Propagation, Production, and Landscape Evaluation of Native Wildflowers in West, Central and South Florida, 2010 Condensed Progress Report

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1 Propgtion, Production, nd Lndscpe Evlution of Ntive Wildflowers in West, Centrl nd South Florid, Condensed Progress Report. Project Investigtors Sndr B. Wilson, Professor Hector Perez, Assistnt Professor Deprtment of Environmentl Horticulture Deprtment of Environmentl Horticulture Indin River Reserch nd Eduction Center PO Box 67 University of Florid University of Florid 99 South Rock Rod Ginesville, FL 6 Fort Pierce, FL 9 heperez@ufl.edu swilson@ufl.edu Mck Thetford, Associte Professor Deprtment of Environmentl Horticulture West Florid Reserch nd Eduction Center University of Florid 988 Highwy 9, Building 9 Milton, FL 7 thetford@ufl.edu. Project Description (intent, gols, ojective) A tem of UF fculty with specilized reserch nd eduction expertise in plnt propgtion were funded y The Florid Wildflower Foundtion with the overll ojective of introducing new or underutilized ntive plnts into our nursery nd lndscpe industry. We selected ten ntive wildflower species to study using the following criteri: () plnts hve high ornmentl potentil for consumer demnd nd successful mrketing nd distriution, () plnts hve functionl vlue for dune stiliztion or restortion, wildlife cover, or wildlife food source, () plnts hve een identified y ntive growers s good reserch cndidtes for improved germintion, rooting or estlishment, () plnts re ntive to res ssocited with nturl ecosystems ner one or more of the investigtors reserch sites with known sources for permit pprovl nd collection. See Tle for plnt list. Specific ojectives were to: - evlute the most optiml method of propgting selected ntive wildflowers tht hve ornmentl potentil ut re underutilized in the lndscpe. - improve plnt qulity y ssessing continer production prctices such s medi composition, irrigtion frequency, fertiliztion, plnt numer per pot, nd pruning. - evlute plnt estlishment nd performnce in west, centrl nd south Florid lndscpes.. Reserch progress t ech site Fort Pierce Collection sites were identified for ll ten species, collection permits were cquired, GPS coordintes were recorded, nd seeds were collected when pproprite (Tle ; Figure ; Figure ). Steve Woodmnsee (Biologist, The Institute for Regionl Conservtion, Mimi, FL), Kri Ruder (Owner, Nturewise Plnts, Coco, FL), nd Nncy Bissett (Owner, The Ntives, Dvenport, FL) were contcted

2 to ssist with identifiction/collection in south/centrl Florid. Detiled digitl photos were tken of ech species to illustrte plnt form, flower, nd seed structure (Figure ). Seeds were ir dried, clened, nd counted. Seeds with visile dmge were discrded. A susmple of seeds ( reps of ) were sujected to pre-germintion viility tetrzolium tests (for methods see Tle ). An dditionl seeds ( reps of ) were germinted in petri dishes t C nd n 8-hr photoperiod, unless otherwise indicted (Tle ). Un-germinted seeds were tested for viility to clculte percent dormncy (Tle ). To generte continerized popultion for field trils, n dditionl susmple of seeds () were sown in propgtion hlf flts filled with Ffrd Superfine Germinting Mix for 8 dys. Additionl germintion studies were performed using scrified (8 M cetic cid, min) nd non- scrified seed (Cllisi ornt, Chrysom puciflosculos, Dle feyi, Heliotropium curssvicum, Licni michuxii, Polygonell mcrophyll, Polygonell polygm, Polygonell roust) plced in petri-dishes within incutors set t /, /, / nd / C nd hr photoperiod. Results re presented in Tle. Unscrified C. puciflosculos hd gretest germintion (7.%) t / o C. Seeds were not sujected to cid tretments. D. feyi hd gretest germintion (7%) when cid scrified nd incuted t /. Less thn.% of unscrified seeds germinted, regrdless of temperture. H. curssvicum lso hd gretest germintion (6.%) t / o C, if not scrified. For Licni michuxii, seed viility ws 8% with 8% germintion. At / o C only % of seeds germinted, however t / o C % of seeds germinted under controlled conditions. Acid scrifiction degrded the emryo nd ws detrimentl to germintion. Gretest germintion of P. mcrophyll, P. polygm nd P. roust ws chieved t / o C. Higher tempertures decresed germintion of ech species. Scrifiction decresed germintion of P. polygm nd P. roust, ut improved germintion of P. mcrophyll, regrdless of temperture. Cuttings of ll species (except P. mcrophyll nd C. puciflosculos, which re only ntive to west FL) were collected (Tle 6) nd shipped to Milton for vegettive propgtion experiments. Ech species ws evluted in lndscpe trils locted in north, centrl nd south FL. At ech site, rised eds were prepred with lndscpe fric nd drip irrigtion. Initil soil smples were nlyzed nd presented in Tle 7. Seeds of ech species were sown in cells nd the finished plugs were trnsplnted into gl pots with soilless medi. Finished plnts were distriuted to GNV nd Milton nd plnted July 9 t ll sites. Plnts were rrnged in completely rndomized lock design with plnts replicted in locks (Figure 6). At plnting, initil growth index nd visul qulity ssessments were recorded. Ech month, visul qulity nd flowering were recorded. Visul qulity ws sed on scle of -, where = Very poor qulity - Not cceptle, severe lef necrosis or yellowing, not mrketle, ded or lmost ded; = Poor qulity - Not cceptle, sprse/uneven form, lef yellowing, unhelthy ppernce, not mrketle; = Fir qulity - mrginlly cceptle, somewht desirle form nd color, modertely helthy; = Good qulity - very cceptle, minor flws, nice color without yellowing, good form, helthy nd vigorous, mrketle; nd = Excellent - Perfect condition, premium color nd form, extremely helthy nd vigorous, very mrketle. Flowering ws sed on scle of -, where = No flowers or flower uds; = Flower uds visile, no open flowers; = One to severl open flowers; = Mny open flowers, verge to good flowering; nd = Aundnt flowering, possile pek loom. Results re shown for vegettively propgted plnts from April 9 to April in Fig.. Results re shown for seed propgted plnts from July 9 to April in Fig.. The trils re still in progress, ut the grphs clerly show flower impct, flower longevity, visul qulity, nd cold hrdiness of wildflowers mong sites. A phenology study ws conducted for Licni on Sept 7 9. Licni fruit ws collected (9--9, Mrtin County) nd soked in wter overnight. Mesocrp tissue ws prtilly removed using hose, nd seed ws plced on screen to dry for 8 hr. Seed ws shipped to Ginesville nd Milton. Dillon hlf flts were filled with snd. seed were plced in ech flt sujected to tretments (uried or

3 prtilly uried) t ech of sites (Fort Pierce, Ginesville, Milton). There were seeds per tretment replicted times (in flts). Flts were wtered, covered with wire mesh to prevent predtion, nd plced on ench outside in full sun. Plnts were wtered once or twice per week only if nturl rinfll event did not occur. Germintion ws checked once week s indicted y cotyledon emergence; existing rdicle emergence ws documented in Decemer, prior to freezing tempertures. Rdicle emergence ws noted in Milton prior to winter. Regrdless of prtil or full uril tretment, no cotyledon emergence ws noted t ny site. This experiment is still in progress, however it is suspected tht seeds hve decyed. A continerized medi study ws conducted on Sept. Costlplin honeycomhed (Blduin ngustifoli), Florid scru roseling (Cllis ornt), ush goldenrod (Chrysom puciflosculos), Godfrey s goldenster (Chrysopsis godfreyi), Fey s pririeclover (Dle feyi), gopher pple (Licni michuxii), lrgelef jointweed (Polygonell mcrophyll), Octoer flower (Polygonell polygm), nd lrgeflower jointweed (Polygonell roust) were trnsplnted into continers filled with one of four commercilly ville medi (Tle ). Atls is composed of % pet, % pine rk, nd % corse snd. Atls 7 is mix typiclly used for ntive plms tht is composed of % pet, % corse snd, nd % cypress dust. Ffrd B, more redily ville medium, is composed of % pet, % pine rk, % vermiculite, nd % perlite. Metro Mix, fvored medium mongst ntive growers, is composed of % pet, % pine rk, % vermiculite, % perlite, nd % rk sh. Physicl nd chemicl properties of the four medi rnged from 8-76% moisture content,.-% ir filled porosity, 6-68% totl porosity, -6% continer cpcity,.-. g cm ulk density,.-. g cm prticle density, ph, mmhos cm electricl conductivity (EC), nd.9-. meq g - ction exchnge cpcity (CEC) (Tle -). Plnt growth is eing mesured every month. Finished -gl plnts of ech tretment nd species will e trnsferred to the field in rndomized complete lock design nd evluted for lndscpe performnce in the Spring. Ginesville Blduin ngustifoli. Initil germintion of Costlplin honeycom ws conducted on //8 with seeds collected on /9/8 from Scru Ok Preserve, Mrtin County. Pre-germintion TZ ws not crried out due to limited numer of seeds. The following tretments were used: /, 9/9, 7/, nd / o C light nd drk which represent Florid s dy/night tempertures. Four replictions using seeds/rep were used. The experiment ws crried out for wks nd the dt for drk tretments ws collected t the end of the four weeks. No germintion ws oserved t higher tempertures, / nd 9/9 under light regime, or in ny temperture in the drk. Results showed very low germintion percentges t lower tempertures under light, 7/ (%) nd / (%), nd 7/ drk (%). Post-TZ results of 6% viility confirmed low seed viility due minly to empty seeds, nd lck/mushy emryos. Seeds re likely to hve een collected efore they mtured. Cold strtifiction of 7 seeds ech t o C for nd 8 wks were initited on Mrch, 8. Seeds were plced in petri dishes with lue lotter ppers to germinte on heting mt t o C (=77 o F) on the l ench. Lights were left on during the dy nd turned off t night. An experiment to mesure germintion timing under nturl conditions ws expected to strt with seeds collected in Decemer 9-Jnury. This germintion phenology experiment will consist of three tretments: seeds sown on the soil surfce; seeds prtilly uried in the soil, nd seeds uried cm in the soil profile. Environmentl conditions such s ir temperture, reltive humidity, soil temperture, nd soil moisture will e recorded to determine the effects of these vriles on germintion. Germintion counts will occur on weekly sis. Severl sites were visited ut sustntil quntities of seed were not found. New sites with etter popultions re eing identified.

4 Chrysom puciflosculos. Initil germintion of Woody goldenrod ws conducted on /7/8 with seeds collected on /6/7 t Penscol Bech, FL. Pre-germ test on plump nd skinny seeds were % nd 9%, respectively. We used seeds per repliction for totl of reps for ech tretment. Under light, very low germintion percentges of % in /, 9/9 nd / o C; % t 7/ were otined. Only % germintion ws oserved in / o C drk. There ws no germintion t ll for the skinny seeds. Averge post-tz of 9% nd.6% ws otined for plump nd skinny seeds, respectively. Cold strtifiction of seeds ech t o C for nd 8 wks on plump nd skinny seeds were initited on //8. Seeds were sumitted to germintion tests t the conclusion of the strtifiction period; however, no germintion ws oserved fter weeks of incution. In lter study, fresh seeds were collected Novemer 9 from severl sites (Tle ), clened, nd sujected to viility nd germintion tests. Seed viility ws % with only % germintion fter dys. However, we found tht woody goldenrod prefers cooler tempertures to germinte, s germintion incresed from.% t / o C to 7.% t / o C fter 8 dys. Licni michuxii. Initil germintion nd imiition tests were conducted on Gopher Apple. Fruits were collected from ntive stnd in Jonthn Dickinson Stte Prk on 8--8 nd tested within weeks of collection. Non-scrified seeds nd fruits (seeds + endocrp) were plced in ml of wter nd fresh mss determined t regulr intervls. After dys, fruits nd seeds incresed in fresh mss y out nd % respectively, suggesting tht imiition occurs, ut slowly. Slow imiition my e the result of wter penetrting through the lrge seeds. Regrdless of slow imiition, ll vile seeds germinted y dy. No physicl dormncy is present in seeds of L. michuxii. Germintion of seeds ws tested t four simulted sesonl temperture regimes in the light nd drk. Endocrps were removed with oning knife. Seeds were treted with ferti-lome Hlt systemic fungicide ( tsp/gl) for min nd ir dried prior to plcement in petridishes filled with ply snd. Five replictes of nine seeds were used for ech tretment comintion. After weeks under lternting light, germintion ws (men SE), , , nd..6% t lternting tempertures of /, 9/9, 7/, nd / C, respectively. Interestingly, germintion fter weeks rnged from 86 to 9% t ll temperture regimes in the drk. Such high germintion percentges, over vriety of simulted environmentl conditions, suggest tht fresh seeds re non-dormnt upon shedding. Furthermore, the germintion response seems to e promoted t higher tempertures in the light. The interction of germintion temperture nd illumintion needs to een explored further.

5 Increse in fresh mss of Licni michuxii endocrps with seeds (solid circles) nd seeds without endocrps (open circles). Blck nd red rrows denote endocrp sloughing nd onset of germintion, respectively. All vile seeds hd germinted t 6 h of imiition. Remining seeds hd rotted from within t this time. No germintion ws oserved for endocrps. % Germintion ± (SE) Men time to complete germintion in weeks ± (SE) Seson Light Drk Light Winter (/ C). (.6) 9. (.).8 (.) Spring (7/ C) 6. (7.6) 86. (6.). (.) Fll (9/9 C) 88. (.) 7. (6.9).9 (.) Summer (/ C) 96.7 (.) 9. (.8). (.)c Initil germintion of Licni michuxii seeds (endocrp removed) tested under simulted Florid sesonl tempertures nd h lternting light or drkness for 8 d. Seeds were collected on 8//8 from Jonthn Dickinson Stte Prk nd tested for initil germintion eginning on 9//8.

6 Polygonell polygm nd Polygonell roust. Octoerflower seed were collected from ntive stnd in Wuchul, Florid nd Lrgeflower jointweed from Hoe Sound, Florid. Before germintion tests egn, seed viility ws exmined using the Triphenyltetrzolium chloride (TZ) test. A germintion test ws conducted y incuting seeds t simulted sesonl tempertures. The -hr lternting tempertures represented sesonl conditions throughout Florid (/ C, 7/ C, 9/9 C, nd / o C). Four replictes (n = ) received the light tretment while n dditionl four replictes were incuted in the drk. After four weeks, un-germinted seed were tested for viility. Pre-germintion viility ws firly high (6%) in P. polygm compred to lower P. roust (7%). Highest germintion of % (P. polygm) nd 8% (P. roust) ws chieved t /. To mesure the permeility of the seed cot, n imiition test ws done using mechniclly scrified nd non-scrified tretments. Increses in fresh mss were clculted over 8 hr period using the formul W i = [(W i W n )/ W n ] x, where W i nd W n re the msses of imied nd non-imied tissues (T ), respectively. A completely rndomized design ws used for this study. Results showed stedy increse in weight in oth species, indicting regulr uptke in wter for oth nicked nd not nicked seeds (Figure A). To further investigte potentil physicl dormncy of the fruit or seed cot, light microscopy study ws used. The seeds were sectioned using microtome nd stined with Toluidine Blue. To investigte the potentil of n underdeveloped emryo (morphologicl dormncy), longitudinl sections were tken. The imges of (n = ) seeds were mesured to determine the seed:emryo rtio. To further investigte occurrence of physicl dormncy, seed cots were sectioned nd exmined for the presence of thickened or lignified wlls. Plisde lyers of mcrosclerids or osteosclerids were not oserved. Seed cots were one to two cells thick. Together, these two experiments indicte lck of dormncy imposed y the seed cot. Morphologicl dormncy ws exmined lso using light microscopy. Both P. polygm nd P. roust hd emryo:seed rtios of.9:. indicting tht the seed emryo ws fully developed nd morphologicl dormncy does not exist (Figure B). The presence of physiologicl dormncy ws investigted using gierellic cid (GA ). This study ws crried out using four (n = ) replictes with GA solutions of,,,, or ppm for hr. All were incuted t / o C with -hr photoperiod. Dt ws collected once week for four weeks. When the seeds were treted with ppm of GA the totl germintion percentge ws highest for oth species (P. polygm = 6% nd P. roust = %) (Figure C). A Move-Along experiment ws used to determine the extent to which seeds require wrm- or coldstrtifiction. Tretments consisted of four control chmers set to /, 7/, 9/9, or / C nd summer nd winter move-long. Throughout one yer, tempertures were djusted s follows to represent chnges in sesonl tempertures in the move-long chmers. Germintion dt ws collected once per week. Results show tht germintion incresed significntly when wrm strtified first efore eing plced in cooler tempertures (Figure D). Experiments were conducted to determine if P. polygm nd P. roust cn e propgted y cuttings. Softwood cuttings (pproximtely cm long) of P. polygm were collected in Hney Creek Preserve (South Florid) on August 8, 8. Softwood cuttings (pproximtely cm long) of P. roust were collected from two sites; Jonthn Dickinson Stte Prk (South Florid) on July, 8 nd Fort Cooper Stte Prk (Centrl Florid) on July, 8. Cuttings were quick dipped in the following - Nphthlenecetic cid (NAA) nd indole--utyric cid (IBA) uxin tretments:

7 IBA Concentrtion (ppm) NAA Concentrtion (ppm),,,,,,,,, For the first weeks, cuttings received overhed mist t 8 sec every min. From -6 weeks (-8 weeks for P. polygm) cuttings received overhed mist for sec every min. Rooting dt were collected fter 6 weeks (P. roust) or 8 weeks (P. polygm). Rooting ws ssessed using fctors: percent rooting, numer of roots, longest root length, nd visul root qulity rting (rooting index). The scle for rooting index ws = ded, = live without roots, = light rooting, = medium rooting, = hevy rooting tht when pulled from the cell holds onto medi nd remins intct. The experiment ws rrnged in rndomized complete lock design with 6 cuttings per tretment replicted times. Dt were nlyzed using SAS () nd significnt mens seprted using Duncn s multiple rnge test t α =.. Up to 8% rooting nd.6 root index ws chieved from P. roust cuttings collected from the south FL site nd treted with : ppm NAA:IBA (Figure F). Higher uxin concentrtions of : NAA:IBA or : NAA:IBA decresed percent rooting s compred to : NAA:IBA, ut were not significntly different from the other tretments. When P. roust cuttings were collected from the centrl FL site, only to 7% rooting ws chieved, regrdless of tretment. Cuttings from ech site were collected within week of ech other using similr criteri, thus emphsizing the impct loction cn hve on rooting success. For P. polygm, up to 6% rooting ws chieved when cuttings were treted with : NAA:IBA (Figure E). However, this ws not significntly greter thn the untreted controls (% rooting). It is possile tht ppm IBA ws not high enough concentrtion to improve rooting.

8 Figure A. Imiition rtes s descried y increse of fresh mss of Polygonell polygm (top) seeds when nicked (open circles) nd not (solid circles) s compred to Polygonell roust (ottom) seeds when nicked (open circles) nd not (solid circles) kept t constnt incution of 7 o C. 8 6 Fresh Mss Increse (%) 8 Time (hr) 6 Time (hrs)

9 Figure B. The photos tken here represent the typicl ) emryo to seed rtio nd ) seed nd fruit cot nd in Polygonell polygm.

10 Figure C. Germintion of P. polygm (top) nd P. roust (ottom) seeds fter soking for hours in vrying concentrtions of GA nd susequent incution t the constnt temperture of / o C. Tretments were ppm GA (filled circles), ppm (open circles), ppm (filled tringles), ppm (open tringles), nd ppm (filled squres). Stndrd error represents the vrition over the four replictes. 8 6 Germintion (%) 8 6 Time (weeks)

11 Figure D. Germintion of P. polygm nd P. roust seed germinted t tempertures, or sujected to sesonl fluctutions where Summer= / (wks)+ 9/9 (wks)+ 7/ (wks)+ / (wks), nd Winter= / (wks)+ 7/ (wks)+ 9/9 (wks)+ / (wks). 7 / o C 7/ o C 9/9 o C / o C Summer Winter Polygonell polygm Germintion (%) Polygonell 6 roust 6 Time (weeks) Time (weeks)

12 Figure E. Effects of K-IBA nd K-NAA tretments on rooting softwood cuttings of Octoer flower (Polygonell polygm) collected from centrl (top) or south (ottom) Florid popultions. Dt presented s mens ± stndrd error. Site Tretment Root index (scle -) Rooting (%) Site * NS * NS NAA NS NS NS NS Site NAA NS NS NS NS IBA NS NS NS NS Site IBA NS NS NS NS IBA NAA * NS NS NS Site IBA NAA NS NS NS NS Non-significnt (NS) t =. (*),. (**), or. (***). Root numer Root length (cm) Centrl IBA, NAA. ±.. ± 6.. ±.. ±. Centrl IBA, NAA.6 ±. 6. ±..6 ±.. ±. Centrl IBA, NAA. ±.. ± 8.. ±.. ±. Centrl IBA, NAA.9 ±. 6.7 ± ±..6 ±.8 Centrl IBA, NAA.8 ±. 6.7 ±.. ±.. ±.6 Centrl IBA,. ±. 6.7 ± 6..6 ±.. ±. Centrl NAA IBA, NAA. ±. 6.7 ±.. ±..8 ±.6 Centrl IBA, NAA. ±.. ±.8. ±.8. ±. Centrl IBA,. ±.. ± 7..8 ±..9 ±.8 South NAA IBA, NAA.7 ±.. ± ±.7.6 ±.6 South IBA, NAA.8 ±. 6. ±.. ±.7.7 ±. South IBA, NAA. ±.. ± 6.7. ±..7 ±. South IBA, NAA.8 ±. 6.7 ±.. ±.8.8 ±.7 South IBA, NAA.6 ±.. ±.9. ±.8.7 ±. South IBA,. ±. 6. ± 9.7. ±.. ±. South NAA IBA, NAA.6 ±.. ± 9.. ±.7.8 ±.6 South IBA, NAA. ±. 6.7 ± 8..6 ±.8. ±.7 South IBA, NAA.8 ±. 6. ±.. ±.7.9 ±.

13 Figure F. Effects of K-IBA nd K-NAA tretments on rooting softwood cuttings of Sndhill wireweed (Polygonell roust) collected from centrl (top) or south (ottom) Florid popultions. Dt presented s mens ± stndrd error. Site Tretment Root index (scle -) Rooting (%) Root numer Root length (cm) Centrl IBA, NAA. ±. 6.7 ± ±.7 6. ±.7 Centrl IBA, NAA. ±. 6. ±. 7.7 ±.9 7. ±.7 Centrl IBA, NAA. ± ±. 7.6 ±. 7.9 ±. Centrl IBA, NAA.9 ± ±. 6. ±.7 6. ±. Centrl IBA, NAA.8 ±. 6. ±. 7. ±.6 8. ±.9 Centrl IBA,.8 ±.6. ± ±.7 8. ±. Centrl NAA IBA, NAA.6 ±.. ±..8 ±..9 ±.7 Centrl IBA, NAA.7 ±.. ±. 7.7 ±.8 6. ±.8 Centrl IBA,.9 ±. 6. ± ±. 8. ±. South NAA IBA, NAA.8 ±.. ±.8 7. ±.7. ±. South IBA, NAA. ±.. ± 8.. ±..7 ±.8 South IBA, NAA. ±. 6.7 ±.. ±.. ±.6 South IBA, NAA. ±.. ± 6.7. ±.. ±. South IBA, NAA.6 ±. 8. ± ±. 6.9 ±.8 South IBA,.9 ±.. ±.9.9 ±..8 ±. South NAA IBA, NAA.9 ±.. ± ±. 6.8 ±.9 South IBA, NAA. ±.. ± ±. 7.6 ±. South IBA, NAA. ±.. ±. 9. ±.6. ±. Site NS *** * NS NAA NS NS NS * Site NAA * NS * * IBA NS NS NS NS Site IBA NS NS NS * IBA NAA NS * * NS Site IBA NAA ** *** NS NS Non-significnt (NS) t =. (*),. (**), or. (***).

14 Figure G. Polygonell mcrophyll. Lrge-leved jointweed seed were collected from ntive stnd in Big Lgoon Stte Prk, Florid on //8 nd tested for germintion strting on //9. The germintion test ws conducted y incuting seeds (first exposed to vrying concentrtions of GA for hr) t simulted sesonl tempertures. The -hr lternting tempertures represented sesonl conditions throughout Florid (/ C, 7/ C, 9/9 C, nd / o C). Highest germintion (up to 7%) ws chieved t /, regrdless of GA concentrtion. Appliction of GA only nominlly improved germintion t ech temperture.

15 Milton Blduin ngustifoli. Cuttings were collected in Centrl Florid in the Green Swmp re on June 8, 8. There ws considerle stem nd folige dmge from het stress during the shipping process. The top left figure demonstrtes helthy cutting nd the top right figure represents cutting suffering from het stress. All cuttings were cut in hlf nd the top portion of het stressed cuttings discrded (see ottom left figure). Cuttings were segregted y cutting type (locks). The sl portion of ech cutting ( cm) ws treted with IBA (,,, or ppm). On July 8, 8 (pprox. weeks fter sticking) cuttings were evluted for rooting (see ottom right figure). Given the poor nture of the cuttings we could not e sure the results were reflective of the shipping conditions or the tretments. We stuck them nywy to lern how they my respond to the propgtion environment; no dditionl dt were collected on these plnts.

16 Root length (cm) Rting Rooting (%) Root numer A second experiment with Blduin ws initited on July, 8 with cuttings tken t two loctions including: Fort Cooper Stte Prk in Inverness, FL nd Sn Felsco Hmmock Stte Prk in Ginesville, FL. Tretments evluted included concentrtions of IBA(,,, or ppm) nd cuttings were rooted in Ffrd B. Cuttings were evluted for rooting on Septemer, 8 (pprox. weeks fter sticking). There were no differences in rooting percentge (77 %), visul rting (.8), root length (.7 cm) or root numer 9.6). Three liners were potted in gllon continers with Ffrd B ut they ll egn to form inflorescences nd did not survive pst ud initition. This species my require propgtion erlier in the yer (Jn or Fe) ut stock plnts my need to e mnged under specific dy length tretment to prevent florl ud initition nd produce vile vegettive cuttings. An initil investigtion to determine if the species will respond to dy length will e initited fter evlution of rooting for cuttings stuck 9 My 9. Blduin ngustifoli Percent rooting Blduin ngustifoli Root numer ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Blduin ngustifoli Root length (cm) Blduin ngustifoli Visul Rting ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Issues with cutting qulity nd inconsistent rooting in 8 wrrnted susequent rooting experiments with Blduin ngustifoli in 9. Softwood cuttings were collected in Poincin Ridge (Florid) on My 9, 9 nd the sl portions ( cm) treted with IBA (,,, or ppm) prior to sticking in Ffrd B. A totl of cuttings were stuck (6 replictions ech with 6 cuttings per IBA tretment). On June, 9 (pprox. weeks fter sticking) cuttings were evluted for rooting. No differences in rooting percentges were evident nd rooting for ll IBA tretments exceeded 9%. Regression nlysis indicted significnt increse in root numer, root length, nd visul rting with n

17 Root length (cm) Root rting Rooting (%) Root no. increse in IBA concentrtion. With IBA t or ppm, root numer, root length nd visul rtings were significntly greter thn the nontreted control. With the ppliction of IBA, visul rtings were or greter. These results differ considerly from those otined previously suggesting the shipping issues were mjor fctor in the poor rooting success noted in erly 8. Blduin ngustifoli Percent rooting Blduin ngustifoli Root numer c c ppm ppm ppm ppm Blduin ngustifoli Root length ppm ppm ppm ppm Blduin ngustifoli Root rting c c c c ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm A second experiment ws initited in 9 with softwood cuttings collected in Green Swmp West, Sumter County, Florid to determine effects of rooting sustrtes on propgtion results. Cuttings rrived My 9, 9 nd the sl portions ( cm) were treted with IBA (,,, or ppm) prior to sticking in Ffrd B or Perlite/Vermiculite (: y volume). A totl of 88 cuttings were stuck ( totl of cuttings per propgtion sustrte representing 6 replictions ech with 6 cuttings per IBA tretment). On July 8-9, 9 (pprox. weeks fter sticking) cuttings were evluted for rooting. No differences in rooting percentges were evident nd the men rooting percentge ws 8% indicting neither propgtion sustrte nor IBA influenced the numer of cuttings producing roots. Both propgtion sustrte nd IBA ffected root numer nd root length ut there ws no interction of these min effects. Regrdless of IBA ppliction root numer nd root length were greter with cuttings rooted in Ffrd B. Root numer nd root length incresed s the rte of IBA incresed regrdless of the propgtion sustrte used. Appliction of IBA incresed the numer of roots per cutting compred to the nontreted control regrdless of the ppliction rte. Root length ws greter thn the nontreted control when IBA ws pplied t ppm ut root length did not differ mong cuttings rooted with IBA t,, nd ppm. An interction of the min effects of propgtion sustrte nd IBA concentrtion ws evident with visul rtings. While ll visul rtings were etween nd.9 there ws no difference noted mong cuttings rooted in Perlite/Vermiculite (.) while visul rtings incresed s the rte of IBA incresed when cuttings were propgted in FfrdB.

18 Root length (cm) Root rting Rooting (%) Root numer Blduin ngustifoli - July Percent rooting Blduin ngustifoli - July Root numer ppm ppm ppm ppm Blduin ngustifoli - July Root length ppm ppm ppm ppm Blduin ngustifoli Root rting d c Ffrd P cd d cd cd Perlite/Vermiculite ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm An oservtionl study ws initited August, 9 with rooted cuttings from the July Blduin experiment to determine if Blduin would e responsive to photoperiod (light tretments) s method of reducing or eliminting florl development for stock plnt mngement. Cuttings were sujected to one of three photoperiod tretments consisting of Short Dy (9 hr. photoperiod), Night Interruption Photoperiod (9 hrs. + : p.m. - :.m.), or Long Dy (6 hr. photoperiod). Severl plnts hd lredy shown signs of florl ud initition t the time of potting so ll plnts were pruned to consistent height therey removing ll existing flower uds nd encourging incresed rnching. Plnts remined under the photoperiod tretments for weeks nd were evluted for height, nd two perpendiculr widths nd rted for flowers using the following scle: = no flowers or flower uds; = flower uds visile, no poen flowers; = one to severl open flowers; = mny open flowers, verge to good flowering; = undnt flowering, possile pek loom. Unfortuntely, the experiment hd to e terminted on Octoer 7, 9 prior to full florl development ut the potentil to mnge stock plnts under lights ws evident. After two months under the photoperiod tretments it ppers tht Blduin under Short Dy photoperiod (9hr) flowered the most (left), the Night Interruption photoperiod (-) (middle) hd fewer open flowers nd were tller thn the short dy plnts while those under Long Dy photoperiod (6hr) (right) hd fewer flowers thn the Short Dy plnts nd were the tllest mong the photoperiod tretments. Two importnt findings were evident: florl initition processes were lredy initited y the liners prior to potting the plnts nd the plnts continued to produce florl uds in spite of the

19 pruning or photoperiod tretment, nd mintining the plnts under Long Dy or Night Interruption photoperiods hs the potentil to minimize florl ud development nd increse vegettive growth y producing tller stock plnts from which to collect cuttings. This my wrrnt dditionl work to develop stock plnt nd cutting production protocols resulting in erly seson production of trnsplnts. The ppliction of the light tretments should egin prior to August since the trnsplnts hd lredy egun florl initition. Cllisi ornt. Softwood cuttings of Cllisi ornt were collected on June 9 from 8 stock plnts provided from Ft. Pierce. Softwood cuttings were prepred from lefy stems of current seson growth. Entire stems were removed t the se nd cut into node cuttings (See photos). Prepred cuttings were visully grded on the sis of size (stem dimeter) into three ctegories:. Light (Cuttings with slender stems nd nodes generlly prepred from the picl portions of the stem);. Norml (Cuttings with medium size stems generlly prepred from the middle nodes of the stem); nd. Hevy (Cuttings with thicker stems nd hevier nodes t the se generlly prepred from the sl portions of the stems). There were not sufficient cuttings of ll types to use this s tretment. However, ll cuttings within ech lock were of the sme grde clss. The sl portion ( cm) of ech cutting ws treted with IBA (,,, or ppm) prior to sticking in Ffrd B. A totl of cuttings were stuck (9 replictions with 6 cuttings per IBA tretment). On June, 9 (pprox. weeks fter sticking) cuttings were evluted for rooting. A totl of 7 cuttings were prepred from the eight stock plnts with 6 hevy cuttings, norml cuttings, nd 69 light cuttings. Both Auxin tretment nd propgtion sustrte influenced rooting percentges ut there ws no interction of these two min effects. Rooting exceeded 9% for ll tretments nd rooting percentge ws greter with IBA t or compred to the nontreted control nd IBA t ppm. Rooting percentges were greter with the use of perlite vermiculite. Both propgtion sustrte nd IBA hd n impct on root numer, root length nd visul rtings. Generlly, for cuttings rooted in Ffrd B root numer, length nd visul rtings incresed s IBA concentrtion incresed. For cuttings rooted in perlite vermiculite ppliction of IBA incresed root numer, root length nd visul rtings ut the cuttings rooted in perlite vermiculite did not respond to the incresing rtes of IBA.

20 Root length (cm) Root rting Rooting (%) Root no. Cllisi ornt Percent rooting Cllisi ornt Root numer c d Ffrd B cd Perlite Vermiculite ppm ppm ppm ppm Cllisi ornt Root length ppm ppm ppm ppm Cllisi ornt Root rting d c c d c d Ffrd B Perlite Vermiculite Ffrd B Perlite Vermiculite ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Chyrsom puciflosculos. There hve een vegettive propgtion experiments initited with woody goldenrod. For oth experiments the cuttings were collected from privte property locted mile from the Milton Cmpus nd treted with,, or ppm IBA. The hrdwood (dormnt) cutting experiment ws initited /7/8 nd the cuttings evluted /7/8. The visul rting scle ws: = no roots, = short roots visile, = few long roots, = mny long roots; = mny long nd rnched roots. Rooting percentge of dormnt cuttings ppers to increse with the use of IBA nd rooting percentge root numer nd root length of cuttings rooted in perlite/vermiculite were the gretest t the higher uxin concentrtions. A spring softwood (greenwood) cutting experiment ws initited on y 8, 8. Results showed tht dormnt cuttings (Winter hrdwood) rooted t lower percentges thn cuttings from current seson s growth (summer softwood). Hrdwood cuttings rooted t greter percentges in Perlite/Vermiculite while summer softwood cuttings rooted eqully well in either sustrte. Higher rtes of KIBA incresed the numer of roots per cutting nd the length of roots when perlite/vermiculite ws the propgtion sustrte. Rtes of KIBA greter thn ppm were necessry to chieve visul rting of three or greter for oth sustrtes. The interction of sustrte nd cutting type for visul rtings suggests greter sustrte dringe is necessry to mximize rooting nd root qulity for dormnt winter cuttings while either sustrte will e dequte to mximize these fctors for summer softwood cuttings. Visul rtings lso suggest ppliction of KIBA is necessry to produce cuttings of the miniml qulity chrcteristics ( ie. rting equl to or greter thn ).

21 Rooting Index Roots (No.) Root length (cm) Rooting (%) Root Rting Woody Goldenrod Chrysom puciflosculos Woody Goldenrod Chrysom puciflosculos 8 6 Winter Ffrd Winter Per/Ver Summer Ffrd Summer Per/Ver Winter Ffrd Winter Per/Ver Summer Ffrd Summer Per/Ver 6 Woody Goldenrod Chrysom puciflosculos 8 Woody Goldenrod Chrysom puciflosculos Winter Ffrd Winter Per/Ver Summer Ffrd Summer Per/Ver Winter Ffrd Winter Per/Ver Summer Ffrd Summer Per/Ver Woody Goldenrod Chrysom puciflosculos Winter Ffrd Winter Per/Ver Summer Ffrd Summer Per/Ver Dle feyi. Cuttings were collected on July, 8 from Jonthn Dickinson Stte Prk (Mrtin County, FL) nd n experiment initited to test rooting with IBA, NAA nd DipNGrow. Cuttings suffered % mortlity nd were thought to e sensitive to the wet conditions of the propgtion system. Cuttings were received from Hoe Sound, FL nd stuck on 8//8. The se of the cuttings were dipped cm into ppm IBA or ppm NAA prior to sticking in Ffrd B (% sphgnum pet, processed pine rk, perlite, vermiculite mixture) nd in : vermiculite/perlite. This experiment ws designed with the intent to utilize humidity chmer to reduce folir pplictions of wter. After n initil misting to wter in cuttings no dditionl mist ws plnned unless symptoms of wter deficit were evident. Humidity chmers were pplied y plcing cler plstic dome covers on ech flt. On 8/6/8 domes were removed fter evidence of folir fungus ws discovered. A decresed mist ppliction ws initited t 6 seconds every minutes. On 8/7/8 cuttings were drenched with fungicide (Heritge) t ½ tespoon per gllon. On 9//8 misting ws further reduced to seconds every minutes. On //8 cuttings were evluted for rooting with only 8 cuttings rooted. There were few more

22 cuttings rooted using the perlite:vermiculite sustrte suggesting the rooting environment remins too wet. Cuttings were lso received from Withlcoochee Stte Forest (Citrus County, FL) on August 9, 8. Cuttings suffered % mortlity within weeks fter sticking. Further experiments with cuttings will not e initited until stock plnts cn e grown on site where the cuttings will e propgted to eliminte the need for shipping the cuttings nd to ensure we egin with the highest qulity cuttings. Dle pinnt. Cuttings were collected from Sn Felsco Hmmock Preserve Stte Prk in Ginesville, FL on July, 8 nd shipped to Milton for sticking on July, 8. The cuttings were dipped cm into one of rooting tretments if IBA lone (,,, ppm), NAA lone (,,, ppm), or one of two concentrtions of Dip N Grow :9 ( ppm IBA & ppm NAA) or :9 ( ppm IBA & ppm NAA). Cuttings were propgted in Ffrd B with mist for 8 seconds every minutes. The mist ws reduced to 6 seconds every minutes one week fter sticking. Four () locks of 6 cuttings for ech tretment were tken. On 8/7/8 cuttings were drenched with fungicide (Heritge) t ½ tespoon per gllon. On 9//8 misting ws further reduced to seconds every minutes. On Octoer, 8 cuttings were evluted for rooting with only 9 cuttings rooted. A second experiment ws initited on August 8 utilizing cuttings collected from Withlcoochee Stte Forest (Hernndo County, FL) n ppliction of Heritge fungicide nd humidity chmers. Cutting mortlity ws % hence; further experiments with cuttings will not e initited until stock plnts cn e grown on site where the cuttings will e propgted.

23 Heliotropium curssvicum. Softwood cuttings of Heliotropium curssvicum were collected on June 9 from 6 stock plnts provided from Ft. Pierce. Softwood cuttings were prepred from lefy stems of current seson growth. The sl portion ( cm) of ech cutting ws treted with IBA (,,, or ppm) prior to sticking in Ffrd B. A totl of cuttings were stuck (9 replictions with 6 cuttings per IBA tretment). On June, 9 (pprox. weeks fter sticking) cuttings were evluted for rooting. Auxin tretment did not influence the numer of cuttings producing roots nd rooting exceeded 9% for ll tretments with n experiment-wise men of 99%. Root numer incresed with IBA t, or ppm nd root numer incresed with n increse in IBA concentrtion. Root length did not differ with IBA ppliction with n experiment-wise men of. cm. Visul rtings were greter thn for ll tretments nd cuttings rooted with ppm IBA hd the gretest rting (.).

24 Root length (cm) Root rting Root rting Root no. Heliotropium curssvicum Root rting Heliotropium curssvicum Root numer c ppm ppm ppm ppm Heliotropium curssvicum Root length ppm ppm ppm ppm Heliotropium curssvicum Root rting ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Licni michuxii. There were vegettive propgtion experiments completed with gopher pple. Two dditionl experiments suffered from lef spot diseses present on the cuttings t the time of collection. Applictions of fungicide were not successful in preventing the further spred of these lef spot nd totl defolition nd cutting deth occurred within two weeks under the high moisture environment of the propgtion ench. For oth completed experiments the cuttings were collected from the rodside mile from the Milton Cmpus. Softwood (greenwood) cutting experiments were initited 7 My 8 nd June, 8. Both Ffrd B nd perlite/vermiculite sustrtes were included in oth experiments. Rooting success ws surprisingly high with most uxin tretments resulting in rooting percentges ove 9%. Rooting percentges were lower with the use of perlite/vermiculite. In generl, cuttings produced to roots lthough fewer roots were produced y cuttings prepred in My nd rooted in perlite/vermiculite. Similrly, root length ws from to cm for most cuttings with the exception of erly cuttings rooted with perlite/vermiculite which hd shorter roots of cm. Visul rtings were t or ove for most cuttings with the exception of erly cuttings rooted with perlite/vermiculite. All rooted cuttings were trnsferred to inch liner pots fter evlution. Within weeks of repotting the rooted cuttings defolited nd died. Severl types of propgtion continers will e utilized in Spring 9 to propgte Licni ut the rooted cuttings will not e distured to evlute root qulity. These rooted cuttings will e mnipulted with tretments such s fertility or light exposure to initite flush of growth prior to initition of lef drop in the fll. (This 9 experiment ws terminted following filure of the mist system, cuttings remined on the propgtion ench nd mny rooted ut the high stress from period without mist precluded collection of rooting dt.)

25 Root numer Rooting (%) Licni michuxii Percent rooting Ff /7 P/V /7 Ff 6/ P/V 6/ (Propgtion sustrte nd dte of sticking) (IBA ppm) Licni michuxii Root numer Ff /7 P/V /7 Ff 6/ P/V 6/ (Propgtion sustrte nd dte of sticking) (IBA ppm)

26 Rting Root length (cm) Licni michuxii Root length Ff /7 P/V /7 Ff 6/ P/V 6/ (Propgtion sustrte nd dte of sticking) (IBA ppm) Licni michuxii Visul Rting Ff /7 P/V /7 Ff 6/ P/V 6/ (Propgtion sustrte nd dte of sticking) (IBA ppm)

27 Prior cutting experiments (9) for this species resulted in rooted cuttings, however, few cuttings produced new growth prior to dormncy nd died. Field investigtions of this species reveled tht it ppers to hve n extensive elow-ground shru or tree-like stem structure from which very few dventitious roots form. The lefy ove-ground stems pper to e comprised mostly of ephemerl stems tht do not contriute to the elow-ground structure. Bsed on these oservtions, three types of cuttings were collected July, representing the trditionl cutting type used in the prior experiments (lefy stem tips), secondry stem tip representing the portion of stem just elow the lefy stem tip (Secondry stem) nd the tertiry stem tip representing the elow ground portion of stem just elow the secondry stem tip. July cutting collection lso represented lter collection dte thn with previous experiments to void the flowering period nd collect cuttings fter dditionl crohydrtes hd collected in the stems. Cuttings were treted with the sme KIBA tretments s in prior experiments remined under intermittent mist until Novemer 8, when they were evluted for rooting. Mny cuttings expressed cllus development hence the percentge of cuttings with cllus present ws lso evluted. July did not prove to e good month for cutting collection s evidenced y the vrile ut lower rooting percentge for the trditionl primry cutting type. Although sufficient rooting ws not chieved to develop propgtion protocol we did lern gret del out the response of these cutting types to uxin ppliction. The higher concentrtion of uxin resulted in greter percentge of rooted cuttings nd n increse in the numer of roots per cutting. Two interesting responses were the high rooting percentge of secondry cuttings in the sence of KIBA nd the higher rooting percentge of tertiry cuttings treted with ppm KIBA. All tertiry cutting produced new shoots with to leves during the propgtion period. The development of new shoots on rooted primry cuttings hs een n issue in cutting survivl in previous studies nd the development of dventitious ud on the older wood of the tertiry cuttings suggests lrger cuttings with older wood my e necessry to successfully propgte nd produce these plnts. Further experiments re wrrnted to further investigte the current findings. Rooting response (percent rooting, visul rting, nd root numer) of three types of Gopher pple stem cuttings to four concentrtions of K-IBA. KIBA Rooting (%) Visul Rting Root numer Cutting type conc. n Men Std Dev Men Std Dev Men Std Dev Lefy stem tip

28 Secondry stem Tertiry stem IBA conc...7. Cutting type conc*type Rooting response(root length nd cllus production) of three types of Gopher pple stem cuttings to four concentrtions of K-IBA. KIBA Root length (cm) cllus (%) Cutting type conc. n Men Std Dev Men Std Dev Lefy stem tip Secondry stem Tertiry stem 8 8 IBA conc Cutting type.. Conc.*type..7 Polygonell polygm. A spring softwood (greenwood) cutting experiment ws initited with Octoer flower on My 8. Cuttings were collected from Henderson Bech Stte Prk. Rooting percentge, root rting nd root numer did not differ with Ffrd nd Perlite/ Vermiculite. Cuttings 8% without IBA nd from 86 to 98% with to ppm IBA. There ws n interction etween propgtion sustrte nd root length. Root length did not differ mong cuttings propgted in Ffrd P ut length of cuttings rooted in Perlite/Vermiculite t ppm KIBA were from. to cm longer thn root length of ll cuttings rooted in Ffrd P nd ll other Perlite/Vermiculite/KIBA comintions.

29 Root no. Root length (cm) Rooting (%) Root rting Polygonell polygm Percent rooting Polygonell polygm Root rting ppm ppm ppm ppm Polygonell polygm Root numer ppm ppm ppm ppm Polygonell polygm Root length c Ffrd P Perlite/Vermiculite Propgtion sustrte ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Softwood cuttings of Polygonell polygm were collected on My 9 from Big Lgoon Stte Prk. Approximtely inch spring softwood cuttings were prepred from lefy stems of current seson growth. The sl portion ( cm) of ech cutting ws treted with IBA (,,, or ppm) prior to sticking in Ffrd B. A totl of cuttings were stuck (6 replictions with 6 cuttings per IBA tretment). On June, 9 (pprox. 7 weeks fter sticking) cuttings were evluted for rooting. The softwood cuttings did not show significnt increse in rooting percentge, root numer, root length or visul rting in response to uxin tretment. In generl, cuttings rooted with KIBA did show numericl increses in these vriles compred to the nontreted control ut the increses were not significntly different. The experiment-wise mens were: percent rooting 88.9%, Root numer 6., Root length 7. cm nd Visul rting.. These cuttings rooted t cceptle numers nd received visul rtings exceeding regrdless of Auxin ppliction rte. Polygonell roust. A spring softwood (greenwood) cutting experiment ws initited with Sndhill wireweed on My 8. Cuttings were collected from Henderson Bech Stte Prk nd the experiment included only the Ffrd B sustrte. Rooting percentges did not differ mong the uxin concentrtions. Cuttings rooted with KIBA produced more roots thn cuttings rooted without KIBA. Root length did not differ. The men visul rtings indicte the minimum rting of nd would e considered high qulity rooted cutting. Rooted cuttings were potted in inch liner pots nd lter trnsplnted to gllon continers using Ffrd B.

30 Root length (cm) Root rting Rooting (%) Root no. Mny of these rooted liners died over month period in continer production nd it is suspected the production sustrte remined too wet etween wterings. An dditionl experiment ws initited My 9 with oth Ffrd B nd Perlite/Vermiculite sustrtes. Rooted cuttings will e potted in pinerk sed sustrte fter initil rooting evlution to determine if courser production sustrte will e suitle for continer production of this species. Polygonell roust Percent rooting Polygonell roust Root numer ppm ppm ppm ppm Polygonell roust Root length ppm ppm ppm ppm Polygonell roust Root rting ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

31 Softwood cuttings of Polygonell roust were received on My 9 from Hwks Bluff. Approximtely inch spring softwood cuttings were prepred from lefy stems of current seson growth. The sl portion ( cm) of ech cutting ws treted with IBA (,,, or ppm) prior to sticking in Ffrd B. A totl of 88 cuttings were stuck (6 replictions with 6 cuttings per IBA tretment). On June, 9 (pprox. 7 weeks fter sticking) cuttings were evluted for rooting. The softwood cuttings did not show significnt increse in rooting percentge in response to uxin tretment or propgtion sustrte. The experiment-wise men Rooting percentge ws 9%. There ws no difference in root numers mong cuttings rooted in Ffrd B nd Perlite vermiculite. However, regression nlysis indicted root numer incresed s the rte of KIBA incresed ut there were no significnt differences in root numer within the KIBA rtes tested. Root length did not differ mong KIBA nd nontreted cuttings ut cuttings rooted in Ffrd B hd significntly longer roots thn cuttings rooted in perlite vermiculite. Overll, visul rtings for P. roust cuttings were similr mong ll rtes of KIBA. However, visul rtings of cuttings rooted in Ffrd B were significntly higher thn visul rtings of cuttings rooted in perlite vermiculite. Visul rtings did not exceed regrdless of Auxin or propgtion sustrte tretments. Polygonell mcrophyll. A spring softwood cutting experiment ws initited with Lrgeleved jointweed on My 8. Cuttings were collected from Henderson Bech Stte Prk, Fort Wlton, FL. ppm KIBA incresed rooting percentges to 9% compred to 6% for cuttings rooted without KIBA. Cuttings rooted with or ppm KIBA produced twice the numer of roots nd hd longer roots thn cuttings rooted without KIBA. The men visul rtings indicte cuttings rooted with KIBA t nd ppm met the minimum rting of nd would e considered high qulity rooted cutting. A spring softwood cutting experiment ws repeted with Lrge-leved jointweed on My, 9.

32 Root length (cm) Root rting Rooting (%) Root no. Polygonell mcrophyll Percent rooting Polygonell mcrophyll Root numer ppm ppm ppm ppm Polygonell mcrophyll Root length ppm ppm ppm ppm Polygonell mcrophyll Root rting ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Softwood cuttings of Polygonell mcrophyll were collected on My 9 from Big Lgoon Stte Prk. Approximtely inch spring softwood cuttings were prepred from lefy stems of current seson growth nd no more thn / of rnch terminls were removed from single plnt. The sl portion ( cm) of ech cutting ws treted with IBA (,,, or ppm) prior to sticking in Ffrd B. A totl of 96 cuttings were stuck ( replictions with 6 cuttings per IBA tretment). On June, 9 (pprox. 7 weeks fter sticking) cuttings were evluted for rooting. Auxin tretment incresed the numer of cuttings producing roots nd IBA pplied t or ppm increse rooting compred to IBA t pmm or the nontreted control. Rooting percentge incresed s the rte of IBA incresed with mximum rooting of 8% for cuttings treted with IBA t ppm. Root numer incresed with n increse in IBA concentrtion ut only cuttings treted with IBA t ppm differed from the nontreted control. Root length did not differ with IBA ppliction with n experiment-wise men of. cm. Visul rtings incresed s the rte of IBA increse ut only cuttings treted with IBA t or ppm were greter thn nd oth differed from cuttings treted with IBA t ppm nd the nontreted control. Rooted cuttings were potted into gllon continers nd will e returned to Big Lgoon Stte Prk winter 9.

33 Root length (cm) Root rting Rooting (%) Root no. Polygonell mcrophyll Percent rooting Polygonell mcrophyll Root numer ppm ppm ppm ppm Polygonell mcrophyll Root length ppm ppm ppm ppm Polygonell mcrophyll Root rting ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

34 Tle. Ten ntive wildflower species evluted for the study. Botnicl Nme Blduin ngustifoli Cllisi ornt Chrysom puciflosculos Dle feyi Dle pinnt vr. pinnt Heliotropium curssvicum Common Nme Costlplin honeycomhed; Yellow uttons Florid scru roseling Woody goldenrod Fey s pririeclover Summer frewell Seside heliotrope Fmily Hitt Comments Astercee Sndhills, scru, dunes Commelincee Scru nd sndhills Astercee Fcee Fcee Costl dunes, scru nd sndhills Scru nd sndhills Sndhills nd scru Annul with yellow disk nd ry florets. Perez (6) hs identified tht seeds re dormnt t shedding (i.e. physiologicl dormncy) nd require period of cold strtifiction for dormncy llevition. Perennil with -petled pink flowers. Seed production is limited..etter cndidte for sexul propgtion. Tough shruy herceous perennil. Scru, dunes, sndhills. Showy flowers. Perennil her with profuse pinkpurple multi-stminte, gloulr flowers. Ruder nd Wilson (6) otined highest germintion (9%) with scrified seeds, ut dditionl reserch is needed to ddress production nd lndscpe estlishment. Perennil her with white, terminl, multi-stminte flowers. Perez (6) hs determined tht seeds do not imie wter t shedding (i.e. physiclly dormnt). Mechnicl nd cid scrifictions for min llevite dormncy nd promote germintion. Germintion ws improved fter scrifiction for seeds incuted t or C. Germintion in scrified seed ws reduced when seeds were incuted t C. Borgincee Dunes Sprwling succulent perennil, lue-green folige nd white flowers. Licni Gopher-Apple Chrysolncee white flowers followed y one- Sndhills Dwrf, woody groundcover hving michuxii seeded fruit. A vlule wildlife nd lndscpe plnt tht is very difficult to trnsplnt (Mesozoic Lndscpes, Lke Worth). Polygonell Lrge-leved Polygoncee Costl Tough herceous perennil, High

35 mcrophyll Jointweed dunes nd scru Polygonell polygm Polygonell roust Jointweed; Octoer flower Lrgeflower jointweed; Sndhill wireweed Polygoncee Polygoncee Costl dunes nd scru Sndhills nd scru restortion potentil; showy inflorescence. Propgtion hs sesonl nd cutting-type requirements for success (Thetford, 6). ion.org/asp/cpc_viewprofile.sp?cpcnum=76. Tough herceous perennil, High restortion potentil; showy inflorescence. Woody perennil with white-pink fringed flower spikes. Perez (6) found tht imiition in this species occurs slowly; therefore, it is not considered physiclly dormnt. Seeds require -6 weeks of winter tempertures to initite dormncy llevition. However, summer tempertures completely inhiit germintion.

36 Tle : Dte, loction, coordintes, nd quntity of seed collected from nturl wildflower popultions. Species Blduin ngustifoli Collection Dte //7 /9/8 //8 /6/8 /6/8 /7/9 /8/9 Collection Site Green Swmp West Sumter County Scru Ok Preserve Mrtin County Withlcoochee Stte Forest Citrus County Hney Creek Preserve Mrtin County Withlcoochee Stte Forest Citrus County Hney Creek Preserve Mrtin County Poincin Ridge Mrtin County GPS Coordintes y --- z N99869 E86 N986 E6 N E79 N9989 E68 N E79 N99869 E86 6/9/9 Pine Ridge - Ornge County N66 E69 Cllisi ornt Chrysom puciflosculos Chrysom puciflosculos 7/6/ 8// //8 /9/9 /6/9 /9/9 /6/9 /9/9 //9 //9 Indin River Reserch nd Ed. Center Indin River Reserch nd Ed. Center Penscol Bech Escmi Cty Milton Collected y Mck Milton Collected y Mck Milton Collected y Mck Milton Collected y Mck Milton Collected y Mck Milton Collected y Mck Bgdd Highwy Mck N78 E8 N78 E8 Zone 6 N9 E976 Zone 6 N8686 E9 Zone 6 N8686 E9 Zone 6 N8686 E9 Zone 6 N8686 E9 Zone 6 N8686 E9 Zone 6 N8686 E9 Zone 6 N8 E66

37 Dle feyi //9 /7/9 > yer 6/6/7 7//8 /6/8 //7 Perdido Key - Collected y Mck Milton Collected y Mck Cruickshnk Tril Brevrd County Cruickshnk Tril Brevrd County Jonthn Dickinson SP Mrtin County Withlcoochee Stte Forest Citrus County Green Swmp West Sumter County Zone 6 N E6 Zone 6 N8686 E9 --- z --- z N9888 E886 N9989 E z Dle pinnt vr. pinnt /6/8 Withlcoochee Stte Forest Hernndo Cty N6 E77 Heliotropium curssvicum Licni michuxii Licni michuxii Polygonell mcrophyll Polygonell polygm /7/ //8 //8 7//8 8/6/8 8//8 8//8 9//8 9//9 //9 //8 /9/7 Withlcoochee Stte Forest Hernndo Cty Mtheson Hmmock Prk Mimi Dde Homested Byfront Prk Mimi Dde Svnns Preserve SP Mrtin County Withlcoochee Stte Forest Hernndo Cty Jonthn Dickinson SP Mrtin County Svnns Preserve SP Mrtin County Withlcoochee Stte Forest Hernndo Cty Sugr Hill Mrtin County Sugr Hill Mrtin County Big Lgoon Stte Prk Escmi Cty The Ntives Polk County N66 E777 N8 E76 N866 E6688 N9 E788 N6 E77 N9866 E89 N9 E788 N6 E77 N E77 N E77 Zone 6 N6 E z /9/8 Scru Ok Preserve N99869

38 //8 /7/8 //8 //8 //8 /6/8 Mrtin County Withlcoochee Stte Forest Citrus County Hney Creek Preserve Mrtin County Big Lgoon Stte Prk Escmi Cty Jonthn Dickinson SP Mrtin County Hney Creek Preserve Mrtin County Withlcoochee Stte Forest Citrus County E86 N9989 E68 N79 E78 Zone 6 N E99 N988 E87 N79 E78 N9989 E68 /9/7 The Ntives Polk County --- z Polygonell roust //7 The Ntives Polk County --- z //8 Jonthn Dickinson SP Mrtin County N9888 E886 Polygonell roust //8 Svnns Preserve SP Mrtin County N9 E788 y UTM UPS coordinte system; WGS 8, zone 7N or 6N where noted z GPS Coordintes not ville

39 Tle : Viility nd germintion methods used to evlute wildflower species. ** Indictes seeds were not found on species. Botnicl Nme Blduin ngustifoli Cllisi ornt Chrysom puciflosculos Dle feyi Dle pinnt vr. pinnt Preconditioning Imie etween moist lotter pper for 8 hours t C. Imie etween moist lotter pper overnight t - C. Imie on moist lotter pper for 8 hours t C. Imie etween moist lotter pper for 8 hours t C. Imie etween moist lotter pper for 8 hours t C. Seed isection Lterlly; remove distl end of cotyledons Vililty reps of Germintion reps of st Finl Temp Count Count (C) (dys) (dys) Sustrte Lterlly. Overnight Lterlly; remove distl end of cotyledons Slice end of cotyledons Slice end of cotyledons TZ (%) Time (H) Temp (C) Positive viility. 6 Entire emryo evenly stined; slight dmge to root tip cceptle; slight dmge to cotyledons cceptle - Entire emryo must stin evenly. Off-color endosperm my e indictive of presence of internl disese.. 6 Entire emryo evenly stined; slight dmge to root tip cceptle; slight dmge to cotyledons cceptle. -6 Entire emryo evenly stined, turgid, nd unfrctured; slight dmge to rdicle cceptle; hlf or more of cotyledons ttched to emryo xis nd evenly stined.. -6 Entire emryo evenly stined, turgid, nd unfrctured; slight dmge to rdicle cceptle; hlf or more of cotyledons ttched to emryo xis nd evenly stined. 7 Blue lotter pper 7 Blue lotter pper 7 Blue lotter pper 7 Blue lotter pper 7 Blue lotter pper 9

40 Heliotropium curssvicum Licni michuxii Imie etween moist lotter pper for 8 hours t C. Remove test, overnight wter sok t room temp. Longitudinlly through emryo; seed kept intct t distl end Longitudinlly; plce oth hlves cut side down on lotter pper. -6 Entire emryo evenly stined; endosperm will not stin; unstined outside edge of scutellr region cceptle; greenish colored pericrp cceptle if emryo stined norml - 7 Blue lotter pper. Entire emryo must stin - 8 Snd Polygonell mcrophyll Polygonell polygm Polygonell roust Imie etween moist lotter pper for 8 hours t C. Imie etween moist lotter pper for 8 hours t C. Imie etween moist lotter pper for overnight t - C. Longitudinlly; leving seed intct t top of cotyledons Longitudinlly; leving seed intct t top of cotyledons Longitudinlly; leving seed intct t top of cotyledons. Overnight. Overnight. Overnight - Entire emryo evenly stined; endosperm is not living nd will not stin - Entire emryo evenly stined; endosperm is not living nd will not stin - Entire emryo evenly stined; endosperm is not living nd will not stin 7 Blue lotter pper 7 Blue lotter pper 7 Blue lotter pper

41 Tle : Viility nd germintion of seed collected from nturl popultions of ten ntive wildflowers. Pregermintion Germintion y viility x (n=) Dormnt Totl (%) (%) (%) vile (%) Botnicl nme Blduin ngustifoli Cllisi ornt Chrysom puciflosculos Dle feyi Dle pinnt vr. pinnt Heliotropium curssvicum Licni michuxii w Polygonell mcrophyll Polygonell polygm Polygonell roust Germintion of vile seed (%) Common nme Costlplin honeycomhed; Yellow uttons Florid scru roseling Woody goldenrod 9 Fey s pririeclover Summer frewell Seside heliotrope Gopher-Apple Lrge-leved Jointweed Jointweed; Octoer flower Lrgeflower jointweed v Seed source not locted this seson. Greenhouse germintion z (n=) (%) (//7) (//8) (//8) (8//) (//8) 6. (//) (//7) (//8) (//8) (//7) (n=9) (/7/9) (n=) 7 7 (//8) (9//8) (//8) (//8) (//8) 67 (/7/9) (n=8) 68 (/7/9) (n=8) (//7) 76 (/7/9) (/7/9) (n=8)

42 w MidWest Seed Services inc. TZ: Two replictions of seeds were soked in wter overnight. Seeds were cut longitudinlly nd oth hlves stined with.% TZ for hours t C. Germintion: Four replictions of seeds were germinted on snd in 6 x 9 germintion ox t -C. Germintion counted t nd 8 dys. x MidWest Seed Services inc. Two replictions of seeds were pretreted y llowing them to imide etween moist lotter pper for 8 hours t C. Seeds were then cut per the stndrds for ech species nd stined with % TZ t - C. Heliotropium seed received.% TZ. y MidWest Seed Services inc. Four replictions of seeds were germinted on two lyers of lue lotter pper in 6 x 9 germintion ox t C. Germintion counted t 7 nd dys for ll species ut Heliotropium which ws counted t 7 nd dys. z Indin River Reserch nd Eduction Center. seeds were sown in propgtion hlf flts ( 7/8 x 9 ½ ) (Dillen Products, Middlefield, OH) in Ffrd Superfine Germinting Mix. Plced under mist t seconds/hour. 8 dy germintion period.

43 Tle. Finl germintion percent (FGP) of non-scrified nd scrified wildflower seed collected from nturl popultions in southern Florid. Seeds were germinted with light ( hr photoperiod) in germintion oxes plced in growth chmers set t /, /, / nd / C for 8 dys. Four replictions of seeds (n=) were sujected to ech tretment. Species Control Acid Scrified z / / / / / / / / Cllisi ornt Chrysom puciflosculos x --- x --- x --- x Dle feyi Heliotropium curssvicum Licni michuxii y Polygonell mcrophyll Polygonell polygm Polygonell roust x Due to the physiology of the seed, Chysom seeds were not sujected to cid scrifiction. y Licni ws given 6 dys germintion time. z 8M scrifiction for min.

44 Tle 6. Dtes, sites, nd loctions of vegettive cuttings collected for rooting experiments. Species Blduin ngustifoli Cllisi ornt Chrysom puciflosculos Dle feyi Collection Dte June /8/9 7//8 7//8 7//8 8//8 Collection Site 6/9/9 Pine Ridge - Ornge County /7/8 mile from Milton cmpus /8/8 mile from Milton cmpus 7//8 8//8 Dle pinnt 8//8 Licni michuxii Polygonell mcrophyll /7/8 //8 GPS Coordintes Collected y Hector Poincin Ridge Mrtin County Collected y Steve Svnns Preserve SP Mrtin N989 County E77 Jonthn Dickinson SP Mrtin N9866 County E89 Hney Creek Preserve Mrtin N8 County E77 Jonthn Dickinson SP Mrtin N9866 County E89 N66 E69 Zone 6 N8686 E9 Zone 6 N8686 E9 Jonthn Dickinson SP Mrtin N9888 County E886 Withlcoochee Stte Forest N986 Citrus County E6 Withlcoochee Stte Forest N6 Hernndo Cty E77 mile from Milton cmpus Zone 6 N87 E69 mile from Milton cmpus Zone 6 N87 E69 //8 Henderson Bech Stte Prk //9 Big Lgoon Stte Prk Zone N6666 E796 Zone 6 N6 E98 //8 Henderson Bech Stte Prk Collected y Mck Polygonell polygm 7//8 8//8 /7/9 Hney Creek Preserve Mrtin County Hney Creek Preserve Mrtin County Hney Creek Preserve Mrtin County N8 E77 Collected y Alison Collected y Steve

45 Polygonell polygm vr. rctet Polygonell roust /8/9 6/9/9 Poincin Ridge Mrtin County Withlcoochee Stte Forest Citrus County //9 Big Lgoon Stte Prk /7/9 7//8 8//8 /7/9 Hney Creek Preserve Mrtin County Sugrhill Community Mrtin County Jonthn Dickinson SP Mrtin County Centrl Florid Svnns Preserve SP Mrtin County 6/9/9 Pine Ridge - Ornge County Collected y Steve N9989 E68 Zone 6 N6 E98 Collected y Steve N76 E77 Collected y Alison Collected y Alison Collected y Steve N66 E69 y UTM UPS coordinte system; WGS 8, zone 7N or 6N where noted z GPS Coordintes not ville

46 Tle 7. Anlysis of soil from the three sites in Florid used for ntive wildflower field evlution. Florid plnting site Orgnic mtter (%) Est. N relese (ls A - ) P (ppm) K (ppm) Mg (ppm) C (ppm) ph EC (mmhos /cm) CEC (meq g - ) Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce

47 Tle 8. Propgtion nd production summry of ten wildflower species. Botnicl Nme Seed propgtion Vegettive propgtion Lndscpe evlution Blduin Cuttings root redily with ngustifoli or without ppm IBA Cllisi ornt Chrysom puciflosculos Dle feyi No germintion t high tempertures, very low (8%) t low tempertures for the new seed tch from Mrtin Co. Low seed viility (6% post TZ). GNV seed source will e revisited in lte Decemer-erly Jnury. Stock plnts produced limited seeds, difficult collection window for field collection Very low viility (%) of initil seeds collected in Milton, no germintion t ny of the tempertures. Seeds were either hrvested premturely or desiccted from storge. Plnts in Milton re presently in fruit from erly seson flowers ut ll seed pper to e empty t this time- we re monitoring plnts for seed development. Seeds hve een collected nd will e sujected to temperture studies in fort pierce. Cuttings root redily with ppm IBA: ppm NAA Rooting exceeded 9%, rooting percentge ws greter with IBA t or compred to the nontreted control nd IBA t ppm. Softwood (Summer) cuttings 8% without IBA nd from 9 to % with to ppm IBA. Rooting with FfrdP is slightly greter thn with Perlite/ Vermiculite. Dormnt (Winter) cuttings root poorly without KIBA (8-%). Rooting % did not exceed 7% in Ffrd P with KIBA from to ppm. Rooting ws from 87 to 9% in Perlite/Vermiculite with KIBA from to ppm. All cutting propgtion experiments filed. The lst two experiments employed n enclosed propgtion system without mist ut cuttings continued to rot nd lso hd signs of folir phytophther. The propgtion environment continues to e chllenge for this species. In progress - Multi-site evlution initited July 7 9. Erlier study still in ground (Ft. Pierce) plnt/gl In progress - Multi-site evlution initited July 7 9. Initil results suggest plnt per pot is optiml rther thn plnts/pot. Plnts exhiit stoloniferous ehvior similr to spider plnts in pots. In progress (Milton) evluting trde gllon, treepot nd qurts with nd without irrigtion. Additionl cuttings nd liners in production. Multi-site evlution initited April from cuttings. Will produce plugs from seeds for sttewide tril (seeds collected in Nov 9 from Milton) In progress - Multi-site evlution initited July 7, 9. 7

48 Dle pinnt vr. pinnt Heliotropium curssvicum Licni michuxii Polygonell mcrophyll Seed source will e visited in lte Decemer-erly Jnury when seeds re known to e t shedding stge. However, site hs not received urn tretments in yers nd plnts my not e present. Seeds germinte redily without pretretment (7% viility). Collect when green nd llow to dehisce. Seeds were collected from multiple loctions. Initil viility nd germintion ws high (8%) indicting no endogenous dormncy (endocrp ws removed). Viility ppers to vry significntly mong collection sites. Non-scrified seeds nd fruits (seeds + endocrp) imie redily. Therefore, physicl dormncy not present. All vile seeds completed germintion y th dy of imiition experiment. Fresh seeds non-dormnt t shedding. Wrmer tempertures stimulte germintion in the light. Germintion high t ll tempertures in the drk. Best germintion chieved t lowest temperture (/). GA nominlly improved germintion. All cutting propgtion experiments filed. The lst two experiments employed n enclosed propgtion system without mist ut cuttings continued to rot nd lso hd signs of folir phytophther. The propgtion environment continues to e chllenge for this species. Cuttings root redily with or without IBA tlc KIBA does not influence the numer of cuttings producing roots nd rooting exceeded 9%. Root numer incresed with KIBA t, or ppm. Successful rooting of cuttings in Milton (88 to % rooting) oth with nd without IBA from to ppm with oth erly spring nd summer cuttings. Rooting with Ffrd is slightly greter thn with Perlite/ Vermiculite. Currently evluting NAA. Cuttings root t 6% with nd without ppm IBA. Rooting t ppm IBA ws 8% nd with ppm 9%. Root numer incresed s the rte of KIBA incresed. Seeds will e collected in Dec 9. In progress - Multi-site evlution initited July 7 9. Plnts perform optiml if per pot nd one hrd pruning prior to trnsplnting. In progress - Multi-site evlution initited July 7 9. (Milton) Cuttings re sensitive to hndling from evlution procedures requiring production of dditionl cuttings for field evlution. Cuttings stuck My 9 in different propgtion continers using ppm IBA in n ttempt to produce plnts for continer nd field evlution. In progress-multi-site evlution initition July 7, 9 (seedlings) In progress - Multi-site evlution initited April 9 (cuttings). Rooted cuttings showing signs 8

49 of inflorescence development. Plnts propgted in Milton to e plnted in west, centrl nd south FL - liners trnsplnted to gllon continers nd the inflorescences removed Nov. 8. Polygonell polygm Polygonell roust Generlly low germintion (%) though viility is higher (6%), ut gretest occurs t lower tempertures ( o C dy/ o C night). Presoking in GA nominlly incresed germintion percentge. Nicked nd un-nicked seeds imied regulrly, though nicked seeds imied t fster rte. Seed collected in Milton from Big Lgoon Stte Prk Nov. 8, shipped to Fort Pierce. Higher germintion (8%) thn P. polygm. Gretest germintion occurs t lower tempertures ( o C dy/ o C night). Presoking in GA did not improve germintion. Seeds imied regulrly, similr to P. polygm. Rooting percentge, root rting nd root numer did not differ with Ffrd nd Perlite/ Vermiculite. Cuttings 8% without IBA nd from 86 to 98% with to ppm IBA. There ws n interction etween propgtion sustrte nd root length. Root length did not differ mong cuttings propgted in Ffrd P ut length of cuttings rooted in Perlite/Vermiculite t ppm KIBA were from. to cm longer thn root length of ll cuttings rooted in Ffrd P nd ll other Perlite/Vermiculite/KIBA comintions. Cuttings root redily, ut perform est with ppm IBA: ppm NAA. Milton - Softwood cuttings show no response to uxin tretment or propgtion sustrte. Cuttings rooted t 9% nd there ws no difference in root numers mong cuttings rooted in Ffrd B nd Perlite vermiculite. In progress-multi-site evlution initition July, 9 (seedlings) In progress - Multi-site evlution initited April 9 (cuttings). Rooted cuttings plnted in Milton were sensitive to frequent rinfll. Returned to the greenhouse for etter wter mngement. In progress-multi-site evlution initition July 7, 9 (seedlings) In progress - Multi-site evlution initited April 9 (cuttings). 9

50 Figure : Plnt imges of form, flower nd seed. Botnicl Nme Plnt Form Flower Seed Blduin ngustifoli Cllisi ornt K. Ruder K. Muller J. Gersony Chrysom puciflosculos A. Hether K. Muller J. Gersony K. Muller K. Muller J. Gersony

51 Dle feyi Dle pinnt vr. pinnt K. Ruder K. Ruder J. Gersony Heliotropium curssvicum A. Hether F. Almir J. Gersony S. Woodmnsee K. Muller J. Gersony

52 Licni michuxii Polygonell mcrophyll K. Muller K. Muller K. Muller Polygonell polygm K. Muller M. Thetford J. Gersony K. Ruder M. Thetford J. Gersony

53 Polygonell roust K. Muller S. Woodmnsee J. Gersony

54 Figure : Mp of 7 different seed collection sites cross the stte.

55 Figure : Mp of 9 different cutting collection sites cross the stte.

56 Flower rting (-) Plnt qulity rting (-) Flower rting (-) Plnt qulity rting (-) Flower rting (-) Plnt qulity rting (-) Flower rting (-) Plnt qulity rting (-) Figure. (Prt vegettive propgtion). Monthly flower nd visul qulity of wildflowers plnted in northwest (Milton), centrl (Ginesville), nd south (Fort Pierce) FL. Study ws initited April, 9. Cultivr Flowering Chrt Plnt Qulity Chrt Chrysom Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce puciflosculos AprMyJun Jul AugSep OctNovDecJn Jn FeMrAprMyJun Month Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce AprMyJun Jul AugSepOctNovDecJnJnFeMrAprMyJun Month Polygonell mcrophyll Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce AprMyJun Jul AugSep OctNovDecJn Jn FeMrAprMyJun Month AprMyJun Jul AugSepOctNovDecJnJnFeMrAprMyJun Month Polygonell polygm Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce AprMyJun Jul AugSep OctNovDecJn Jn FeMrAprMyJun Month AprMyJun Jul AugSepOctNovDecJnJnFeMrAprMyJun Month Polygonell roust Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce AprMyJun Jul AugSep OctNovDecJn Jn FeMrAprMyJun Month AprMyJun Jul AugSepOctNovDecJnJnFeMrAprMyJun Month 6

57 Flower rting (-) Performnce rting (-) Flower rting (-) Performnce rting (-) Flower rting (-) Performnce rting (-) Flower rting (-) Performnce rting (-) Flower rting (-) Performnce rting (-) Figure. (Prt seed propgtion). Monthly flower nd visul qulity of wildflowers plnted in northwest (Milton), centrl (Ginesville), nd south (Fort Pierce) FL. Study ws initited July 7 9. Cultivr Flowering Chrt Plnt Qulity Chrt Blduin ngustifoli Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month Cllisi ornt Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month Dle feyi Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month Heliotropium curssvicum Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month Licni michuxii Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month 7

58 Flower rting (-) Performnce rting (-) Flower rting (-) Performnce rting (-) Flower rting (-) Performnce rting (-) Polygonell mcrophyll Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month Polygonell polygm Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month Polygonell roust Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce Milton Ginesville Fort Pierce July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jn Jn Fe Mr Apr My June Month Figure 6. Lndscpe tril field design t Milton, Ginesville, nd Fort Pierce respectively. Picture tken 9/7/9 8

59 Picture tken //9 Picture tken //9 Tle 9: Growth index of Wildflower species propgted from cuttings grown for 8 weeks in Northern (Milton), Centrl (Ginesville) nd Southern (Fort Pierce) Florid. Nme Northern Florid Centrl Florid Southern Florid Chrysom puciflosculos Polygonell mcrophyll.6.. Polygonell polygm Polygonell roust