to whet cultivtion (Kyden et l., 26). In recent yers, due to some limittions regrding incresing the re under whet cultivtion, efforts hve een mde to increse whet production through incresing its yield per unit re. But sttistics show tht Irn's verge whet yields is fr less thn glol verge. Plnt growth regultors hve plentiful pplictions in griculture such s delying or ccelerting the mturtion, stimultion of flowering nd so on (Frntes et l., 24). Plnt growth regultors re widely used in modern griculturl systems nd in min inputs (Sinio et l., 23). These mterils re used nturlly or s synthesized sustnces. They lter life process of the plnt or improve plnt's morphology; nd in some cses, they increse yield. The min purpose of these sustnces' ppliction in griculture is improving the production vi modifying plnt growth nd incresing the quntity nd qulity of the production under vrious conditions, especilly under stressful conditions. The trizoles re the lrgest nd most importnt group of systemic compounds developed in the 196s for the control of fungl diseses in plnts nd nimls. The trizole compounds re chemicls elong to group of compounds known s ergosterol iosynthesis inhiitors nd re used s fungicides nd lso s plnt growth regultor (Jleel et l., 27). It is noteworthy tht these chemicls re very ctive group of chemicl plnt growth inhiitor compounds nd re the most importnt commercil regultors of plnt growth (Fletcher et l., 1986). Inhiition of gierellin (GA) iosynthesis is the most slient feture of trizolic growth regultors (Jlil et l., 27; Jlil et l., 28). In fct, the trizoles re the most ctive group of growth inhiitors which inhiit stem elongtion; n ovious response of the plnt to these compounds is the reduction of internode elongtion, nd s result, the plnt length will e decresed (Fletcher et l., 1986). The ility of trizoles in regultion of plnt growth lesser thn others nd lso their lck of toxicity re two dvntges of this group over other plnt growth inhiitors (Fletcher et l., 1986). Compred to other growth regultors, the trizoles re more effective in lower doses nd re non-toxic (Dvis et l., 1998). A vst domin of growth regultion fetures of trizoles ecomes possile vi ltering the lnces of gierellic cid, scisic cid nd cytokinins. However, in the mentioned condition, uxin mount remins intct (Fletcher nd Hofstr, 1985). Some of growth inhiitors- such s trizoles, pyrimidines nd mmonium compounds- inhiit stem elongtion y preventing sterols nd gierellin iosynthesis (Artec, 1996). Folir ppliction of PBZ t five week decresed internode length nd dry-weight of eril orgns of tomto (Lycopersicum esculentom L.) (Jfri et l., 26). PBZ incresed root dimeter of Soyen (Glycine mx L.) y incresing the size of corticl prenchyml cells (Brnes et l, 1989). PBZ tretment of potto plnts which were grown under greenhouse conditions, resulted strong plnts with thicker nd drk-green leves, nd with thicker stem nd roots (Teklign nd Hmmes, 24). The leves of treted plnts showed incresed mount of chlorophyll nd, thicker epicuticulr wx, longer nd thicker epidermis, spongy mesophyll cells. PBZ ppliction significntly incresed strch grins ccumultion in cells of stem centrl prenchyml tissue, nd corticl derml cells of stem nd root. Like other relted experiments, this study reported the increse of lef, stem nd root thickness (Teklign nd Hmmes, 24). The ojective of the present study ws the effect of priming nd folir ppliction of Pcloutrzol Pirhmdi et l. 216 IIOABJ Vol. 7 Suppl

2 t different concentrtion of it on incresing whet production nd higher yield per unit re. Consequently, seed priming PBZ pplictin could e suggested s one effective wys to the seed yield improvement nd increse. MATERIALS AND METHODS This experiment ws crried out s fctoril in Rndomized Complete Block Design with 16 tretment nd three replictions in the reserch frm of Deprtment of Agriculture, Mrgheh University, in yers. The first fctor included priming t 4 levels (Control, hydro-priming, priming with 25 nd 1 mg. lit-1 PBZ); nd the second fctor included folir ppliction t 4 levels (distilled wter (Control), 3, 6 nd 9 mg. lit-1 PBZ). For mking seeds redy for priming nd protecting them ginst fungl infections, seeds disinfected with 2% sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes. To prevent the disinfectnt hrm on the seeds, they were rinsed three times with distilled wter. After the forementioned processes, the seeds ecme redy for pretretment. For hydropriming, the seeds were soked in distilled wter for 6 hours in germintor t 2C. After pssing the mentioned time, the seeds were dried t room temperture for 48 hours to rech their originl weight. For PBZ priming, 4 g solid NOH ws dissolved in 1CC distilled wter nd 1 norml NOH solution ws mde. To prepre our desired solutions, 2 different weights of PBZ, plnt growth inhiitor, i.e. 25 mg (5 ppm) nd 1 mg (2 ppm) of PBZ were weighed y precise lnces; then ech one of these weights of PBZ ws seprtely dissolved in 1CC of NOH 1 norml; nd fter complete dissolution, 1CC HCl ws dded to ech one of these solution to neutrlize the effect of NOH. After complete comintion of HCl nd NOH in the solutions, 98CC distilled wter ws grdully dded to ech one of these solutions; nd y dding distilled wter, the solutions reched the desired volume (1lit.). Prepred seeds were soked in the seprte solutions (25 nd 1 mg. lit-1 PBZ.) nd were mintined in germintor for 6 hrs t out 2C. After pssing the mentioned time, pretreted seeds were rinsed three times with deionized distilled wter nd then they were dried t room temperture for 48 hours to otin their originl weight. Prior to plnting, soil preprtions such s deep plowing in the utumn nd surfce plowing in the spring, disc plow t two stges, nd lnd levelering were done. The totl numer of ville plots ws 48 nd the re of ech plot ws 5.4 m2. In ech plot, there were 5 plnting lines with distnce of 2cm. supplement such s irrigtion nd mnul control of weeds were done. Folir ppliction of PBZ nd distilled wter (control) with the concentrtions of 3, 6 nd 9 mg.lit-1 PBZ. nd distilled wter were done t the end of tillering stge (t the eginning of jointing stge). Finlly t hrvesting stge, 1m2 of hrvest were tken, nd the chrcteristics of plnt height, numer of fertile tillers per plnt, peduncle length, penultimte length, dys till heding, spike numer per m2, seed numer per spike, 1-seed weight, spikelet numer per spike, seed yield, iologicl yield nd hrvest index (HI), protein percentge nd protein yield were mesured. With the help of SPAD-52, chlorophyll content were lso determined during whet growing stge. The otined dt were sujected to sttisticl nlysis using SPSS, MSTAT.C; Sttisticl Anlysis System (213[2]). The mens of the collected dt from the different tretments during oth PBZ pplictions were compred using Duncn s test, with P.5 nd P.1 s significnt. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The numer of plnts per m2 The nlysis of vrince showed tht the effects of seed priming nd the interction of priming nd folir hd significnt effect (p.1) on the numer of plnts per m2 (Dt not shown). The men comprison of interction of priming nd folir on the numer of plnts per m2 showed tht those priming which spryed with different levels of Pcloutrzol nd priming mostly hd more plnts per m s compred to control (Fig. 1).Under norml nd stress conditions, priming seeds with plnt growth hormones not only improved germintion nd emergence index, ut lso incresed growth nd the finl yield (Ahmd et l, 1995). In ppliction of Pcloutrzol- the growth regultor- s seed priming, most of its intensifying effects emerge in whet seedling nd plnt's primry growth. Appliction of other sustnces s seed priming often hd the sme effects of Pcloutrzol. For instnce, incresed speed of emergence nd the finl percentge of emergence ws oserved in the most primed whet genotypes (Autlein, 25). Pirhmdi et l. 216 IIOABJ Vol. 7 Suppl

3 The numer of plnts per m f cdef ef cdef c cde cd cd def cdef cdef cd Control, Control 9.Seed priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ, Control 2. Control, folir with 3 mg.lit -1 PBZ 1.Seed priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 3 mg.lit -1 PBZ 3. Control, folir with 6 mg.lit -1 PBZ 11.Seed priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 6 mg.lit -1 PBZ 4. Control, folir with 9 mg.lit-1 PBZ 12.Seed priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 9 mg.lit -1 PBZ 5. Hidroprime, Control 13. Seed priming with 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ, Control 6. Hidroprime, folir with 3 mg.lit -1 PBZ 14.Seed priming with 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 3 mg.lit -1 PBZ 7. Hidroprime, folir with 6 mg.lit -1 PBZ 15.Seed priming with 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 6 mg.lit -1 PBZ 8. Hidroprime, folir with 9 mg.lit -1 PBZ 16 Seed priming with 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 9 mg.lit -1 PBZ. Fig. 1:The interction of seed priming nd folir PBZ ppliction on the numer of plnts per m... Plnt height nd stem length The nlysis of vrince showed tht the effect of seed priming ws (p.5) significnt on the plnt height nd stem length (Dt not shown). According to the results of men comprison of seed priming, the highest length of plnt nd stem ws oserved in the priming with 25 mg. lit-1 solution which were nd respectively, nd their lowest length ws oserved in control which were nd respectively (Fig. 2 & 3). In priming the seed with Pcloutrzol solution, incresing the concentrtion of Pcloutrzol (1 mg. lit-1) hd less effect on the plnt nd stem length s compred to the priming with 25 mg.lit-1 Pcloutrzol solution; however, these concentrtions did not show significnt differences. The results showed tht lthough sprying Pcloutrzol solution in the lte tillering stge hd not significnt effect on the foresid chrcteristics (Dt not shown), it prtilly reduced the plnt nd stem length s compred to Hydroprime. And sprying the seed with 6 mg.lit-1 Pcloutrzol solution cused less increse of the plnt nd stem length s compred to sprying with 3 nd 9 mg.lit-1 Pcloutrzol solution. Since Pcloutrzol decelertes GA iosynthesis, plnt growth will e ffected nd gin this will chnge the prtitioning of ssimilte (El-Khsh et l, 1997). Pcloutrzol ppliction could reduce the numer of cells nd their length in Sfflower (Crthmus tinctorius L.) stem (Potter et l, 1993). In fct, unlike the min effect of Pcloutrzol which is otined in its direct ppliction, most of its intensifying effects emerge in seedling nd primry growth of the plnt in its ppliction s seed priming. By investigtion of Brrett nd Brtosk (1982) it ecomes cler tht those plnts which Pcloutrzol ws spryed on their stem were shorter thn those plnts which Pcloutrzol ws spryed on their leves (Brrett nd Brtusk, 1982). This mtter cn e one of the resons which cused Pcloutrzol folir on cnopy t the lte tillering stge e insignificnt in the finl report of our experiment. Pirhmdi et l. 216 IIOABJ Vol. 7 Suppl

4 Stem length (cm) Plnt height (cm) seed priming 4.Seed priming with 1 mg.lit -1 PBZ Fig. 2: Influence of seed priming PBZ pplictionon the plnt height Priming 4.Seed priming with 1 mg.lit 1 PBZ Fig. 3: Influence of seed priming PBZ ppliction on stem length.... Penultimte length nd Peduncle length The nlysis of vrince showed tht the min effects of priming nd folir ws not significnt on Penultimte nd Peduncle lengths, ut the interction of seed priming nd folir hd significnt (p /5) effect on Penultimte length. The men comprison results of Penultimte length showed tht those priming which contined folir with different levels of Pcloutrzol hd longer Penultimte s compred to control [Fig. 4]. Stored crohydrtes re known s one the sources for supplying photosynthetic mterils (Yng nd Zng, 26). When production of photosynthetic mterils is more thn sinks requirement, these crohydrtes re stored in different prts of the plnt such s vrious internodes of stem; these crohydrtes will e trnsferred to the seeds t the finl stges of growth when request for photosynthetic mterils is more thn their vilility (Joodi et l, 21). In recurrence of cerels' stored crohydrtes, Peduncle (the first internode from the top of stem), nd Penultimte (the second internode from the top of stem) ply more importnt role thn lower internodes (Ehdie, 1996). Wrdlow nd Wilenrink (1994) declred tht in whet, Penultimte nd Peduncle internodes stored the highest mount of crohydrtes. In this respect, Dniel nd Elkoc et l (26) pointed to the higher mount of storing solule sugrs in upper internodes of rley s compred to its lower internodes. The results of our experiment oppose those of Fletcher et l (22) who reported tht y preventing GA iosynthesis, Pirhmdi et l. 216 IIOABJ Vol. 7 Suppl

5 Penultimte length (cm) trizoles cuse the reduction of internodes' length; nd lso our findings oppose those of Fletcher et l (22) where they climed tht PBZ is preventer of GA iosynthesis nd it slows down growth rte of wide rnge of crops tht it hppens due to shortening of internodes nd stopping the growth for long time. Some of the resons which cused contrdiction etween our experiment nd the results given y other reserchers cn e the concentrtion of growth modertors, ppliction method, ppliction time, ppliction numer, the formul of used sustnce, nd components of the soil c cd c c c cd c c cd c c cd cd 8 d Fig. 4:The interction of seed priming nd folir PBZ ppliction on Penultimte length. 1. Control, Control 9.Seed priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ, Control 2. Control, folir with 3 mg.lit -1 PBZ 1.Seed priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 3 mg.lit -1 PBZ 3. Control, folir with 6 mg.lit -1 PBZ 11.Seed priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 6 mg.lit -1 PBZ 4. Control, folir with 9 mg.lit-1 PBZ 12.Seed priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 9 mg.lit -1 PBZ 5. Hidroprime, Control 13. Seed priming with 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ, Control 6. Hidroprime, folir with 3 mg.lit -1 PBZ 14.Seed priming with 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 3 mg.lit -1 PBZ 7. Hidroprime, folir with 6 mg.lit -1 PBZ 15.Seed priming with 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 6 mg.lit -1 PBZ 8. Hidroprime, folir with 9 mg.lit -1 PBZ 16 Seed priming with 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 9 mg.lit -1 PBZ. Spike Length The nlysis of vrince showed tht seed priming hd significnt (p /5) effects on spike length (Dt not shown). As fr s the spike length concern, n ovious dvntge ws oserved mong those priming which their seeds were pretreted y Pcloutrzol s compred with the Hydroprime nd the control. The results of men comprison of priming effect showed tht seed priming with 1 mg.lit-1 Pcloutrzol. hd the longest spike nd the lowest rte of this chrcteristic ws oserved in Hydroprime (Fig. 5). Generlly with incresing the concentrtion of pcloutrzol in seed priming, the length of spikes lso incresed; however there were not significnt differences etween the two concentrtions of 25 nd 1 mg.lit-1 Pcloutrzol solution. The effect of folir on cnopy t the finl stge of tillering ws not significnt on the spike length. Giry nd Schlinger (23) reported the sme results tht the plnts produced y pretreted whet seeds hd more nd longer spikes due to fvorle germintion nd rpid growth. The conducted reserches show tht Pcloutrzol ppliction decreses inflorescence length nd increses the numer of inflorescence nd flower in inflorescence (Jmlin et l, 27); nd these results re in opposition of our reserch's results. Pirhmdi et l. 216 IIOABJ Vol. 7 Suppl

6 Spikelet numer per spike Spike length (cm) c c 4.Seed priming with 1 mg.lit 1 PBZ Priming Fig. 5: Influence of seed priming PBZ ppliction on spike length. spikelet numer per spike The nlysis of vrince showed tht seed priming hd significnt (P< /1) effect on the numer of spikelets per spike (Dt not shown). In terms of spikelet numer per spike, the seeds primed y Pcloutrzol solution hd n ovious dvntge over Hydropriming nd the control. According to the results of men comprison, priming with 25 nd 1 mg.lit-1 Pcloutrzol hd the highest numer of spikelets per spike nd Hydropriming hd the lowest numer (Fig. 6). The nlysis of vrince showed tht sprying on cnopy t the finl stge of tillering hd not significnt effect on the numer of spikelet per spike (Dt not shown). However, spikelet numer per spike reduced y incresing the concentrtion of Pcloutrzol, nd priming with 3 mg.lit-1 Pclourzol. hd the highest numer of spikelets per spike. The interction of seed priming nd sprying ws not significnt on spikelet numer per spike. The conducted reserches show tht Pcloutrzol ppliction cuse the reduction of inflorescence length nd increses the numer of inflorescence nd flower in inflorescence (Jmlin et l, 27); the results of the mentioned reserch is in greement with the results of the present study Seed priming with 1 mg.lit 1 PBZ Fig. 6: Influence of seed priming PBZ ppliction on the numer of spikelets per spike. Grin Numer per Spike The nlysis of vrince showed tht seed priming hd significnt (p /1) effect on grin numer per spike (Dt not shown). The seeds primed y Pcloutrzol solution hd n ovious dvntge over Hydropriming nd the control in terms of grin numer per spike. According to the results of men comprison, priming with 25 nd 1 mg.lit-1 Pcloutrzol hd the highest numer of grin per spike nd Hydropriming nd the control hd the lowest numer of grin per spike (Fig. 7). Generlly in seed priming, grin numer per spike incresed y incresing the concentrtion of Pcloutrzol; however there ws not significnt differences etween the two concentrtion of 25 nd 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ. The nlysis of vrince showed tht sprying on cnopy t the finl stge of tillering hd not significnt effect on the grin numer per spike (Dt not shown). Pirhmdi et l. 216 IIOABJ Vol. 7 Suppl

7 Seed weight (g) Grin numer per spike Using vrious methods of priming in Sfflower (Crthmus tinctorius L.) seed improved plnts numer per squre meter, numer of hed per plnt, grin numer per hed, nd finlly grin yield (Movhedi Dehnvi et l, 212). In corn, Pcloutrzol sprying cused significnt increse of grin numer per row, i.e percent s compred to the control (Sepehri nd Byt, 214). It is reported tht grin numer per cluster nd 1-seed weight were incresed in plnts grown from pretreted seeds, nd this increse finlly led to improvement of grin yield in rice (Frooq et l, 26). Using osmo-priming, hrdening priming, nd mtric priming in Cnol (Brssic npus L.) incresed grin yield vi improvement of indictors such s the numer of grins per pod nd 1-seed weight (Afzl et l, 24) Priming 4.Seed priming with 1 mg.lit 1 PBZ Fig. 7:Influence of seed priming PBZ ppliction on grin numer per spike. 1-seed weight The nlysis of vrince showed tht seed priming hd significnt (p /5) effects on 1-seed weight (Dt not shown). In terms of 1-seed weight, seed primings hd n ovious dvntge over the control. By incresing PBZ concentrtion, 1-seed weight ws reduced, ut significnt differences were not oserved etween two concentrtions of 25 nd 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ. The results of men comprison showed tht priming with 25 mg.lit-1 Pcloutrzol hd the highest 1-seed weight nd the control hd the lowest 1-seed weight [Fig. 8]. The nlysis of vrince showed tht sprying on cnopy t the finl stge of tillering hd not significnt effect on 1-seed weight (Dt not shown). However, folir with PBZ solution incresed 1-seed weight s compred to the control. Priming with 3 mg.lit-1 PBZ hd the highest 1-seed weight; nd y incresing PBZ concentrtion, 1-seed weight decresed. The most slient morphologicl feture of PBZ is reducing vegettive growth; nd then y chnging the distriution mnner of mterils otined from photosynthesis, it leds these mterils to reproductive prts; nd s result, more flower uds will e produced, consequently fruit production will e incresed (Lever, 1986). Generlly, trizoles decrese vegettive growth nd reduce competition etween vegettive nd reproductive orgns for gining photosynthetic mterils. Most of the ville reports indicte tht PBZ priming increses fruiting nd flowering percentges (Sedighi et l, 27). The effect of PBZ on the plnts' reproductive orgns shows itself in different wys. According to Arhm et l. 28, in priming with PBZ, Sesme seed weight incresed under drought stress..8.6 c c.4.2 Priming 4.Seed priming with 1 mg.lit 1 PBZ Fig. 8 : Influence of seed priming PBZ ppliction on 1-seed weight. Pirhmdi et l. 216 IIOABJ Vol. 7 Suppl

8 Biologicl Yield (g) Biologicl Yield (Totl dry-mteril) The nlysis of vrince showed tht seed priming hd significnt (p /1) effects on iologicl yield (Dt not shown). The men comprison showed tht priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ hd the highest iologicl yield, i.e g, nd the control hd the lowest iologicl yield, i.e g [Fig. 9]. In terms of iologicl yield, seed primings hd n ovious dvntge over the control; seed priming with PBZ incresed iologicl yield s compred to Hydropriming. Although incresing the concentrtion of PBZ (1 mg.lit-1) decresed iologicl yield s compred to priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ, there were not significnt differences etween these two concentrtions 25 nd 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ). There re some reports which show tht priming with proper concentrtions of plnt growth hormones effectively increse yield in vrious crops under wter stress nd norml condition (Hrley et l, 1991; Lee et l, 1998; Pkmehr, 29). Sprying PBZ in the stem elongtion stge of Cnol (Brssic npus L.) incresed dry weight of plnts. Also in vrious cultivrs of winter Cnol, Mixtole nd PBZ primings significntly incresed plnt dry-weight (Mohmmdi et l, 211). Froogh et l, (28) reported tht seed priming incresed the numer of tillers, grin yield, iologicl yield nd hrvest index of whet under lte cultivting condition, ut hd no effect on plnt height, spikelet numer, grin numer nd 1-seed weight. It is reported tht the ctivity of cid Invertse ws incresed in meristem tissues of pe plnts grown from primed seeds, nd its incresed ctivity cused increse of plnt growth nd iomss (Kur et l, 25). Also there re some reports which indicte tht seed priming involves in incresing the ctivity of those enzymes which prticipte in metolism such s sucrose synthse nd sucrose phosphte synthse; lso y rising chlorophyll content nd incresing photosynthesis, it increses the source power nd vilility of photossimiltes, nd y doing so, it improves yield nd iomss (Kur et l, 25). Amin et l (28), Froogh et l (28), Mirsdeqhi et l (21) reported n increse of iologicl yield due to slicylic cid ppliction c c 1 5 Priming 4.Seed priming with 1 mg.lit 1 PBZ Fig. 9:Influence of seed priming PBZ ppliction on iologicl yield. Grin Yield The nlysis of vrince showed tht seed priming hd significnt (p.5) effects on the grin yield (Dt not shown). The men nlysis showed tht priming with 25 mg.lit-1 produced the highest grin yield (63.35), nd the control hd the lowest mount of grin yield (42.28) (Fig. 1). In terms of grin yield, primed seeds hd n ovious dvntge over the control. Although grin yield ws reduced y incresing PBZ concentrtion, seeds priming with PBZ incresed grin yield s compred to Hydropriming nd the control. The nlysis of vrince showed tht folir ppliction (of PBZ) t the finl stge of tillering didn't hve significnt effect on grin yield (Dt not shown). However, folir ppliction of PBZ incresed grin yield s compred to the control (folir ppliction of distilled wter); nd folir with 3 mg.lit-1 PBZ, produced the highest grin yield. Incresing PBZ concentrtion did not increse the grin yield. Appliction of plnt growth stimultors hd useful effects on whet grin yield (Logendr et l, 24). priming of seeds with PBZ solution incresed the grin yield of rinfed whet (Azr2) (Krmi et l, 214). There re some reports which indicte tht seed priming incresed grin yield under rinfed conditions (Rji, 211). Appliction of plnt growth regultors t ny level increses grin yield (Heidri nd kvousi, 213). In field experiments, ppliction of growth regultors t mid-tillering stge incresed grin yield of spring rley 1 to 17 percent nd incresed grin yield of winter rley 12 to 18 percent. The reson of this increse in grin yield ws the increse of spike numer per unit re (Heidri nd kvousi, 213). Some other reserchers clim tht this increse in grin yield hppens due to the increse of physiologicl source power (Wddington nd crtwright, 1986). The reserches done y Shokof nd Imm (25) shows tht growth regultors significntly incresed grin yield of whet due to the increse in grin numer per spike, spike elongtion, nd the numer of spikes per unit re. Under moderte nd Pirhmdi et l. 216 IIOABJ Vol. 7 Suppl

9 Grien yield severe drought stresses, PBZ cn e effective in reducing drought effects on plnts; nd folir ppliction of PBZ, under moderte nd severe drought stresses, significntly incresed grin yield s compred to those primings which PBZ did not pplied on them under the sme conditions. During two stges of tillering nd stem elongtion, folir ppliction of rooting (rhizogenic) hormones such s PBZ nd Dminozide, Ascisic cid nd Atifen, nd using Twin s surfctnt did not hve significnt effects on strw yield nd dry seed of rinfed whet. The reduction of yield with folir ppliction of PBZ under fvorle moisture conditions cn e relted to n increse in concentrtion of Ascisic cid hormone. The mentioned hormone (Ascisic cid) reduces grin yield vi reducing the numer of endosperm cells, followed y decresing grin size nd lso stimulting for emryonic loss, nd decresing grin numer (El-Khlll et l, 29). According to our reports, nd Smith's (1992), growth stimultors don't ccumulte dry mtters in cerels, rther they ffect the distriution ptterns of dry mtters which depending on the environmentl conditions, cuse positive or negtive effects on grin yield. During prticulr period, the plnt growth regultors in ssimilte distriution show its effects in ush, leves nd tillers more thn roots (Rjl nd Peltonen-Sninio, 21) Priming 4.Seed priming with 1 mg.lit 1 PBZ Fig. 1:Influence of seed priming PBZ ppliction on the grin yield. Protein yield Hrvest Index The nlysis of vrince showed tht the effects of seed priming were significnt (p.1) on hrvest index, nd the interction of seed priming nd folir ppliction hd significnt (p.5) effects on hrvest index (Dt not shown). The men comprison of the interction of seed primings nd folir ppliction on hrvest index showed tht the interction of ll seed primings long with folir ppliction hd the highest hrvest index (Fig. 11). In recent yers, wht hs een reported out the high yielding whet vrieties show tht hrvest index (HI) is the min fctor in incresing whet yields per h. The verge of whet HI is 5 percent nd mny griculturl experts elieve tht it cn e incresed up to 65 percent; while in Irn, whet HI is out 47 percent (Rshed-Mohssel, 1998; Rhnm et l, 2). There is similr report which indictes tht seed priming with PBZ solution could increse grin yield nd HI of rinfed whet (Azr2) (Krmi et l, 213). In the experiments of Hussin et l. (29), nd Seti et l. (1995), folir ppliction of PBZ did not hve significnt effects on HI of the plnts under their studies, nd this result is in greement with our experiment. It is reported tht priming of Sunflower seeds chnged the distriution mnner of dry mtters in fvor of the grins, nd incresed its HI nd grin yield (Hussin et l., 29). The nlysis of vrince showed tht seed priming hd significnt (p.1) effects on protein yield (Dt not shown). The men comprison showed tht seed priming with 25 mg. lit-1 PBZ hd the highest protein yield ( g/m2) nd its lowest mount ( g/m2) ws oserved in the control (Fig. 12). Primed seeds with PBZ hd n ovious dvntge over Hydroprime nd control. Seed priming with PBZ incresed protein yield, though incresing PBZ concentrtion reduced its mount. However, significnt differences ws not oserved etween 25 nd 1 mg. lit-1 PBZ. One of the primry effects of growth regultors is tht they ffect GA, Sterols nd Ascisic cid iosynthesis, nd they indirectly ffect strch percentge; nd s result, protein yield will e incresed (Swn, 28). It is reported tht incresed mount of mino cids in primed seeds my e hppens due to relesing these mino cids from protein storges. Vrious experiments show tht protein synthesis is incresed while priming nd germintion of primed seeds of lettuce, tomto, pepper, leek, whet nd corn is improved (Hrris 1999, 21, 22). Proteins concentrtion is incresed while priming nd their mount remins high even fter dryness of the seeds (Hrris 1999, 21, 22). There re similr reports which indicte tht priming whet seeds with PBZ increses the mount of proteins (Nouriyni, 212). Also, there re other similr results which show tht PBZ ppliction increses the mount of proteins under stress nd non-stress conditions (Rzvizdeh nd Amu Beigi, 213). Folir ppliction of PBZ on onion, Texs Erly Grno vriety, cused 65 percent Pirhmdi et l. 216 IIOABJ Vol. 7 Suppl

10 Protein yield (g/m2) Hrvest Index increse in protein mount of eril orgns s compred to control, however its folir ppliction did not cuse significnt differences in protein mount of root s compred to control. Protein mount of onion primed y PBZ ws significntly incresed s compred to control. Both concentrtions of PBZ significntly incresed protein mount in onion nd the concentrtion of 2 mg. lit-1 incresed its mount up to 238 percent s compred to control. PBZ primings didn't cuse ny difference in the protein mount of roots (Arvin et l, 23) , Control 9.Seed priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ, Control 2.Control, folir with 3 mg.lit -1 PBZ 1.Seed priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 3 mg.lit -1 PBZ 3.Control, folir with 6 mg.lit -1 PBZ 11.Seed priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 6 mg.lit -1 PBZ 4.Control, folir with 9 mg.lit-1 PBZ 12.Seed priming with 25 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 9 mg.lit -1 PBZ 5.Hidroprime, Control 13. Seed priming with 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ, Control 6.Hidroprime, folir with 3 mg.lit -1 PBZ 14.Seed priming with 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 3 mg.lit -1 PBZ 7.Hidroprime, folir with 6 mg.lit -1 PBZ 15.Seed priming with 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 6 mg.lit -1 PBZ 8.Hidroprime, folir with 9 mg.lit -1 PBZ 16 Seed priming with 1 mg.lit-1 PBZ, folir with 9 mg.lit -1 PBZ. Fig. 11: The interction of seed priming nd folir PBZ ppliction on hrvest index Seed priming with 1 mg.lit 1 PBZ priming Fig. 12: Influence of seed priming PBZ pplictinon protein yield. CONFLICT OF INTEREST There is no conflict of interest. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS None Pirhmdi et l. 216 IIOABJ Vol. 7 Suppl

11 FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None REFERENCES [1] Aoutlein M. [25] Osmotic priming of seeds of some whet cultivrs (Triticum estivum L.) in wrm, temperte nd cold regions of Irn mens of enhncing seed vigour under unsuitle conditions. Thesis of Ph.D. Tehrn University. [2] Arhm SS, Adul Jleel C, Chng-Xing Z, et l. [ 28] Regultion of growth nd metolism y pcloutrzol nd ABA in Sesmum indicum L. under drought condition. GJ Mol Sci 3(2): [3] Afzl I, Aslm N, Mood F, Hussin A. Irfn S. [24] Enhncement of cnol seed y different priming techniques. Cderno de Pesquis Ser. Bio, Snt Cruz do Sul 16: [4] Ahmd AI. Hque, O Aziz. [1995] Physiomorphologicl chnges in triticle improved y pyridoxine pplied through grin soking. Act Agron. Hung. 43: [5] Artec RN. [1996]Plnt growth sustnces: Principles nd Appliction, Chpmn nd Hll, Inc. NY.332 pp. [6] Arvin, Seyed Mohmmd Jvd nd Bnkr, Mohmmed Hussein. 23. The effect of growth regultors on flowering nd Severl Trits of Onion (Allium cep) cv. Texs Erly Grno. Science nd Technology of Agriculture nd Nturl Resources, Volume VI, Numer One. [7] Brnes AM, RH. Wlser, TD Dvis. [1989] Antomy of Ze mys nd Glycine mx seedling treted with trizole plnt growth regultors. Boil. Plnt. 31: [8] Brrett J, Brtusk CA. [1982] PP333 effects on stem elongtion depend on site of ppliction. HortScience. 17: [9] Dvis TD, GL Steffens, N Snkhl. [1998] Trizole plnt growth regultors. Horticulturl Reviews. 1: [1] Effect of CCC on proline, solule sugrs, protein, oil nd ftty cids, flxseed oil under drought pot cultivtion. Journl of environmentl stress on crop science Volume III, Issue II, pge [11] Ehdie BWJ. [1996] Genetic vrition for contriution of prenthesis ssimiltes to grin yield in spring whet. Journl of Genetics nd Breeding, 5: [12] El-Khlll SM, Hthout TA, Ashour AA, Kerrit A.A. [29] Brssinolide nd slicylic cid induced ntioxidnt enzymes, hormonl lnce nd protein profile of mize plnts grown under slt stress. Reserch Journl Agriculture nd Biology Science. 5(4): [13] El-Khsh, A.M.A, A. El-Smmk, A. Elidy, M Slm, M Rieger. [1997] Pcloutrzol reduces some negtive effects of slt stress in pech. J. the Americn Society for Horticulturl Sci. 122(1): [14] Elkoc E, Hliloglu K, Esitken A, Ercisli S. [26] Hydro nd osmopriming improve chickpe germintion. Act Agriculture, Scndinvi, section BPlnt soilscience, 57(3): [15] Esmiel Pur M.[ 27] Response of tow whet cultivrs to source size modifiction: interction of cultivrs nd plnt density under wter stress nd non stress condition. M. Sc. thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Tehrn, Krj. (In Frsi). [16] Frooq M, Bsr SMA, Afzl I, Khliq A. [26] Optimiztion of hydropriming techniques for rice seed invigortion. Seed Science Technology. 34: [17] Fletcher R A, G Hofstr. [1985] Tridimefon- A plnt multi- protectnt. Plnt nd Cell Physiology. 26: [18] Fletcher RA, G Hofstr, JG Go. [1986] Comprtive fungitoxic nd plnt growth regulting properties of trizole derivtives. Plnt nd Cell Physiology. 27: [19] Fletcher R.A, CR Sopher, NN Vettekkorumknkv. [22] Modultion of gierellins protects plnts from environmentl stresses. Indin J. plnt physiol. 5(2): [2] Frntes JM, D Pinnock, S Klssen, B Bugee. [24]Chrcterizing the environmentl response of gierellic cid-deficient rice for use s model crop. Agronomy J, 96: [21] Hrris D, Joshi A, Khn PA, Gothkr P, Sodhi PS. [1999] On-frm seed priming in semi-rid griculture: development nd evlution in mize, rice nd chickpe in Indi using prticiptory methods. Experimentl Agriculture. 35: [22] Hrris D, Kumr JKR, Kumr J. [21]. on- frm seed priming. Agriculturl Reserch. 44: [23] Hrris D, Rghuwnshi BS, Gngwr JS.[ 22] Prticiptory evlution y frmers of on-frm seed priming in whet in Indi, Nepl nd Pkistn. Exp. Agric : [24] Heydri Ali, Kvosi Bijn.[ 214] Effects of folir ppliction of chlormequt chloride regultor nd wter stress on yield nd whet yield (Pishtz). First Ntionl Conference on Wter Crisis, Islmic Azd University Khorsgn. [25] Hussin M, Mlik MA, Frooq M, Khn MB, Akrm M, Sleem MF. [29] Exogenous Glycineetine nd Slicylic Acid Appliction Improves Wter Reltions, Allometry nd Qulity of Hyrid Sunflower under Wter Deficit Conditions. Journl Agro & Crop Science, 195: [26] Jfri SR, Klntri Kh. M, Mosve AA. [27]The role of pcloutrzol on ccumultion of ntioxidnt in tomto plnts (lycopersicum esculentom L.) under cold stress. Irnin Journl of Biology. Volume 2, Numer 3, Fll 27. [27] Jleel CA, P Mnivnnn, M Gomthinygm, R Sridhrn, R Pnneerselvm,[27] Responses of ntioxidnt potentils in Dioscore rotundt Poir. following pcloutrzol drenching. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 33(11): [28] Jmlin Selm, Tehrnfr Ali, Tfzoli,Enytollh. [27]Interction of Pcloutrzol nd slinity on reproductive growth, yield nd fruit qulity in strwerry. Pirhmdi et l. 216 IIOABJ Vol. 7 Suppl

12 Proceedings of the Fifth Congress of Horticulturl Sciences. Shirz. [29] Joodi Mehdi, Ahmdi Ali, Mohmmd Vlillh, Asi Alirez, Mohmmdi, Hmid, Ismil pour Jhromy, Mohmmd, Byt, Zin nd Trkshvnd, Behrooz. [21] Study the ccumultion nd relese of ssimiltes shoot under irrigted nd drought during reproductive growth phse in whet cultivrs. rnin Journl of Field Crop Science. 41( 2): [3] Krmi,] Soheil, Shekri, Fridd,S Jll. [214] Effect of some growth regultors Anti-GA on seed yield nd yield components (Azr 2) in regulr wtering. The first Glol Conference on Sustinle Agriculture nd Nturl Resources. [31] Kydn D, Ygmur M, Okut N. [26]Effects of slicylic cid on the growth nd some physiologicl chrctersin slt stressed whet (Triticum estivum L.). Trim Bilimleri Dergisi, 13: [32] Lever BG. [1986] 'Cultr'-A technicl overview. Act Hort. 179: [33] Logendr LS, Mun JG, Ginfgn TJ, Jnes HW. [24] Ethephon concentrtes nd Advnces Hrvest for limited Cluster Greenhouse Tomto Crops. Hort Sci. 39: [34] Nghizdeh, M, Gholmi Turnposhti, Mhmoud Effect of seed priming with slicylic cid on yield nd yield components under drought conditions. Journl of griculturl ecology. Volume 6, Issue 1, Pges [35] Nouriyni H, Mjidi E, Seyyednejd SM, Sidt SA, Nderi A. [212] Effect of Pcloutrzol under Different Levels of Nitrogen on Some Physiologicl Trits of Two Whet Cultivrs (Triticum estivum L.). World Applied Sciences Journl 16: 1-6. [36] Potter T I, KP. Znewich, SB Rood. [1993] Gierellin iosynthesis of sfflower: Endogenous gierellins nd response to gierellic cid. Plnt Growth Regult. 12: [37] Rhnm, Adolmir, Bkhshndeh, Adolmehdi nd Noor Mohmmdi, gorn. [2] Vrition in the numer of tillers per plnt densities on yield nd grin yield components Atrk in Khuzestn wether conditions. CROP SCIENCES Journl, 2(3): [38] Rji, Snz. 213 Effects of slicylic cid tretment on drought tolernce of three whet cultivrs under drylnd conditions. Mster's thesis. Znjn University. [39] Rjl A, Peltonen-sninio p. [21] Plnt Growth Regultor Effects on Spring Cerel Root nd Shoot Growth. Agro. J. 93: [4] Rshed Mohsel. [1998] cultivtion of crops (Trnsltion). Mshhd University Press. [41] Rzvizdeh Roy, Amu Beigi Mehri. [213] Effect of Pcloutrzol on improving drought tolernce in seedlings of (Brssic npus L.) in vitro. Plnt Process nd Function, 2(1). [42] Sinio PP, Rjl A, Simmons S, Cspers R. Stutmn DD. [23] Plnt Growth Regultor nd dylenght effects on prenthesis min Shoot nd tiller Growth in conventionl nd dwrf Ot. Crop Sciences. 43: [43] Swn MZ. [28] Effect of nitrogen fertiliztion nd folir ppliction of plnt growth retrdnts nd zinc on cottonseed, protein nd oil yields nd oil properties of Cotton.. Agr Crop Sci.186: [44] Sedighi Ali Akr, Dvri Nezhd, Gholm Hossein, Azizi, Mjid nd Arnin, Seyd Mohmmd Jvd.[27] Effects of Pcloutrzol ppliction on vegettive nd genertive growth of LASJERDY APRICOT. [45] Sepehri Ali, Somyeh Byt.[214] Effects of Slicylic Acid nd Pcloutrzol on wter use efficiency nd crop yield under wter stress. Crop Science Conference's second seed Hmsh of Science nd Technology. [46] Seti RC, Bhthl G, Seti N. [1995] Influence of pcloutrzol on growth nd yield of Brssic crint A.Br. Plnt Growth Regultion, 16: [47] Shokof A, Imm Y. [25] Effects of different levels of nitrogen nd growth regultors (Ethephon nd CCC) on Growth nd Performnce of whet cultivr Shirz. Science Congress of Agronomy nd Plnt Breeding of Irn- Tehrn Unive- Prdis Aoureihn. 59 p. (In Persin). [48] Teklign T, Hmmes PS. [24] Response of potto grown under non-inductive condition to pcloutrzole: shoot growth, chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis, ssimilte prtitioning, tuer yield, qulity, nd dormncy. Plnt Growth Regultion. 43: [49] Wddington, S. R. nd P. Crtwright Modifiction of yield components nd stem length in spring rley y the ppliction of growth retrdnts prior to min shoot stem elongtion. Journl of Agriculturl Science, Cmridge. 17: [5] Wrdlow IF, Wilenrink J. [1994] Crohydrte storge nd moiliztion y the culm of whet etween heding nd grin mturity: the reltion of sucrose synthse nd sucrose phosphte synthse. Aus Journl of Plnt Physiology. 21: [51] Yng J, Zng J. [26]Grin filling of cerels under soil drying. New Phytol, 169: Pirhmdi et l. 216 IIOABJ Vol. 7 Suppl