EFFECTS OF SHOOT HEADING ON THREE CANOPY VASE FORMS OF APRICOT TREES (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.)

Transcription

1 Journl of Fruit nd Ornmentl Plnt Reserch Vol. 20(2) 2012: DOI: /v x EFFECTS OF SHOOT HEADING ON THREE CANOPY VASE FORMS OF APRICOT TREES (Armenic vulgris Lm.) MichłSzklrz, Bożen Rdjewsk, Monik Klucz yńsk nd Ew Głowck PoznńUniversity of Life Sciences Dąrowskiego 159, Poznń, POLAND e-mil: (Received July 2, 2012/Accepted Octoer 16, 2012) A B S T R A C T The study ws crried out in the Przyrod experimentl orchrd ner Poznń, Polnd, using the three pricot cultivrs:, Hrgrnd nd Siren. The trees were trined to three cnopy vse forms. Every yer, in spring, shortly fter the looming period, pricot tree shoots were shortened y one hlf, or y one third of their length. The control trees were not shortened. The influence of the shortening of the shoots on tree growth, morphology of fruit ering zone, flower ud setting, nd tree yielding ws studied. Trees with shoots shortened y one hlf of their length developed greter numer of rnched shoots thn the control trees, ut, t the sme time, they developed less spurs. The est yielding results were otined from the Siren trees, while the lowest yielding results were otined from. Trees with vse cnopy form, with 7-9 lims nd rnches, nd with shoots shortened y one third of their length, yielded etter thn the trees of the two other cnopy forms. Key words: pricot trees (Armenic vulgris Lm.), fruiting, growth pttern, pruning, trining INTRODUCT ION During erly development, pricot trees in good hitts re chrcterized y strong monopodil nd elongtion growth cused y picl domintion (Philips, 1975), creting very loose, wide tree cnopies. In our experiment, we lso oserved such chrcteristic fetures during the first few yers tht the young trees were growing (Szklrz et l., 2011). Reserchers re convinced tht uxins produced y the shoot top re the min fctor which impedes the development of xillry uds (McIntyre, 1964).

2 M. Szklrz et l. The most populr pricot tree cnopy form is the vse form. But there is not enough informtion out the proper vse cnopy needed in Polnd where there is not too much sunlight. The importnt grotechnicl detils re: numer of oughs nd rnches, nd the shoots pruning system. Pruning ensures good ir flow throughout the tree cnopy helping to prevent some tree diseses (Demirts et l., 2010). According to Demirts et l. (2010), summer pruning promotes the ccumultion of crohydrtes. According to Sosn nd Licznr-Młńczuk (2012) the overly strong growth of pricot trees cn e reduced y using dequte rootstock. The ojective of our study ws the ssessment of the effect of three different cnopy forms nd the ssessment of the shortening of the shoots, on the growth nd on the structure of the fruit-ering zone s well s on the yielding, of three pricot cultivrs. MATERIAL AND METHODS A two-fctoril experiment ws crried out in n experimentl orchrd in Przyrod ner Poznń, Polnd during the time period. Apricot (Armenic vulgris Lm.) trees grfted on pricot seedling rootstock were plnted in the spring of 2004, on grey-rown podzolic soil creted on oulder cly. Tree spcing ws 4.0 x 2.5 m. The experiment included three pricot cultivrs:, Hrgrnd nd Siren. The trees were plnted in the spring nd pruned to the height of 60 cm. The next yer, three forms of tree vse cnopy, nd shoot shortening performed shortly fter looming time, were pplied: ) vse cnopy with lims nd rnches, shoots shortened y out one hlf of their length; ) vse cnopy with 7-9 lims nd rnches, shoots shortened y out one third of their length; c) the control consisted of: vse cnopy trees with 4-6 lims nd rnches, shoots were not shortened t ll. The experiment ws estlished in rndom lock design with four replictions (3 trees in ech repliction). Apricot trees loomed in mid April. The following ssessments were crried out: growth, morphology of the fruit ering zones, nd fruit yielding. Fruits were hrvested few times for ech cultivr, nd lwys t hrvest mturity. Results of the experiment were sttisticlly nlyzed using the STAT progrm, nlysis of vrince for two-fctoril experiments, nd the Duncn s test t the significnce level of p = RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In our study, n ttempt ws mde to limit intensive elongtion growth of the strongest shoots y shortening them so tht greter numer of shoots could e otined. This tretment ws crried out shortly fter tree looming so s not to cuse shock nd loss of fruit uds. The fruit uds re lredy present on the 108 J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 20(2) 2012:

3 Effects of shoot heding on three cnopy shortened shoots. In utumn 2007, tree mesurement showed tht the heding of shoots y one hlf nd y one third of their lengths, contriuted to the lowering of cnopies height, in comprison with the control trees. The cnopies of the two other tested cultivrs Hrgrnd nd Siren were not lowered from hving their shoots shortened. On the verge, the lowest trees included the trees of Siren, while the highest ones were represented y. Shoots shortened y one hlf cused reduction of tree height in comprison with rest of the trees (T. 1). Severl uthors noticed tht tree pruning reduced excessive tree crown height nd size (Crlson, 1982; Mik, 1986; Rdjewsk nd Szklrz, 2008; Szklrz nd Rdjewsk, 2009). In 2007, shoot shortening did not decrese the tree cnopy projection. Aside from cnopy form nd shoot shortening, the tree cnopy remined in similr form. However, the tree cnopies differed in the trees of the studied pricot cultivrs. The widest cnopies were shown y Siren, whose cnopy projection ws 6.4 m 2, while the trees of nd Hrgrnd hd significntly smller cnopies, showing projection of 5.0 nd 5.4 m 2, respectively (T. 1). In 2007, the tree cnopy forms nd shoot shortening did not cuse ny significnt effect on the increment of trunk cross-section re (TCSA) within the given comintion, with the exception of the Hrgrnd trees. The control trees showed smller TCSA in comprison with trees possessing the highest numer of rnches. The Hrgrnd trees hd the smllest TCSA, in comprison with the other two studied cultivrs (T. 1). The control trees were chrcterized, on the verge, y the smllest numer of rnched shoots with dimeter > 0.5 cm, on previous yer s shoot, in comprison with trees with shortened shoots in the yer The lest numer of such shoots ws oserved, on the verge, on the trees of Hrgrnd, while the gretest numer ws found on the trees of Siren (T. 1). According to Mrini (1984; 1985), significntly less flower uds were found on rnched shoots. Such informtion is vlule to know when it comes to future fruiting. In 2007, on the three studied cultivrs, the numer of unrnched shoots with dimeter > 0.5 cm on the shoot from the previous yer, ws higher in the comintion with the gretest numer of rnches, nd with shoots shortened y one hlf of their length. At the sme time, the trees of with 7-9 rnches nd shoots shortened y one third of their length lso hd more of such shoots, in comprison with the control trees. The control trees were chrcterized y the smllest numer of shoots from the previous yer when compred with trees hving shortened shoots (T. 1). Unrnched, thick shoots, cm long re the most vlule shoots for future fruiting ecuse they develop the most shpely formed fruits. J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 20(2) 2012:

4 M. Szklrz et l. T le 1. Growth nd yielding of pricot trees for 2007 Tree cnopy height [m] Tree cnopy projection [m 2 ] Trunk cross sectionl re TCSA [cm 2 ] Brnched shoots > 0.5 cm dimeter, numer on lst yer s shoot Unrnched shoots > 0.5 cm dimeter, numer on lst yer s shoot Yielding [kg tree -1 ] Cultivr Hrgrnd Siren lims nd rnches, shoots shortened 1/2 length c* c Cnopy form 7-9 lims nd rnches, shoots shortened 1/3 length 3.1 c 3.1 c 2.8 The control: 4-6 lims nd rnches, shoots not shortened Men for cnopy form c 4.8 Hrgrnd 5.5 -d Siren 6.2 -d 6.4 cd 6.7 d Men for cnopy form Hrgrnd Siren Men for cnopy form c 3.1 c 1.1 Hrgrnd 2.8 c Siren 4.3 c 3.9 c 1.0 Men for cnopy form c 2.7 c 1.1 Hrgrnd 2.7 c Siren 3.5 c 2.5 c 1.0 Men for cnopy form Hrgrnd Siren c Men for cnopy form c *Mens indicted y the sme letter do not differ significntly t p = 0.05 [Duncn s test]. Sttisticl nlysis ws mde seprtely for ech chrcteristic d c -d Men for cultivr c c 110 J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 20(2) 2012:

5 Effects of shoot heding on three cnopy T le 2. Growth nd yielding of pricot trees for 2008 Tree cnopy height [m] Tree cnopy projection [m 2 ] Trunk cross sectionl re TCSA [cm 2 ] Flowers numer on shoots of rnch Flowers numer on spurs of rnch Productivity index [kg cm -2 ] Yielding [kg tree -1 ] *Explntions: see Tle 1 Cultivr Hrgrnd Siren lims nd rnches, shoots shortened1/2 length c* Cnopy form 7-9 lims nd rnches, shoots shortened1/3 length 3.3 c 3.2 c 3.1 c The control: 4-6 lims nd rnches, shoots not shortened Men for cnopy form Hrgrnd Siren c Men for cnopy form c 86.1 c 91.4 c Hrgrnd Siren 79.3 c 87.6 c 84.1 d c c c Men for cnopy form d 305 d 208 c Hrgrnd 228 c 191 c 157 c Siren 191 c Men for cnopy form 257 c c Hrgrnd Siren Men for cnopy form Hrgrnd Siren Men for cnopy form Hrgrnd Siren 30.4 c 38.6 d 27.6 c Men for cnopy form Men for cultivr c c J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 20(2) 2012:

6 M. Szklrz et l. In 2007, erly frosts dmged the mjority of flower uds. The trees loomed undntly, ut the fruiting ws poor. Within the Hrgrnd, the control trees were fruiting etter when compred with the two remining tretments. According to Licznr- Młńczuk nd Sosn (2005), Hrgrnd represents one of the cultivrs good for commercil production in the Polish region of Lower Silesi ecuse of the cultivr s fvourle chrcteristic fetures, like: the looming period, hrvest time, fruiting, fruit qulity nd low susceptiility to Monilini lx Scc. The est yielding ws shown y the Siren control trees, while the poorest yielding ws otined from trees of the sme cultivr with the gretest numer of lims nd rnches, nd with shoots shortened y one hlf of their length. A comprison of the men results otined from the nlysed cultivrs indicted tht Siren yielded in the est wy, while showed the poorest yielding. In the preceding studies, Szklrz et l. (2011) lso found tht trees gve the poorest yield. On the verge, the est ws the yielding of the control trees (3.1 kg tree -1 ). On the other hnd, the poorest yield ws shown y the trees with the gretest numer of lims nd rnches, nd with shoots shortened y one hlf of their length (0.4 kg tree -1 ) (T. 1). In 2008, detiled ssessment of tree growth reveled tht the form of tree cnopy nd the shortening of shoots significntly decresed the tree cnopy height of the most intensively growing whose height surpssed 0.5 m. Generlly, hd the highest cnopies compred to the trees of the two other studied cultivrs. But, the control trees hd the highest cnopies, when compring trees whose shoots hd een shortened (T. 2). In 2008, the shoots shortened y one hlf of their length on Hrgrnd trees with lims nd rnches, cused decresed projection of their cnopies. On the other hnd, the control trees of Siren hd significntly greter cnopy projection, s compred with the remining trees of this cultivr. Among trees of the studied cultivrs, the Siren trees hd the widest cnopy projection, in comprison with the trees of nd Hrgrnd. The control trees showed the gretest cnopy projection when compred with trees whose shoots hd een shortened (T. 2). Within the rnge of the cultivrs studied in 2008, there were no differentitions in the TCSA s fr s the vse cnopy form nd the shortening of shoots ws concerned. Only in the Hrgrnd, ws the TCSA smller thn in the two remining cultivrs (T. 2). In 2008, trees loomed undntly. The numer of flowers on shoots, on the rnches of the control trees, ws smller thn the numer of flowers on the rnches of trees with shortened shoots. On the other hnd, on the rnches of the control trees of Siren, the numer of flowers on shoots ws smller thn on the rnches of trees with shoots shortened y one hlf of their length. On the verge, the numer of flowers on shoots 112 J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 20(2) 2012:

7 Effects of shoot heding on three cnopy of the rnches ws the gretest, while on Hrgrnd, there ws n verge mount of flowers, nd on the shoots of Siren, the numer of flowers ws the smllest. The cnopy type trees with lims nd rnches, whose shoots hd een shortened y one hlf of their length, hd the gretest numer of flowers on the shoots of rnches, while the control trees showed the smllest numer of flowers (T. 2). Demirts et l. (2010) found tht pruning t prehrvest time, efore ud differentition, exerted positive effect on the formtion of flower uds on pricot trees. Dy et l. (1989); Furukw et l. (1992) nd Myers (1993) found tht fter pruning different fruit trees, the flower ud formtion ws etter. In 2008, the numer of flowers on spurs of the control cultivr ws the gretest, in comprison with trees whose shoots were shortened. On the other hnd, the trees of Siren developed the lest numer of such flowers in the comintion with lims nd rnches, nd with shoots shortened y one hlf of their length, in comprison with the remining trees of the sme cultivr. On the verge, the gretest numer of flowers on spurs hd developed on the rnches of nd Hrgrnd, while Siren showed the smllest numer of flowers. Generlly, the cnopy form nd shoots shortening did not exert ny effect on the numer of flowers (T. 2). According to Mrini (1984), there usully pper numerous flower uds on spurs, however fruits developing from them re smller thn the fruits developed on shoots. In 2008, the productivity index in the trees of Hrgrnd nd Siren ws high ( kg cm -2 ), regrdless of the cnopy form nd shoot shortening. On the other hnd, in the trees, the productivity index ws low ( kg cm -2 ). The differences within the cultivrs, though, were insignificnt (T. 2). In the discussed yer of studies, the numer of unrnched shoots with dimeter > 0.5 cm on the rnches of, ws the smllest in the control comintion, in comprison with trees whose shoots were shortened. On the trees of, the men numer of shortened shoots ws higher thn on the trees of the two remining cultivrs. Trees with lims nd rnches, nd with shoots shortened y one hlf of their length showed greter numer of such shoots, in comprison with the two remining types of vse cnopy forms (T. 3). In 2008, the cnopy type hving shortened shoots, hd no effect on the verge length of unrnched shoots with dimeter > 0.5 cm, on rnches within cultivrs. At the sme time, the men for cultivr nd the men for cnopy type did not show differentitions in this chrcteristic (T. 3). In 2008, the shoot lengths on the rnches of, were greter in oth types of cnopies with shortened shoots, in comprison with the control trees. The trees showed, on the verge, the highest totl shoot length on rnch, while J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 20(2) 2012:

8 M. Szklrz et l. Tle 3. Chrcteristic of fruit-ering zone of pricot trees for 2008 Unrnched shoots with dimeter > 0.5 cm, numer on rnch Length of unrnched shoots with dimeter > 0.5 cm on rnch [cm] Totl shoot length on rnch [cm] Spur numers on rnch *Explntion: see Tle 1 Cnopy form Cultivr lims nd 7-9 lims nd rnches, The control: 4-6 lims rnches, shoots shoots shortened1/3 nd rnches, shoots not shortened 1/2 length length shortened 6.2 c* 5.2 c 2.7 Hrgrnd Siren Men for cnopy form Hrgrnd 36.7 Siren Men for cnopy form Hrgrnd Siren c c Men for cnopy form Hrgrnd 20.7 Siren c 34.7 c 27.5 Men for cnopy form Men for cultivr c J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 20(2) 2012:

9 Effects of shoot heding on three cnopy the smllest totl shoot length ws shown y Hrgrnd. Generlly, the vse cnopy form with lims nd rnches, nd with shoots shortened y one hlf of their length showed the highest summrized length of shoots on rnches, in comprison with the two remining types of cnopies (T. 3). Rdjewsk nd Szklrz (2009) otined similr results in pech nd nectrine trees fter n intensive regenertion pruning. The lowest totl shoot length ws recorded in slightly pruned trees, in comprison with the strongly pruned trees. In 2008, the control trees of nd Hrgrnd hd the gretest numer of spurs on the rnches, in comprison with trees with shortened shoots. Generlly, no significnt differences were found etween the trees of the studied cultivrs. On the other hnd, in reference to the cnopy type nd the shortening of shoots, the control trees possessed significntly more spurs thn the trees with shortened shoots (T. 3). Smller fruits develop on spurs thn on shoots. In 2008, the yielding of trees ws very high. The gretest numer of fruits ws collected from the trees of Siren where the trees hd vse cnopy with 7-9 lims nd rnches, nd where shoots hd een shortened y one third of their length (38.6 kg tree -1 ). Trees of Siren gve the est yields (32.2 kg tree -1 ), while the trees of showed the poorest yielding results (14.9 kg tree -1 ). In 2006 (Szklrz et l., 2011), trees lso gve the poorest yields. When we nlyze the men results referring to the cnopy type, we cn see tht trees with vse cnopy hving 7-9 lims nd rnches, nd with shoots which hd een shortened y one third of their length, clerly showed etter yielding (27.8 kg tree -1 ) thn the trees of the two other cnopy types (22.9 kg tree -1 the control nd 23.0 kg tree -1 with lims nd rnches, nd with shoots shortened y one hlf of their length) (T. 2). Son nd Kuden (1998) found tht 1-yer old pricot trees which were pruned in August, gve much etter yield the following yer, thn the trees which hd not een pruned. Demirts et l. (2010) reported the highest yield in TSCA ws otined from pricot trees pruned in summer in the prehrvest period, while the lowest yield ws otined from trees pruned in summer fter hrvest. Different tree pruning effects which were specific for different fruit species (pech, plum, sweet cherry) were found y some other uthors (Dult et l., 1986; Miller, 1987; Tehrni nd Leuty, 1987; Chitkr et l., 1991). CONCLUSIONS 1. Shortening shoots is fvourle tretment for decresing the height of strongly growing pricot trees. 2. Cnopy form nd the shortening of the shoots did not influence the increment of trunk cross-sectionl re (TCSA) in the studied pricot trees. 3. Shortened shoots improve the structure of the fruit-ering zone of J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 20(2) 2012:

10 M. Szklrz et l. trees. This tretment contriuted to the incresed numer of rnched nd unrnched shoots with dimeter > 0.5 cm in comprison with the control trees. 4. The control trees developed more spurs thn the trees with shortened shoots. 5. Shortening shoots contriuted to n incresed numer of flowers on shoots ut t the sme time, it cused decrese of the numer of flowers on spurs. 6. In oth yers of the study, the trees of the Siren gve the est yields, while the poorest yields were otined from the trees of the. REFERENCES Crlson R.F Fruit tree trining nd pruning. COMPACT FRUIT TREE 15: Chitkr S.D. Aror R.K., Shrm R.K., Effect of vrious levels of pruning on yield nd fruit qulity in Flordsun pech. HARYANA J. HORT. SCI. 20: Dult B.S., Devi S., Sing D Effect of severity pruning on yield nd qulity of pech cv. Shrti. INDIAN J. HORT. 43: Dy K.R., Dejong T.M., Hewwit A.A Posthrvest summer pruning of Firerite nectrine trees. HORTSCIENCE. 24: Demirts M.N., Bolt I., Erclisi S., Ikinci A., Olmez H.A., Shin M., Altindg M., Celik B The effects of different pruning tretments on the growth, fruit qulity nd yield of Hcihliloglu pricot systems. ACTA SCI. POL., HORTORUM CULTUS 9(4): Demirts M.N., Bolt I., Erclisi S., Ikinci A., Olmez H.A., Shin M., Altindg M., Celik B The effects of different pruning tretments on sesonl vrition of crohydrtes in Hcihliloglu pricot cultivr. NOT. BOT. HORT. AGROBOT. CLUJ. 38(3): Furukw Y., Ktok T., Shimomur M., Ogt T Productivity of high density pech orchrd using free rootstock (Prunus persic Thun.). ACTA HORT. 315: Licznr-Młńczuk M., Sosn I Evlution of severl pricot cultivrs nd clones in the Lower Silesi climtic conditions. Prt I: Blossoming of trees, yield nd fruit qulity. J. FRUIT ORNAM. PLANT RES. 13: Licznr-Młńczuk M., Sosn I Evlution of severl pricot cultivrs nd clones in the Lower Silesi climtic conditions. Prt II: Vigor, helth nd mortlity. J. FRUIT ORNAM. PLANT RES. 13: Mrini R.P Vegettive growth of pech trees following three pruning tretments. HORT. SCI. 146: Mrini R.P Vegettive growth, field nd fruit qulity of pech s influenced y dormnt pruning, summer pruning nd summer topping. J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 110: McIntyre G.J Mechnism of picl dominnce in plnts. NATURE. 203: Mik A Physiologicl responses of fruit trees to pruning. HORT. REVIEW. 8: Miller S.S Summer pruning ffects fruit qulity nd light penetrtion in young pech trees. HORTSCIENCE. 22: Myers S.C Prehrvest wtersprout removl influences cnopy light rel- 116 J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 20(2) 2012:

11 Effects of shoot heding on three cnopy tions, fruit qulity nd flower ud formtion of Redskin pech trees. J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 118: Philips I.D.J Apicl dominnce. ANN. REV. PLANT PHYSIOL. 26: Rdjewsk B., Szklrz M Effect of intensive regenertion pruning of frostitten pech trees Hringer cv. on their growth nd yielding. ACTA SCI. POL., HORTORUM CULTUS 7(4): Rdjewsk B., Szklrz M Growth nd yielding of pech nd nectrine trees fter intensive regenertive pruning. FOLIA HORT. 21(2): Rdjewsk B., Szklrz M Growth nd yielding of frostitten pech trees fter regenertive pruning. ACTA SCI. POL., HORTORUM CULTUS 8(4): Son L., Kuden A The effect of pruning on yield nd fruit qulity in Precoce de tyrinthe, Tokloglu nd Krcey pricots. EKIN J. 4: Sosn I., Licznr-Młńczuk M Growth, yielding nd tree survivility of severl pricot cultivrs on Myrooln nd Wngenheim prune seedlings. ACTA SCI. POL., HORTORUM CULTUS 11(1): Szklrz M., Rdjewsk B The effect of mulch type nd pruning on growth nd yielding of nectrine (Prunus persic L.) cv 'Fntsi'. ACTA SCI. POL., HORTORUM CULTUS 8(3): Szklrz M., Rdjewsk B., Klk T Effect of tree pruning nd crown formtion in young pricot (Armenic vulgris Lm.) trees on their growth nd yielding. ACTA SCI. POL., HORTORUM CULTUS 10(3): Tehrni G., Leuty S.J Influence of rootstock nd pruning on productivity, growth, nd fruit size of Europen plum cultivrs. J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 112: J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 20(2) 2012:

12 M. Szklrz et l. WPŁYW SKRACANIA DŁUGOPĘDÓW U TRZECH FORM KORONY WAZOWEJ MORELI (Armenic vulgris Lm.) NA ICH WZROST I PLONOWANIE MichłSzklrz, Bożen Rdjewsk, Monik Klucz yńsk i Ew Głowck S T R E S Z C Z E N I E Agrotechnik uprwy moreli (Armenic vulgris Lm.) w Polsce jest sło oprcown. W 2007 roku w Przyrodzie koło Poznni podjęto dni nd formowniem i cięciem trzech odmin moreli (, Hrgrnd i Siren) prowdzonych w trzech formch korony wzowej. Wiosnąpo kwitnieniu drzew skrcno długopędy o 1/2 i 1/3 długości lu nie skrcno (w komincji kontrolnej). Ocenino wpływ skrcni długopędów n wzrost drzew, morfologięstrefy owoconośnej, związywnie pąków kwitowych i plonownie. Njwyższe korony miły drzew kontrolne w porównniu ze skrcnymi o 1/2 długości długopędmi. Drzew ze skrcnymi długopędmi w porównniu z drzewmi kontrolnymi miły większąliczęwrtościowych, rozgłęzionych orz nierozgłęzionych długopędów n uiegłorocznym przyroście i jednocześnie miły mniej krótkopędów. Njlepszym plonowniem wyróżniły siędrzew Siren, njsłiej plonowły drzew. Drzew o koronie kotłowej z 7-9 konrmi i głęzimi i z długopędmi skrcnymi o 1/3 długości odznczyły sięlepszym plonowniem w porównniu z dwom pozostłymi formmi korony. Słow kluczowe: morel (Armenic vulgris Lm.), formownie, cięcie, morfologi wzrostu, owocownie 118 J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 20(2) 2012: