Compost and residues from biogas plant as potting substrates for salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive plants

Transcription

1 Institut für Nutzpflnzenwissenschften und Ressourcenschutz (INRES) Lehr-und Forschungsbereich Pflnzenernährung der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn Compost nd residues from biogs plnt s potting substrtes for slt-tolernt nd slt-sensitive plnts Inugurl Disserttion Zur Erlngung des Grdes Doktor der Agrrwissenschften (Dr. gr.) der Hohen Lndwirtschftlichen Fkutät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn Vorgelegt m 20. Dezember 2012 von Do Thi Cm Vn us H Noi, Vietnm

2 Referent: Korreferent: Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Heinrich W. Scherer PD. Dr. Jochim Clemens Prof. Dr. Krl-Heinz Südekum Tg der mündlichen Prüfung: Erscheinungsjhr: 2013

3 PhD disserttion Erklärung (Declrtion) Ich versichere, dss ich diese Arbeit selbständig verfßt he, keine nderen Quellen und Hilfsmterlien ls die ngegebenen benutzt und die Stellen der Arbeit, die nderen Werken dem Wortlut oder dem Sinn nch entnommen sind, kenntlich gemcht he. Die Arbeit ht in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner nderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegen. Do Thi Cm Vn Bonn, den i -

4 PhD disserttion Acknowledgements This disserttion could not be finished without ll help nd support from mny people nd orgniztions. First of ll, I would like to show my deep grtitude to Prof. Dr. Heinrich W. Scherer, my first supervisor, for ccepting nd wrding me n opportunity to work in the Sino-Germn project Recycling of orgnic residues from griculturl nd municipl origin in Chin. From my sight, he is not only conscientious supervisor but lso kind doctor fther. I m lucky nd hppy to be under his supervision nd guidnce. I would like to thnk PD. Dr. Jochim Clemens, my second supervisor who firstly ccepted me s his PhD student nd opened chnce for me to be here for pursuing my PhD study. And I lso would like to thnk Prof. Dr. Krl-Heinz Südekum for cceptnce to be my referee. I would like to thnk Prof. Dr. Heiner E. Goldbch who gve me mny helpful scientific dvice nd consultncy which contributed to my successful reserch. I would like to thnk PD. Dr. Gerhrd Welp nd Mrs. Anne Ostermnn nd other members of INRES-Soil Science, University of Bonn for the good coopertion nd ssistnce during the time I worked in their institute. I would like to thnk Dr. Ki Schmidt nd Mrs. Pris Pourmoyyed for help with sttistic dt process nd Mrs. Cludi Seehuber for help with the trnsltion of summry into Germn. Furthermore, I would like to thnk the Vietnmese Ministry of Eduction nd Trining (MOET) to fund full scholrship for my study during three yers, the Germn Acdemic Exchnge Service (DAAD) to support Germn course, Vis ppliction nd study extension in Germny, nd the Federl Ministry of Eduction nd Reserch (BMFB) in Germny to fund for my reserch s prt of the Sino-Germn project. I would like to thnk the TA group (Mrs. Wltrud Köhler, Mr. Hermnn-Josef Müller, Mrs. Brigitte Ueberbch, Mrs. Angelik Veits, Mrs. Angelik Glogu nd others) who ssisted nd helped me lot during my experiments nd work in the greenhouse nd lortory. Also, I would like to thnk ll the collegues of INRES-Plnt Nutrition, University of Bonn for the gret time during nd fter work nd the friendly tmosphere. In ddition, I would like to wrmly thnk ll my der friends in Vietnm nd Germny who re not mentioned by nme but hve lwys been beside me whenever I need their ssistnce nd help in work s well s life. Lst but not t lest, I owe my deepest grtitude to ll my fmily members, who hve not only mentlly encourged me but lso scrificed lot during my sty in Germny. - ii -

5 PhD disserttion Dediction This thesis is dedicted to my beloved fmily: my husbnd (Trần Đăng Thuần), my prents (mẹ Mi, mẹ Nhung & bố Thược), my brothers nd my sister. - iii -

6 PhD disserttion Tle of Contents Erklärung (Declrtion)... Acknowledgements... i ii Dediction... iii Tle of Contents... iv List of Abbrevitions... vii List of Tles... viii List of Figures... ix Summry... xi Zusmmenfssung (Summry in Germn)... xii Chpter 1. Generl Introduction Orgnic wste recycling Sitution of orgnic wste recycling in Chin Brief introduction of Sino-Germn project Reserch objectives References... 6 Chpter 2. Compost nd residues from biogs plnt s bsic rw mterils for potting substrtes of slt-tolernt plnts Introduction Mterils nd methods Rw Mterils Additives Experimentl design Anlysis methods Results nd discussions Grss Yield iv -

7 PhD disserttion Uptke of nutrients Rpe nd sunflower Yield Uptke of nutrients Generl discussion Conclusion References Chpter 3. Compost s potting medi component for slt-sensitive plnts Introduction Mterils nd methods Experiment 1: Compost-bsed substrtes Rw mterils Experimentl design Experiment 2: Pet-bsed substrtes Pretretment of mteril to produce TKS Experimentl design Anlysis methods Results nd discussions Experiment 1: Compost-bsed substrtes Plnt growth Content nd totl uptke of nutrient (N, P, K, Mg nd N) Experiment 2: Pet-bsed substrtes Plnt growth Content nd totl uptke of nutrient (N, P, K, Mg nd N) Conclusion References Chpter 4. Investigtion on ntibiotic uptke from mnure-mended soil Introduction v -

8 PhD disserttion 4.2. Mterils nd methods Chemicls Soil, mnure nd plnt Experimentl design Anlysis methods Extrction method of ntibiotics from plnt mteril HPLC nd MS/MS conditions Results nd discussions Conclusion References Chpter 5. Generl conclusions nd recommendtions Appendices... I - vi -

9 PhD disserttion LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CEC Coco Comp Comp-S CTC BioR BioR-S DM E c Ction exchnge cpcity Cocofiber Unleched compost Leched compost Chlortetrcyline Unleched residues from biogs plnt Leched residues from biogs plnt Dry mtter Slt content (ms/cm) E. coli Escherichi coli FS HC soil Hy LC soil Le Per SMZ Fecl streptococci Soil with high crbon content Hygromull Soil with low crbon content Lecton Perlite Sulfmethzine SPS Stndrd soil substrte type ED 73 produced from 70% white pet nd 30% cly Sty TKS 0 TKS 1 TKS 2 WHC Styromull Stndrd soil produced from 100% white pet Stndrd soil produced from minly white pet nd prtilly blck pet, lower slt content Stndrd soil produced from minly white pet nd prtilly blck pet, higher slt content Wter-holding cpcity - vii -

10 PhD disserttion LIST OF TABLES Tle 1: Totl nnul mounts of orgnic rw mterils in Chin... 2 Tle 2: Chemicl chrcteristics of rw mterils for pot experiment in Tle 3: Tretments of pot experiment in Tle 4: Chemicl chrcteristics of compost, stndrd soils nd dditives Tle 5: Tretments of experiment 1 in Tle 6: Tretments of experiment 2 in Tle 7: Estimtion of slt content in growing medi before nd fter hrvest Tle 8: Estimtion of slt content in TKS 0 -bsed substrtes before nd fter hrvest Tle 9: The influence of growing medi on plnt height, dimeter, number of leves nd flower buds of Pelrgonium 31, 46 nd 62 dys fter plnting Tle 10: The influence of growing medi on plnt height, dimeter, number of leves nd flower buds of Slvi 31, 46 nd 62 dys fter plnting Tle 11: Texture of soil Tle 12: Qulity index of soil nd mnure viii -

11 PhD disserttion LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Municipl solid wste flow in Chinese cities... 4 Figure 2. Rw mterils Figure 3. Additives dded to bsic mterils Figure 4. The first pot experiment in the greenhouse Figure 5. Dry mtter yield of grss plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 6. N uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 7. P uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 8. K uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 9. Mg uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 10. C uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 11. N uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 12. S uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 13. Dry mtter yield of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes.. 31 Figure 14. N uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 15. P uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 16. K uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 17. Mg uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 18. C uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 19. N uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 20. S uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes Figure 21. Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes Figure 22. Pelrgonium nd Slvi grown in compost-bsed substrtes 45 dys fter plnting Figure 23. Dry mtter yield of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes Figure 24. N content (i) nd totl N uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes ix -

12 PhD disserttion Figure 25. P content (i) nd totl P uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes Figure 26. K content (i) nd totl K uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes Figure 27. Mg content (i) nd totl Mg uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes Figure 28. N content (i) nd totl N uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes Figure 29. Pelrgonium nd Slvi grown in pet-bsed substrtes 55 dys fter plnting Figure 30. Dry mtter yield of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in pet-bsed substrtes.. 67 Figure 31. N content (i) nd totl N uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in pet-bsed substrtes Figure 32. P content (i) nd totl P uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in pet-bsed substrtes Figure 33. K content (i) nd totl K uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in pet-bsed substrtes Figure 34. Mg content (i) nd totl Mg uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in pet-bsed substrtes Figure 35. N content (i) nd totl N uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in pet-bsed substrtes Figure 36. Cbge plnted in ntibiotics spiked-soil Figure 37. Dry mtter yield of cbge plnted in ntibiotic-spiked soils Appendix 1. Ryegrss plnted in the substrtes bsed on compost nd residues from biogs plnt before hrvest... I Appendix 2. Rpe plnted in the substrtes bsed on compost nd residues from biogs plnt before hrvest... II Appendix 3. Sunflower plnted in the substrtes bsed on compost nd residues from biogs plnt before hrvest... Appendix 4. Extrction procedure of ntibiotics from plnt mterils... II II - x -

13 PhD disserttion Summry Compost nd residues from biogs plnt hve been incresingly recognized s potting substrtes in horticulture. To investigte the suitility of both mterils to grow slt tolernt plnts in 2010 pot experiment ws conducted in the greenhouse of INRES-Plnt nutrition, University of Bonn. Ryegrss (Lolium perenne L.), rpe (Brssic npus) nd sunflower (Helinthus nnuus) were chosen s experimentl plnts. To reduce the high slt content compost nd residues from biogs plnt were leched. To improve physicl chrcteristics of rw mterils, dditives including Perlite, Styromull, Hygromull, Lecton, Pet, Cocofiber were incorported into compost or residues from biogs plnt with the volumetric rtio of 4:1. Plnt growth (DM) nd nutrient uptke (N, P, K, Mg, C, N nd S) of the experimentl plnts grown in compost-bsed or residue-bsed substrtes with nd without dditives nd stndrd soil s control were determined. Preliminry results revel tht origin compost nd residues from biogs plnt without leching re suitle potting substrtes for those plnts. For compost leching my not be recommended while for residues from biogs plnt the effect of leching ws not distinct nd needs further investigtions. The incorportion of dditives into the bsic mterils prtilly resulted in higher plnt dry mtter yield nd nutrient uptke. However, differences between the dditives on both prmeters were minly insignificnt. Incorportion of Hygromull or Pet, especilly into residues from biogs plnt fvored plnt growth nd enhnced totl nutrient uptke. In 2011, pot experiments were continued with the slt-sensitive ornmentl plnts, Pelrgonium (Pelrgonium zonle Toro) nd Slvi (Slvi splendens). Two seprte experiments were crried out for the mixtures of compost nd dditives (SPS stndrd soil type 73 bsed on Pet, Hygromull or Cocofiber) with different volumetric rtios (4:1, 1:1, 1:4) nd the mixtures of Pet incorported with smll proportions of compost nd dditives (Styromull or Perlite). The results show tht the lrge percentge (> 50% by volume) of compost in the substrte hd negtive effects on plnt growth nd nutrient uptke (N, P, K, Mg nd N) becuse of its high slt content in compost-bsed substrtes. However, both yield formtion nd nutrient uptke of the studied plnts when grown in pet-bsed substrtes significntly incresed compring to those of compost-bsed substrtes nd lmost gined the level of the control. Especilly, the growth of Slvi ws significntly improved. Consequently, compost-bsed medi (with more thn 50% of compost) my not be recommended for slt sensitive ornmentl plnts, while less thn 25% volume of compost incorported with Pet cretes fvorle pet-bsed substrtes which resonly enhnced growth of Pelrgonium nd Slvi. Investigting ntibiotic uptke by cbge (Brssic olerce vr. cpitt f. b) from the mnure-mended soils contining high nd low crbon content spiked with the two ntibiotics Chlortetrcycline nd Sulfmethzine ws trgeted s the third objective. The input concentrtions of the studied ntibiotics were 100, 200 nd 400 µg/kg regrded to their present concentrtion rnge in Chinese top soils. The ntibiotics in plnt mterils were nlyzed by HPLC-MS fter extrction. The results revel tht the presence of ville high crbon content in the soil incresed crop yield of cbge. However ntibiotics were not detected in the cbge mterils ccording to the ntibiotic employment with the initil studied concentrtions. It my be concluded tht with the smll mounts of ntibiotics pplied to the soils, there is no risk of uptke of ntibiotics by plnts. - xi -

14 PhD disserttion Zusmmenfssung (Summry in Germn) Kompost und Reststoffe us Biogsnlgen werden zunehmend recycelt, um schließlich ls Kultursubstrte für grtenbuliche Zwecke zu dienen. Um die Eignung beider Mterilien für den Anbu Slz-tolernter Pflnzen zu überprüfen, wurde im Jhr 2010 im Gewächshus m INRES-Pflnzenernährung ein Gefäßversuch durchgeführt. Als Versuchspflnzen wurden Ausduerndes Weidelgrs (Lolium perenne L.), Rps (Brssic npus) und Sonnenblume (Helinthus nnuus) ngebut. Um deren hohen Slzgehlt der Substrte zusenken, wurden Kompost und Reststoffe us einer Biogsnlge usgewschen. Zur Verbesserung physiklischer Eigenschften beider Mterilien wurden verschiedene Zuschlgstoffe (Perlit, Styromull, Hygromull, Lecton -Blähton, Torf oder Kokosfser) in Kompost und Reststoffe us einer Biogsnlge in einem Volumen-Verhältnis von 4:1 eingemischt. Der Trockenmsse-Ertrg und die Nährstoffufnhme (N-, P-, K-, Mg-, C-, N- und S-Gehlt) von Weidelgrs, Rps und Sonnenblume wurden erfsst und mit der Kontrolle verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dss Kompost und Reststoffe us einer Biogsnlge uch ohne Slzextrktion ls Pflnzsubstrte geeignet sind. Bei Kompost wird deshlb eine Slzextrktion nicht empfohlen, bei Reststoffen us einer Biogsnlge wr der Einfluss dgegen nicht eindeutig. Hierzu sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich. Die Einrbeitung der Zusätze in ds Ausgngsmteril erhöhte den Trockenmsse-Ertrg und die Nährstoffufnhme der Pflnzen. Dei wr zwischen den verschiedenen Zusätzen meist kein signifiknter Unterschied festzustellen. Wurden Hygromull oder Torf ls Zustz verwendet, so begünstigten diese, besonders in Kombintion mit Rückständen us der Biogsnlge, ds Pflnzenwchstum und die gesmte Nährstoffufnhme. Im Jhr 2011 wurden weitere Gefäßversuche mit den slzempfindlichen Zierpflnzen Gernie (Pelrgonium zonle) und Feuerslbei (Slvi splendens) durchgeführt. Es hndelte sich um zwei unhängige Versuche, einer mit Kompost-Mischungen (SPS Bodensubstrt Typ 73, bsiert uf Torf; Hygromull oder Kokosfser) mit verschiedenen volumetrischen Verhältnissen (4:1, 1:1, 1:4) und der ndere mit einem Gemisch us Torf, etws Kompost und Styromull oder Perlit. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dss ein hoher Kompost-Anteil (> 50% des Volumens) ufgrund des reltiv hohen Slz-Gehlts negtive Auswirkungen uf ds Pflnzenwchstum und die Nährstoffufnhme (N, P, K, Mg und N) ht. Auf Torf bsierende Substrte jedoch erzielten sowohl einen signifiknt höheren Ertrg ls uch eine gesteigerte Nährstoffufnhme im Vergleich zu uf Kompost bsierenden Substrten und erreichten beinhe die Werte der Kontrolle. Besonders ds Wchstum von Feuerslbei wurde signifiknt verbessert. Folglich wird für Slz-sensitive Pflnzen empfohlen, nicht mehr ls 50 Vol.-% Kompost in ds Substrt zu mischen. Eine Substrt-Mischung mit Torf und weniger ls 25 Vol.-% Kompost bildet eine gute Grundlge für ein gesundes Wchstum von Gernien und Slbei. Drittes Ziel der Arbeit wr zu überprüfen, ob Antibiotik us einem mit Mist gedüngtem Boden mit hohem bzw. niedrigem Kohlenstoff-Gehlten von Weißkohl (Brssic olerce vr. cpitt f. b) ufgenommen werden. Dzu wurde der Boden mit den Antibiotik Chlortetrcyclin und Sulfmethzin (100, 200 und 400 µg/kg Boden) versetzt, ws die ktuelle Konzentrtionsbreite chinesischer Oberböden widerspiegelt. Die Antibiotik im Pflnzenmteril wurden nch Extrktion mittels HPLC-MS bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dss hohe verfügbre C-Gehlte im Boden den Ertrg bei Kohl erhöhen. Antibiotik wurden jedoch nicht im Kohl nchgewiesen. Es besteht lso kein Risiko, dss Böden, die bis 400 µg/kg Antibiotik enthlten, komtminierte Pflnzen hervorbringen. - xii -

15 Chpter 1: Generl introduction Chpter 1 Generl Introduction 1.1. Orgnic wste recycling Sitution of orgnic wste recycling in Chin Orgnic wstes hve been incresingly relesed s result of drmticlly over-popultion development, urbniztion, nd humn ctivities tht re mostly occurring in Asin developing countries. These countries re fcing with very serious environmentl problems such s ir, wter, nd soil pollution which re the result from shortge of orgnic solid wste mngement. Notly, Chin is one of the third lrgest countries with the highest popultion of over 1.3 billions in 2011 (Dt source: World Bnk 2011) contributing to huge mss nd volume of orgnic wstes in the world. Recently, Chin hs become the lrgest wste genertor in 2004 fter surpssing United Sttes (US) (Zhng et l. 2010). Burden of huge popultion nd fst industriliztion in Chin, it hs forced pressure on Chinese food production meeting high demnds of vegetles, met, milk, eggs, etc. Therefore, the industry of slughtering livestock (pig, cttle, bufflo, chicken, duck ) in Chin hs been incresingly developed. In 2005 out 50% of pig met nd out 76% duck met of the totl world production were produced (Dt source: Food nd Agriculture Orgniztion of the United Ntions 2004). The intensive pig frms in Chin re minly concentrted in five regions including Beijing, Tinjin, Zhejing, Fujin nd Hinn. Totl output of niml wstes from livestock rising industry in Chin ws estimted s 3.19 billion tons, which ws ccounted for 3.2 times the solid wstes generted by industril sectors in 2004 (Dt source: Chinese sttistics of livestock production 2004). The mount of niml wstes is likely to rech 6 billion tons until The verge niml wste lod on frmlnd ws out 24 tons/h in 2008, especilly high s 49 tons/h in the Beijing re. With n extremely high contribution to the totl wste mount, the wste source from livestock husbndry is determined s the min pollution source in Chin (Tle 1)

16 Chpter 1: Generl introduction Tle 1: Totl nnul mounts of orgnic rw mterils in Chin Crop strws nd stlks 400 million tons 490 million tons 673 million tons 795 million tons Animl excret (feces nd urine) (wet weight) 2.7 billion tons 3.2 billion tons 4.3 billion tons Oliseed cke wstes 19.6 million tons 25 million tons Green mnures Humn excret Slughtered house wste Sewge sludge (dry) Municipl Solid Wste (MSW) 342 million tons million tons million tons 55 million tons billion tons Dt source: Ju et l. (2005) Prllel problems with the intensive livestock nd crop production in Chinese griculture re deling with huge mss of orgnic wstes from nimls nd plnt residues. Consequently, new environmentl pollutions hve been formed, which re orgnic wstes such s remnnts of vegetles nd flowers, niml wstes, strw, etc. In connection to these griculturl ctivities, series of environmentlly hzrdous pollutions in Chin re included: polluted quifers due to direct dischrge without pre-tretment, overloding of nutrients becuse of over ppliction of niml mnures to croplnd, leching of nitrte, soil pollution from feed dditives including hevy metls, ntibiotics, incresed ir pollution nd greenhouse gs emission (CO 2 ) s consequence of strw burning, etc. Furthermore, the snitry of Chinese griculture hs been still very low, which cuses negtive effects on humn helth. The over ppliction of niml mnure to crop lnd my result in n enrichment of humn pthogens nd prsites such s Slmonell, Escherichi coli, Cmpylobcter, Rotvirus Cryptosporidi, Aujezsky s Disese (Pseudories) virus.on the other hnd, the soils in Chin re exhusted in nutrients due to intensive cropping nd contin low soil orgnic mtter content. Thus, Chinese frmers often choose simple nd conventionl wy to - 2 -

17 Chpter 1: Generl introduction fertilize the soils by dding sh from burning strw, which unexpectedly cused other ir pollution. The producing scle in Chin is minly on household-bsed size. Therefore, the mngement nd tretment of wstes hve still low level, especilly in rurl nd suburbn regions. Also, Chinese frmers hve lck knowledge out the potentil nutrition vlue in griculturl wstes nd psychologicl resistnce to wste mterils s usefulness such s brnches of plnts, strw, plnt stem nd roots which re improper used nd freely disposl. In fct, Chinese orgnic wstes from griculturl production re plentiful nd undnt of orgnic mtter nd contin essentil nutrients for plnts (N, P, K) which cn be recycled (Tle 1). Bo et l. (2003) conducted some surveys in 18 Chinese provinces on totl nutrient input derived from orgnic mnure dded to croplnd. They found tht out 35% of the totl nutrient from mnure nd minerl fertilizers, contining 18% N, 28% P, 75% K, were pplied to croplnd (Bo et l. 2003). It ws estimted tht only 29.2% N, 43.5% P nd 66.1% K in orgnic mnure were vergely recycled. Therefore, t the present K minly comes from orgnic mnure, nd N nd P re minly supplied s chemicl fertilizers (Ju et l. 2005). Orgnic mnure ws prtilly distributed to different cropping systems, occupying some percentge of the totl re such s grin crop (52.3%), vegetles (81.3%), fruit tree (77.0%), nd remining csh crop (29.2%), respectively (Ju et l. 2005). In 2007, Chin ws rnked s the top country for cultivtion of vegetle production, but the fertilizer ppliction rte in Chin ws high, reching 51 million tons with very high level of N up to 450 kg/h in 2007 (Liu et l. 2009). The high content of N (Ure nd N-NH + 4 ) in the soil my be trnsformed into nitrte (NO - 3 ) cusing nitrte contmintion of vegetles. However, there re still some horticulture res where not enough fertilizers re pplied, but lso some res like csh crops might be supplied excessive with minerl N fertilizers (Ju et l. 2004). Furthermore, livestock mnure contminted with ntibiotics my be dded to soils nd then ccumulted in plnts nd vegetles (Boxll et l. 2006). These substnces my potentilly become hrmful to people s helth. Therefore, it is very importnt nd necessry to develop sustinle nd sfe food production in griculture. Recycling nutrients in Chinese orgnic wstes re potentil nd undnt which cn be pplied to improve the qulity nd quntity of soil, crops nd bring lot of benefits to frmers nd environment

18 Chpter 1: Generl introduction Household Public plces Industril plces 10% 10% 60% 10% MSW Vendor collection 85% 15% Collection Recycling City wste trnsport Composting 1.3% Lnd fill 97% Incinertion 1.7% Business 10% Trnsporttion Figure 1. Municipl solid wste flow in Chinese cities (Idris et l. 2004) So fr lndfill hs still been trditionl dominnt method of municipl solid wstes (MSW) tretment of Chinese cities. In survey conducted for 138 Chinese cities in 2000, most of collected MSW ws treted by 11 lndfills (97%), followed by incinertion (1.7%), only smll percent occupied by composting (1.3%) (Figure 1) (Idris et l. 2004). This mens there re lot of environmentl pollutions relted to lndfill sites such s groundwter pollution due to less or ignored lechte tretment of wstes, pollutions of surfce wter, lnd nd ir (Hui et l. 2005). Furthermore, lndfill needs lot of spce, but lnd re is limited in cities (Hui et l. 2005). Moreover, the second populr method of MSW tretment in Chin ws incinertion requiring costly instlltion, opertion, nd mintinnce investment which were unffordle for most Chinese cities (Idris et l. 2004). With high moisture content nd low cloric vlue in solid wstes, the incinertion systems in Chin re unle to void creting dioxins nd fly sh pollution which becomes very urgent problem nd chllenge (Hui et l. 2005). Therefore, the mentioned MSW methods ove re not completely benificil nd not sustinble wste-treting methods in long term. Nevertheless, composting occupies very limited percent mong MSW tretment methods in Chin. The composting scle of orgnic wste tretment is improper with the huge mss nd volume of Chinese solid wstes nd still much lower thn in industrilized countries such s Germny, Sweden, Jpn, USA, etc. (Zhng et l. 2010). Orgnic wstes in Chin were ccounted to hve lrge proportion in the whole MSW, however only 2.9 million tons were composted in 2006 (Chen et l. 2009). It is wste of recylle undnt nutrient resources if wstes re dumped nd burned without recycling nd reusing. All residues or orgnic wstes from Chinese frms nd households should be well-mnged, reused nd processed in simple wy by composting. Products from - 4 -

19 Chpter 1: Generl introduction composting cn then be used nd pplied widely s potting substrtes in horticulture, which is very importnt for the new system of recycling orgnic residues in Chin. Besides, Chinese government hs recently invested nd encourged to develop number of biogs plnts (Liu et l. 2009). Tht is imed t not only supplying more energy for the huge popultion country but lso contributing to improving environmentl qulity. Residues from biogs plnts were recognized to be beneficil fertilizers s well s potting substrtes for plnting. Yield, nutrition qulity nd stress resistnce of vegetles were proved to be better when biogs mnure ws pplied in horticulture. Referred to Chin Ntionl Pln on Rurl Biogs Construction Projects in the period of , over 20% the mount of chemicl fertilizers nd pesticides, nd less thn 1% of pesticide residues were reduced by utilizing biogs mnure (Liu et l. 2009). It is cler tht Chin hs enough dvntgeous conditions to develop nd extend the scle of orgnic wste tretments such s composting, biogs plnts which re considered to overcome nd solve ll problems of the mentioned conventionl methods of wste tretment. The ppliction of products of compost or residues from biogs plnt brings environmentl, economicl nd nutritionl vlues for sfe crop production Brief introduction of Sino-Germn project Regrding the sustinle griculturl production, the vegetle qulity nd the security of food, nd the environment qulity need to be improved in Chin, the project Recycling of orgnic residues from griculturl nd municipl origin in Chin coopertes between Germny nd Chin ws born nd ended during three yers (September 1, Mrch 31, 2012). The project ws divided into 9 sub-projects nd this study belongs to the sub-project 7 which focuses on improving vegetle qulity nd incresing the security of food nd environment by cycling orgnic wstes from griculture in the ecosystem of greenhouse. The objectives of this sub-project re to optimize the use of residues from intensive livestock rising nd further to develop substrtes nd rising for intensive ornmentl nd vegetle production. In detil, the objectives of sub-project 7 could be ddressed s: To optimize the production of substrtes nd fertilizers derived from nerobiclly nd/or erobiclly treted pig mnure frctions for intensive horticulturl production To optimize the substrte nd fertilizer ppliction with respect to yield nd qulity of vegetles nd ornmentls in greenhouses - 5 -

20 Chpter 1: Generl introduction Reserch objectives There re some focused objectives tht the study trgets: 1. Developing potting substrtes derived from compost nd residues from biogs plnt s bsic rw mterils for slt-tolernt plnts (pot experiments in 2010) 2. Developing potting substrtes derived from compost s potting medi component for sltsensitive plnts (pot experiments in 2011). 3. Investigting uptke of ntibiotics by cbge (pot experiment in 2011) References Bo X.M., Zhng F.S., Go X.Z., M W.Q. (2003). Evlution of ppliction sttus of orgnic fertilizer in Chin. Chin Agriculturl Science nd Technology (Zhongguo Nongye Keji Dobo) (in Chinese with English strct) 5: 3 8. Boxll A.B.A., Johnson P., Smith E.J., Sinclir C.J., Stutt E., Levy L.S. (2006). Uptke of veterinry medicines from soils into plnts. Journl of Agriculturl Food Chemistry 54: Chen X., Geng Y., Fujit T. (2009). An overview of municipl solid wste mngement in Chin. Wste Mngement 30: Chin Agriculturl Yerbook (severl issues). Agriculturl Publishing House, Beijing, Chin. FAOSTAT (2004). FAO Sttisticl Dtses, Agriculture Dt. Food nd Agriculture Orgniztion of the United Ntions. Hui Y., Li o W., Fenwei S., Gng H. (2005). Urbn solid wste mngement in Chongqing: Chllenges nd opportunities. Wste Mngement 26: Idris A., Innc B., Hssn M.N. (2004). Overview of wste disposl nd lndfills/dumps in Asin countries. Journl of Mteril Cycles nd Wste Mngement 6: Ju X.T., Liu X.J., Zhng F.S, Roelcke M. (2004): Nitrogen fertiliztion, soil nitrte ccumultion, nd policy recommendtions in severl griculturl regions of Chin. A Journl of the Humn Environment 33: Ju X., Zhng F., Bo X., Römheld V., Roelcke M. (2005). Utiliztion nd mngement of orgnic wstes in Chinese griculture: pst, present nd perspectives. Science in Chin Series C: Life Sciences 48: Liu W.K., Yng Q.C., Du L. (2009). Soilless cultivtion for high-qulity vegetles with biogs mnure in Chin: fesibility nd benefit nlysis. Renewle Agriculture nd Food Systems 24: The World Bnk (2011). Dt by country. Chin. Zhng D.Q., Tn S.K., Gersberg R.M. (2010). Municipl solid wste mngement in Chin: Sttus, problems nd chllenges. Journl of Environmentl Mngement 91:

21 Chpter 2: Compost nd residues from biogs plnt s potting substrtes Chpter 2 Compost nd residues from biogs plnt s bsic rw mterils for potting substrtes of slt-tolernt plnts Abstrct Orgnic wstes should be recycled from n ecologicl s well s n economicl point of view. For this reson compost nd residues from biogs plnt hve been incresingly recognized s vile mngement method for solid orgnic wstes imed t recycling of its end-product s potting substrte in horticulture. Plnts including ryegrss (Lolium perenne L.), rpe (Brssic npus) nd sunflower (Helinthus nnuus) were chosen to study in the first step becuse of their slt tolernce. For this first-stge plnt experiment, to reduce high slt content nd improve physicl chrcteristics of the rw mterils, ville dditives including Perlite (Per), Styromull (Sty), Hygromull (Hy), Lecton (Le), Pet (Pet), Cocofiber (Coco) were incorported into compost or residues from biogs plnt with the volumetric rtio of 4:1. Besides, compost nd residues from biogs plnt were leched to produce rw mterils hving much lower slt content. This chpter reports plnt growth (dry mtter yield) nd nutrient uptke (N, P, K, Mg, C, N nd S) of plnts grown in compost or nerobiclly digested residues with nd without dditives nd stndrd soil s control. The results revel tht untreted compost nd residues from biogs plnt re suitle potting substrtes, while leching of rw mterils is not recommended for compost. For residues from biogs plnt it ws not pronounced nd needed further investigtion. The incorportion of dditives into the bsic mterils prtilly resulted in higher yield formtion nd nutrient uptke. However, the effect mong dditives on yield formtion s well s nutrient uptke of the studied plnts ws minly insignificnt. Incorportion of Hygromull or Pet, especilly into residues from biogs plnt fvored plnt growth nd enhnced the totl uptke of nutrients, which ws ttributed to the fct tht Hygromull or Pet stored nutrients nd delivered them even t lter stge during the growing period. Furthermore these dditives with high wter holding cpcity reduced the slt concentrtion of the medium nd thus fvored growth of younger plnts. Key words: Compost, residues from biogs plnt, dditives, nutrient uptke, yield formtion

22 Chpter 2: Compost nd residues from biogs plnt s potting substrtes 2.1. Introduction Orgnic wstes incresingly relesed s result of development of griculture, industry, nd other ctivities of humnkind hve been concerned s recyclle resources. These orgnic wstes could be recycled by pplying erobic nd nerobic digestion in composting nd biogs production processes. Products of composting s well s biogs production re compost nd residues from biogs plnt which could be used s essentil mterils for soil improvement. By ppliction of these two methods, wste volume could be lrgely reduced nd essentil nutrients were stilized nd reused in horticulture nd griculture. Composting represents n effective wy to recycle residues originted from griculture, industry nd other ctivities from n ecologicl s well from n economicl point of view. For this reson, composting hs been incrementlly recognized s vile mngement method for solid orgnic wstes. One of the dvntges of composting is the possible recycling of its end-product, compost s soil conditioner. There re plenty of compost benefits such s grdully relesing nutrients like N (Scherer et l. 1996) nd P (Scherer 2004), supplying minerl or synthetic nutrient sources for plnt growth, incresing buffer properties, ction exchnge cpcity (CEC), ph vlue, enhncing soil physicl properties (reduction of soil density nd soil loss s well s runoff of surfce wter, good dringe) (Amlinger et l. 2007) etc. Becuse of lots of benefits, the ppliction of compost in griculture hs been recognized for decdes. However, scientific reserches hve been recently published nd illustrted its beneficil use of compost in crop production since the 20 th century yers (Jckson 2005, Srwr et l. 2007). There were series of studies on compost used s potting substrtes for ornmentl plnts derived from lot of orgnic sources including biosolid (municipl) wstes (Wilson et l. 2004, Mmi nd Peyvst 2010), groindustril wstes (Grci-Gomez et l. 2002), pruning wstes (Benito et l. 2005), poultry wstes (Ds et l. 2002, Hchich et l. 2006), yrd trimmings (leves nd green wstes) (Cook et l. 1998, López et l. 2010), sewge sludge nd horticulturl wstes (Stnikov et l. 2005), olivemill wstes (Ppfotiou et l. 2004), segrss (Klock-Moore 2000), erthworm cstings (vermicompost) (Suthr 2009, Theunissen et l. 2010), pper mill wstes (Hchich et l. 2006) etc. Other directions of reserch on compost in griculture nd horticulture re still potentil with other different mterils. Recently, the incorportion of compost nd other supplements hs been received considerle concerns. This ws imed t improving physicl soil conditions nd incresing productivity nd qulity of crop production (Wilson et l. 2004, Mmi nd Peyvst 2010, Grci-Gomez et l. 2002). This study lso presents the suitility of using compost s one of trget bsic mterils for crop production

23 Chpter 2: Compost nd residues from biogs plnt s potting substrtes Residues from biogs plnt re by-products of biogs production which remnnts re prtly undegrded nd finlly remined from the nerobic digestion. The wstes for biogs production re minly originted from plnts nd niml wstes, therefore the residues contin undnt mounts of micro nd mcro elements which re essentil for crop production. Notly, residues from biogs plnt re sufficient nitrogen source for plnt growth (Båth nd Rämert 1999). The concept of the ppliction of residues from biogs plnt in griculture is reltively new (Odlre 2005). These residues re not only n useful nd rich nutrient source but lso recycling indirectly contributes to reducing the greenhouse gs emission into the tmosphere s result of its potentil replcement of chemicl fertilizers in the future (Arthurson 2009, Ahmd nd Jeen 2009). Governmentl funding for biogs production hs been becoming more importnt in Germny since the two lst decdes. Also in Chin, due to the demnd of energy to supply for huge popultion nd drmtic industril development, numbers of biogs plnts supported by the Chinese government hve been incresingly estlished (Liu et l. 2009). Liu et l. (2009) indicted tht 18 million methne tnks were used by frmers t the end of 2005 in Chin rurl res, nd 1500 lrge-scle plnts of livestock production were run by enterprises. According to n estimtion of the 11 th five-yer pln of Renewle Energy Development of Chin, there were out 40 million biogs-using frmers, 4700 biogs projects for lrge-scle plnts of livestock production nd 1600 biogs projects for tretment of orgnic wstes from industry Chin by 2010 (Liu et l. 2009). Thus, lrge mount of residues from biogs plnt hs been nnully produced tht leds Chin to new environmentl nd ecologicl problems such s eutrophiction of surfce wter, enrichment of nitrte in the groundwter, soil sliniztion, spce limittion, etc. Acknowledgement of these issues, Chin hs been developing winwin sfe use of biogs mnure s crop fertilizer to solve the environment issue nd gin n economic effectiveness (Liu et l. 2009). Therefore, residues from biogs plnt re ville nd incresed incrementlly in Chin. They hve been studied to pply for crop production since two recent decdes nd pplied for some vegetles such s lettuce, Chinese cbge, rpe, tomto, cucumber, grlic, green pepper, bitter gourd, etc., chieving lot of benefits (Liu et l. 2009). Additionlly, nerobic digested residues re lso pplied to mny other plnts including ornmentl plnts for exmple sunflower to improve plnt weight nd replce chemicl fertilizers in orgnic frming (Ahmd nd Jeen 2009), corn with higher crop production proportionl to ppliction rte of residues (Rivrd et l. 1995), spinch nd komtsun hving high fresh yield nd N uptke t erly hrvest (Furukw nd Hsegw 2006). One importnt concerned issue on the hygienic security of the ppliction of residues from biogs plnt is tht they do not contribute to contmintion of E. coli, FS, or V. prhemolyticus in the soil or on plnt leves (Furukw nd Hsegw 2006). However, - 9 -

24 Chpter 2: Compost nd residues from biogs plnt s potting substrtes scientific knowledge out the utiliztion of residues from biogs plnt documented in griculture is still limited. Thus, it is necessry to hve more intensive reserch on the exploring ppliction nd effectiveness of nerobiclly digested residues recycling in griculture. Therefore, this is trgeted s n importnt tsk mentioned in the previous reserch objectives. Soilless culture Due to mny dvntges, compost nd residues from biogs plnt hve been widely pplied in griculture. However, these two rw mterils were reported to hve negtive effects on plnt growth when they re pplied lone to use s potting substrtes (Svensson et l. 2004). Mny reports hve recently documented tht compost or residues from biogs plnt were incorported with vrious dditives imed to improve the qulity of potting medium, resulting in higher crop yield nd qulity of plnts (Benito et l. 2005, Grci-Gomez et l. 2002, Jckson 2005, Mmi nd Peyvst 2010). These dditives such s Perlite, Fine brk, Styromull, Hygromull, Pet, Cocofiber, Lecton, etc. re minly rtificilly produced. To choose mteril s n dditive incorported into potting substrtes, it must hve optiml pore spce, high CEC, good-het cpcity, nd low het-conductivity (Boodt nd Verdonck 1971). Tht mens substrte vlue must be tken into ccount some spects of wter, ir, plnt nutrition, nd het economies. Moreover, bsed on plnt species nd chrcteristics of potting medi, those dditives were decided to be dded into bsic mterils with optiml well-specified physicl properties. Below, some chrcteristics of ville dditives being considered s stndrds for this study: (i) Perlite: light weight, white, expnded, closed volcnic Al-silicte minerl which increses the ertion becuse of its physicl stility nd ility to provide no cpillry pore spce in mixture (Ingrm et l. 1993). Perlite increses conductivity, but does not chnge ph nd P nd K concentrtion in the substrte (Gchuki nd Evns 2008). (ii) Styromull: very light nd closed-pore polystyrene fom contining 98% volume of ir. Therefore, this substnce cn improve the substrte ertion nd highly-withstnding nturl compression nd being importnt for greenhouse nd outdoor horticulture. However, there is lso disdvntge of Styromull tht is low bulk density determined s 25 kg/m 3 (Boodt nd Verdonck 1971). (iii) Hygromull: n open-pore hydrophilic polymer of ure nd formldehyde fom with 60-70% volume of open nd 30-40% volume of closed pores; increses the wter-holding cpcity nd the ir economy (Boodt nd Verdonck 1971). Similr to Styromull, Hygromull hs very low bulk density of kg/m

25 Chpter 2: Compost nd residues from biogs plnt s potting substrtes (iv) Pet: type of soil originted from prtilly decomposed mosses or sedges ccumulting in bogs rnging from over hundreds to thousnds of yers (Ingrm et l. 1993). It hs high wter-holding cpcity, mostly sterile nd n excellent structure for plnt growth. For instnce, Pet derived from sedges, reeds nd grsses hs the ility to bind certin soilpplied plnt growth regultors, such s Cycocel, more thn other types of Pet (Ingrm et l. 1993). Pet moss is the most populr horticulturl medi (Ingrm et l. 1993). Also, Sphgnum pet is often used s bsic mteril (Olympios 1992). (v) Lecton: thermlly lightweight expnded nd burnt cly grnules which re proven for over 20 yers s the leding substrte in hydroponics nd continers (Grtenversnd Omeg, Luf, Germny). Lecton is completely inert, ph neutrl nd reusle. It cn be used lone or mended with other growing medi to increse oxygen level nd improve dringe of substrtes, this helps to prevent root rot nd reduce wtering requirements. Additionlly, Lecton gives plnts extr weights to resist collpse by strong winds or nimls. On the other hnd, it is le to sorb ctions nd my relese C. (vi) Cocofiber: mde from fibers of coconut hull (mesocrp). Coconut fiber hs lrge content of lignin nd low content of cellulose due to its mlleility nd high durility. Cocofiber hs good physicl nd biologicl conditions for root development of plnts (Treder 2008). Additionlly, Cocofiber is strongly hygroscopic nd redily sorbs moisture. These chrcteristics help to improve the ertion nd being good t wterholding cpcity. This study ws imed to investigte the suitility of compost nd residues from biogs plnt s trget bsic mterils lone or in combintion with dditives for potting substrtes. To get first insight ryegrss, rpe nd sunflower with medium slt tolernce were chosen s experimentl plnts. The results of this chpter were published in Plnt, Soil nd Environment, Volume 58, (10): , Mterils nd methods Rw mterils Two bsic rw mterils were used including compost (Comp) originted from green wstes of Reterr compost plnt in Erftstdt, Germny nd residues from biogs plnt (BioR)

26 Chpter 2: Compost nd residues from biogs plnt s potting substrtes derived from pig mnure nd mize s min pig feeding of Julius-Kühn-Institut in Brunschweig, Germny (Figure 2). Compost Residues from biogs plnt Figure 2. Rw mterils Compost nd residues from biogs plnt contin significntly higher slt content comprle to the stndrd soil (Tle 2), which my hve potentilly negtive effect on plnt growth, especilly t the young growing or seeding stge (Rosen et l. 1993). It ws suggested tht compost nd residues from biogs plnt must probly pretreted by leching before use (Rosen et l. 1993, Liu et l. 2009). Therefore, before setting up the pots in the greenhouse, compost nd residues from biogs plnt were leched to produce rw mterils hving much lower slt content. By this wy, four types of mterils including unleched compost (Comp), leched compost (Comp-S), unleched residues from biogs plnt (BioR), leched residues from biogs plnt (BioR-S) were creted. The chemicl chrcteristics of rw mterils were determined in which the stndrd soil TKS 1 (Pet-bsed control) ws included (Tle 2). The slt content (E c ) ws lowest in TKS 1, followed by unleched compost nd residues from biogs plnt. The sme order ws found for plnt ville P, K nd Mg nd totl S, while totl N ws highest in compost. After leching, the slt content in compost nd nerobiclly digested residues ws remrkly reduced while the content of nutrients ws lmost not chnged. These prmeters were used s fundmentl informtion to mke decision for setting up potting substrtes in the greenhouse

27 Chpter 2: Compost nd residues from biogs plnt s potting substrtes Tle 2: Chemicl chrcteristics of rw mterils for pot experiment in 2010 Mteril DM ph E c P Totl CAL-P K Totl CAL-K Mg Totl Mg-CCl 2 N Totl N Totl S Totl C Totl % (CCl 2 ) ms/cm mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg TKS Comp Comp-S BioR BioR-S Smples were nlyzed with three replictes nd verge vlues re presented

28 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Additives The studied dditives included Perlite (Per), Styromull (Sty), Hygromull (Hy), Lecton (Le), Pet (Pet), Cocofiber (Coco) (Figure 3). Ech dditive ws incorported into compost or residues from biogs plnt t the rte of 20% by volume. Perlite Styromull Hygromull Lecton Pet Cocofiber Figure 3. Additives dded to bsic mterils Experimentl design Experimentl plnts were ryegrss (Lolium perenne L.), rpe (Brssic npus) nd sunflower (Helinthus nnuus) grown during the periods of April to September, April to June nd June to July 2010, respectively, in the greenhouse of INRES-Plnt nutrition, University of Bonn, Germny (Figure 4). The resons to choose these plnts re becuse of their moderte slt tolernce nd ility of grss re-growing fter cutting severl times nd the development roots of rpe nd sunflower which cn tke up high mount of nutrients from substrtes. Plnts were seeded in 6-liter pots (25 cm dimeter 30 cm height). Ryegrss ws sown in four rows nd regulrly cut for four times (ech 30 dy intervl) t 2 cm ove the surfce of pot substrtes. Rpe (four seeds per pot) grown in the compost nd residues from biogs plnt ws hrvested fter 51 nd 58 dys, respectively; then sunflower (five seeds per pot) ws in turn seeded on the sme substrtes s rpe nd hrvested fter 40 dys of cultivtion. The plnts were wtered with distilled wter every dy (60-70% of the mximum wter-holding cpcity)

29 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Figure 4. Pot experiments in the greenhouse with slt-tolernt plnts The experiment consisted of 30 tretments with four replictions (Tle 3) divided in two groups of unleched/leched compost nd unleched/leched residues from biogs plnt. After ech hrvest, fresh plnt mterils were dried t 60 o C in therml oven until constnt weight, then finely ground into powder nd stored in plstic bottles before nlysis

30 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Tle 3: Tretments of pot experiments in 2010 No. Tretment Potting substrte No. Tretment Potting substrte 1 Stndrd soil: TKS 1 16 Stndrd soil: TKS 1 2 Comp 100% unleched compost 17 BioR 100% unleched residues from biogs plnt 3 Comp Per 80% unleched compost + 20% Perlite 4 Comp Sty 80% unleched compost + 20% Styromull 5 Comp Hy 80% unleched compost + 20% Hygromull 6 Comp Le 80% unleched compost + 20% Lecton 7 Comp Pet 80% unleched compost + 20% Pet 8 Comp Coco 80% unleched compost + 20% Cocofiber 18 BioR Per 80% unleched residues from biogs plnt + 20% Perlite 19 BioR Sty 80% unleched residues from biogs plnt + 20% Styromull 20 BioR Hy 80% unleched residues from biogs plnt + 20% Hygromull 21 BioR Le 80% unleched residues from biogs plnt + 20% Lecton 22 BioR Pet 80% unleched residues from biogs plnt + 20% Pet 23 BioR Coco 80% unleched residues from biogs plnt + 20% Cocofiber 9 Comp-S 100% leched compost 24 BioR-S 100% leched residues from biogs plnt 10 Comp-S Per 80% leched compost + 20% Perlite 11 Comp-S Sty 80% leched compost + 20% Styromull 12 Comp-S Hy 80% leched compost + 20% Hygromull 13 Comp-S Le 80% leched compost + 20% Lecton 14 Comp-S Pet 80% leched compost + 20% Pet 25 BioR-S Per 80% leched residues from biogs plnt + 20% Perlite 26 BioR-S Sty 80% leched residues from biogs plnt + 20% Styromull 27 BioR-S Hy 80% leched residues from biogs plnt + 20% Hygromull 28 BioR-S Le 80% leched residues from biogs plnt + 20% Lecton 29 BioR-S Pet 80% leched residues from biogs plnt + 20% Pet 15 Comp-S Coco 80% leched compost + 20% Cocofiber 30 BioR-S Coco 80% leched residues from biogs plnt + 20% Cocofiber

31 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Anlysis Methods All rw mterils, stndrd soil nd plnt mterils were nlyzed ccording to the stndrd nlysis methods of VDLUFA (Hoffmnn 1991, 1995, 1997). ph-ccl 2 ws mesured in CCl 2 solution (0.01 M) (m/v rtio: 1/10) using ph meter with glss combintion electrode (MP 220) ccording to VDLUFA. Slt content/electric conductivity (E c ) ws determined in wter (m/v rtio: 1/10) by electric conductivity mesurement (LP 340) ccording to VDLUFA. Plnt ville Mg ws determined by extrcting 5 g ir dried mteril with prticle size less thn 2 mm in 50 ml CCl 2 solution ( M) for 2 hours following the VDLUFA method. The mixed solution ws filtered through 619 gl/4 pper. The filtrtes were mesured by Atomic sorption spectrophotometer t nm (AAS). Plnt ville P nd exchngele K were determined by extrcting 5 g ir dried mteril with prticle size less thn 2 mm in 100 ml Clcium-Acett-Lctt (CAL) solution with ph of 4.1 for 2 hours following the VDLUFA method. The solution ws filtered through 619 gl/4 pper. The filtrtes were nlyzed within the next 6 hours using colorimeter t 430 nm mesuring the blue colour intensity fter the ddition of mmonium monovndte nd mmonium heptmolybdte solution (for ville P) nd flme photometer (for exchngele K). Dry shing is suitle for totl P, K, Mg, C nd N nlysis. Using the procedure ccording to Chpmnn nd Prtt (1961) with some slight modifictions, one grm of mteril (compost, residues from biogs plnt, stndrd soil or plnt mterils) ws nneled in 50 ml porcelin crucible for 6-8 hours t 550 o C to obtined dried sh mterils. After cooling down, sturted NH 4 NO 3 (650 g/l) solution ws dded nd dried in therml oven t 100 o C for 30 min. The dried sh ws renneled for further crbon oxidtion in 2 hours. 5 ml HCl (6 N) ws dded to the oxidized sh nd heted up until boiling. The mixture ws trnsferred into 100 ml grduted flsk nd brought to volume with deionized wter. The solution ws filtered with filtrtion pper MN (640 m ø125 mm) into 100 ml flsks. These solutions were redy to dilute for nlysis. Totl P, K, C nd Mg: s previously mentioned, the filtered solutions fter dry shing were used for nlysis of P, K, N, C nd Mg by the colorimeter (P), flme photometer (K, N, C) nd AAS (Mg), respectively. Totl N, S nd C were mesured by the Elementl Anlysis Method. Briefly, 5 mg of smples in silver cup dded with ctlyst V 2 O 5 were combusted t 1020 C nd seprted

32 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes by gs chromtogrphic guge (EuroEA 3000, CHNS-O Elementl vector nlyzer). Bsed on the re of peks in the detector, the results re determined. All element nlyses ove were followed strictly by VDLUFA. Sttisticl dt nlysis Dt ws processed by using the SPSS 18.0 (Chicgo, IL, USA) softwre with multivrite nlysis (ANOVA). Men differences mong tretments for dry mtter, nutrient uptke of rpe nd sunflower hrvests, or mong different potting substrtes for ccumulted yield nd nutrient uptke of ryegrss fter 4 cutting periods were compred t significnce level of p = 0.05 by Tukey test Results nd discussions In the pst mny potting substrtes were bsed on Pet. However, Pet is not renewle resource nd moreover, Pet is becoming difficult to obtin, becuse of new legisltion for the conservtion of non-renewle resources nd environmentl protection (Alexnder et l. 2008). Therefore it is widely recognized tht compost from solid wstes nd residues from biogs plnt re vlule sources for potting substrtes. However, the high ph nd electricl conductivity of both mterils (Tle 2) re ssumed to restrict their use s potting substrtes. To overcome these problems Pet nd Cocofiber with shre of 20% volume were incorported to ech of the rw mterils. In other tretments Perlite, Styromull, Hygromull nd Lecton were dded becuse of the positive effects on the wter-holding cpcity, ertion or bulk density. In this section, results of prmeters (dry mtter-dm, uptke of nutrients including totl N, P, K, Mg, C, N nd S) for the first phse potting experiments executed in 2010 were presented (Figure 5-20) Grss The influence of the different dditives on plnt growth (Figure 5) nd uptke of nutrients ws not cler cut (Figure 6-12). However, it should be pointed out tht especilly with unleched residues from biogs plnt (BioR) the ppliction of Hygromull resulted in higher yield formtion of ryegrss (Figure 5) nd totl nutrient uptke, which ws significnt in the cse of P (Figure 7) nd Mg (Figure 9). The higher totl nutrient uptke is minly cused by higher uptke of the fourth cut. This is ttributed to the fct tht Hygromull with high wter-holding cpcity is le to store nutrients nd deliver them even lter in the growing seson

33 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Furthermore bsed on the dilution effect the slt concentrtion of the medium is reduced, resulting in fvored plnt growth. Otherwise, nerobiclly digested residues fter leching fvored to mix with Pet which slightly incresed totl P, Mg, C uptke (Figure 7, 9, 10) becuse of the higher speeding rte of growth in the first cut Yield Yield formtion of ryegrss plnted in the control medium (TKS 1 ) decresed ccording to the time of cuttings nd gined the highest vlue of 17.4 g/pot in the 1 st hrvest nd the lowest of 2.6 g/pot in the 4 th cut (Figure 5). These results differed from ll tretments with compost nd residues from biogs plnt s rw mterils, both with nd without dditives. As compred to the control, DM yield of ryegrss grown in unleched compost nd residues from biogs plnt tretments ws lower in the 1 st cut while in the following three cuts the reverse hold true. The highest DM yield of grss plnted in these unleched compost nd nerobiclly digested residue tretments ws generlly observed in the 2 nd cut rnging from nd g/pot, respectively. These pek results re relted to the high slt nd ville nutrient content in the rw mterils (Tle 2), which is ssumed to be limiting fctors for plnt growth in the first stge (Rivrd et l. 1995), but soluble slts were strongly reduced lter in the growing seson (Ppfotiou 2004). DM yield of the 1 st cut between tretments of unleched compost with dditives ws comprtively s high s in the 3 rd nd 4 th cuts nd rnged between g/pot. The grss kept growing nd brnching in the lst cuts, but the growth rte strted to slow down nd the height ws reduced (Ostos et l. 2008). For the tretments of unleched residues from biogs plnt, the 1 st cut ws observed to hve the lowest DM yield of g/pot, lower thn the 3 rd nd 4 th cuts rnging from g/pot (Figure 5). This is ssumed to be cused by the higher nutrient delivery potentil of origin nerobiclly digested residues in the lter growing period (Rivrd et l. 1995). On the other hnd, the incorportion of dditives into unleched compost resulted in enhncement of DM yield formtion of the 1 st cut, while these dditives dded to residues from biogs plnt slightly reduced ryegrss yield formtion t the sme cut (Figure 5). Nevertheless, the trend of ryegrss growth plnted in leched compost or residues from biogs plnt differed from those of the unprocessed mterils in which DM of the 1 st cut remrkly incresed in the rnge of g/pot or g/pot, respectively (Figure 5). The significnt improvement of yield formtion resulted from leching of rw mterils tht reduced the limittion of high slt content in potting substrtes. However, DM yield of plnts observed in the leched compost tretments in the lter cuts (3 rd nd 4 th cuts) ws estimted s g/pot, significntly lower thn those in the unleched compost t the sme cuts while yield of plnts grown on the leched residues from biogs plnt were still reltively high

34 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes in the 2 nd cut ( g/pot), slightly lower in the lst cut ( g/pot) (Figure 5). This mens leching hd positive effects on plnt growth t the first stge of plnting in both mterils. The slt content of residues from biogs plnt fter leching still remined high enough to hve positive influence on ryegrss growth lter in the growing seson, however reversible effect on the yield formtion of the plnts ws observed in the leched compost. DM (g/pot) bcd bc +S -S cde cd def def g fg efg fg Comp Comp Per Comp Sty Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco Comp-S Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty Comp-S Hy Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet Comp-S Coco AB Potting substrtes 1st cut 2nd cut 3rd cut 4th cut B-E DEF A +S -S DEF A-D EF F AB CDE EF ABC DE AB BCD BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco BioR-S BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco Figure 5. Dry mtter yield of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes Error brs represent the stndrd devition of 4 replictes. Accumultive mens of different tretments followed by the sme letters re not significntly different (p < 0.05) by Tukey test. (+S: unleched Comp/BioR; -S: leched Comp/BioR) Accumulted DM yield (totl of 4 cuts) of ryegrss grown in both pure unleched nd leched compost nd residues from biogs plnt ws s high s or remrkly greter thn tht in the control (Figure 5). Therefore both mterils my be recommended for crop production (Svensson et l. 2004). Accumulted DM yield of ryegrss observed in leched compostbsed substrtes ws reduced significntly while it ws not distinctly observed in leched residues from biogs plnt-bsed mterils (Figure 5). It indictes tht the reduction of the slt content fter leching hd negtive influence on plnt yield formtion in compost but unffected DM yield when plnted in residues from biogs plnt. Concerning yield production, leching is not recommended for compost, however, it my be pplied for residues from biogs plnt using s rw mteril for young plnts. On the other hnd, the impct of dditives ws not cler cut. The presence of some dditives (Perlite, Hygromull, Lecton, Pet, Cocofiber) fvored yield formtion, but the difference

35 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes between the single dditives ws insignificnt (Figure 5). The influence of Styromull on totl DM yield ws negligible (Figure 5). Moreover, in study on some kinds of perennils such s Bolivin sunset (Gloxini sylvtic), Brzilin plume (Justici crne), nd Golden globe (Lysimchi congestiflor) plnted in compost-bsed medi, it ws concluded tht compost from biosolids nd yrd trimmings mixed with 75% of Vermiculite/Perlite improved the physicl properties of medi nd gined mrketle vlues of plnt size, visul color, nd qulity of flowers s compred to sole compost (Wilson et l. 2004). In contrst, the incorportion of dditives except Hygromull nd Pet to the studied residues from biogs plnt did not improve or even decresed the grss yield (Figure 5). Intensively, yield formtion of ryegrss in the pure residues from biogs plnt ws remrkly higher thn tht in the pure compost (Figure 5). Similr results were documented by previous publictions in which the uthors crried out experiments with leek (Båth nd Rämert 2000), ot nd brley (Svensson 2004) plnted in composted nd nerobiclly digested residues originting from orgnic household wstes. Additionlly, Hygromull-mixed residues from biogs plnt were shown to positively support ryegrss growth, while yield formtion ws negtively influenced by the other dditives. Benito et l. (2005) lso reported tht the incorportion of n dditive, for instnce 10% or 25% volume of Pet to pruning wste compost significntly incresed the germintion index nd yield of ryegrss s compred to pure compost. In the present study, the supplement of 20% dditives (Perlite, Hygromull, Lecton, Pet, Cocofiber) into compost is recommended, while only incorportion of Hygromull (20% by volume) into nerobiclly digested residues might be recommended for enhncing the yield formtion of ryegrss Uptke of nutrients Nitrogen Totl N uptke (sum of 4 cuts) ws observed t the lowest vlue in the control determined s mg/pot nd highest in the unleched compost-bsed mterils estimted s mg/pot, while in the residue-bsed tretments totl N uptke rnged between mg/pot (Figure 6)

36 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Totl N uptke (mg/pot) bc Comp Comp Per Comp Sty +S -S c g d e g ef Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco Comp-S Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty Comp-S Hy efg efg fg Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet Comp-S Coco Potting substrtes 1st cut 2nd cut 3rd cut 4th cut AB BC CDE A +S -S BC BC BCD BCD C-F CDEDEF C-F FG EFG G BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco BioR-S Figure 6. N uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco Notly, totl N uptke by ryegrss ws significntly reduced in leched compost-bsed substrtes nd it ws slightly decresed in leched mterils bsed on nerobiclly digested residues. It seems tht leching hd n obvious negtive influence on N uptke of plnts. Except Hygromull dded to unleched residues from biogs plnt fvored totl N uptke, remrkly in the 3 rd nd 4 th cuts. However, the influence of the other dditives incorported into both mterils ws less pronounced. The ddition of Styromull nd Cocofiber to compost resulted in significntly lower totl N uptke compred to the pure compost. According to Verdonck et l. (1983) Cocofiber contins high crbon content (> 45%), therefore it promotes the fixtion of plnt ville nitrogen. Moreover, the low totl N uptke of ryegrss grown in the stndrd soil (control) my be cused by the lower mount of totl ville N s compred to compost nd residues from biogs plnt (Tle 2). In ddition, the high C:N rtio (49:1) of this control mteril must be lso tken into the considertion. Although compost nd residues from biogs plnt contined lmost the sme mount of N (Tle 2), totl N uptke of ryegrss from the unleched compost tretments ws reltively s twice s tht in the unleched residues from biogs plnt (Figure 6). This my be cused by the different C:N rtios, which is round 11:1 for compost nd 26:1 for nerobiclly digested residues (Tle 2), resulting in lower N delivery rte or even in N immobiliztion lter in the growing seson (Grigtti et l. 2011). Gunnrson et l. (2010) estimted tht only out 12% of the orgnic N in residues from biogs plnt ws minerlized throughout six-month experimentl period becuse orgnic N compounds re

37 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes reltively reclcitrnt for biodegrdtion. In ddition, Clemens et l. (2006) determined totl NH 3 emission representing out 5-23% of the NH 4 -N pplied in nerobic digested slurry. Furthermore, the digestion of highly degrdle orgnic C in residues from biogs plnt during cultivtion cuses considerle N loss through NH 3 voltiliztion (Rivrd et l. 1995, Arthurson 2009), resulting in lower mount of plnt ville N nd therefore reduced N uptke of ryegrss from nerobiclly digested residues. Moreover, Rubæk et l. (1996) observed N losses vi denitrifiction fter ppliction of untreted cttle slurry nd nerobiclly digested slurry to the potting substrtes before plnting of ryegrss. Therefore, cumulted NH 3 emission fter ppliction of untreted nd nerobiclly digested slurry in horticulture should be tken into considertion in term of mitigtion strtegies for greenhouse gs emissions (Wulf et l. 2002). Additionlly, Hfeez et l. (1988) greed tht totl nitrogen concentrtion in pod grin nd whole plnt of Vign rdit (L.) Wilczek significntly decresed s result of n incresed sliniztion. Phosphorus Accumulted P uptke of ryegrss grown in the control medium ws figured s mg/pot, which ws in the sme mgnitude s tht of ryegrss grown in ll compost-bsed tretments. In contrdiction, ccumulted P uptke ws significntly higher in nerobiclly digested residue-bsed substrtes ( mg/pot) (Figure 7). 1st cut 2nd cut 3rd cut 4th cut Totl P uptke (mg/pot) ef def def Comp Comp Per Comp Sty +S -S c cde -d ef def def f ef Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco Comp-S Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty Comp-S Hy Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet b-e def Comp-S Coco B-E DEF Potting substrtes EF B +S -S F BC DEF G B C-F C-F BC DEF BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco BioR-S BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco Figure 7. P uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes A BCD

38 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Leching of both mterils hd less influence on P uptke of ryegrss. As compred to the control nd compost tretments, P uptke of ryegrss grown in either unleched or leched residues from biogs plnt ws out two fold higher. The ddition of Hygromull slightly fvored P uptke by grss from ll the compost nd residue-bsed mterils (Figure 7). Specificlly, the incorportion of Hygromull nd Pet into leched nd unleched residues from biogs plnt enhnced totl P uptke obviously. The higher P uptke of ryegrss grown in residues from biogs plnt my be cused by the higher content of plnt ville P of this mteril (Tle 2). Furthermore ccording to Güngör nd Krthikeyn (2008) orgnic P compounds prtilly minerlized during the nerobic digestion in biogs plnts. Therefore, Bchmnn et l. (2011) ssumed tht P supplied with residues from biogs plnt is more effective P source thn P from compost. Potssium As compred to the stndrd soil (control) totl K uptke of ryegrss ws significntly higher in the mterils bsed on compost nd nerobiclly digested residues. Totl K uptke of ryegrss grown in both medi hd the sme high mgnitude which ws estimted s mg/pot nd mg/pot for both the unleched nd leched compost/residues from biogs plnt, respectively (Figure 8). 1st cut 2nd cut 3rd cut 4th cut Totl K uptke (mg/pot) bc bc bc Comp Comp Per Comp Sty +S -S g cd def Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco Comp-S Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty Comp-S Hy f de ef ef Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet Comp-S Coco def AB Potting substrtes CD CDE A +S -S DEF BC DEF H DEF G G CD BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco BioR-S BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco Figure 8. K uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes G EFG FG

39 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes While K uptke of the first cut cused n exhustion of ville K in the control, K uptke of the ltter cuts ws significntly decresed. However, cused by the longer lsting source of K ville in compost nd residues from biogs plnt K uptke of ryegrss ws still reltively high s compred to the first cut (Soumre et l. 2003). Additionlly, the high ville K content in rw mterils confirmed to show no depressive effects on K consumption by plnts t the ltter stges (Wen et l. 1997). For this reson compost ppers to be s good s residues from biogs plnt s K supplier for ryegrss. Furthermore, leching cused notly decrese of K uptke by ryegrss from both compost nd residues from biogs plnt. Thus, in term of K uptke, leching my not be proposed for both compost nd residues from biogs plnt. The impct of different dditives incorported into compost nd residues from biogs plnt on K uptke by ryegrss ws generlly not cler. Exceptionlly, the supplement of dditives excluding Styromull into unleched compost nd Hygromull into either leched or unleched residues from biogs plnt tended to enhnce totl K uptke of ryegrss. Therefore, Perlite, Hygromull, Lecton, Pet nd Cocofiber incorported into unprocessed compost, while Hygromull mixed with either leched or unleched residues from biogs plnt ws pronounced to improve K uptke of ryegrss. Mgnesium Leching of residues from biogs plnt considerly incresed Mg uptke of ryegrss, notly t the 1 st nd 2 nd cuts (Figure 9), while leching of slt from compost cused remrkle depression of Mg uptke. Generlly, the potting substrtes bsed on nerobiclly digested residues were more fvorle for ryegrss to tke up Mg thn compost-bsed mterils nd the stndrd soil. As compred to the control, Mg uptke of ryegrss from the unleched compost-bsed tretments were estimted to hve the sme mgnitude s mg/pot, which ws lower thn tht of the unleched residues from biogs plnt ( mg/pot) nd the leched residues from biogs plnt ( mg/pot). This my be due to the higher content of ville Mg in nerobiclly digested residues thn compost (Tle 2)

40 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes 1st cut 2nd cut 3rd cut 4th cut Totl Mg uptke (mg/pot) cc c Comp Comp Per Comp Sty +S -S bc bc d ef de ef ef ef Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco Comp-S Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty Comp-S Hy Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet Comp-S Coco Potting substrtes f GH H H +S -S AB BC BCD CDE DEF HI EFG HI I FGH BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco BioR-S BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco Figure 9. Mg uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes A BC The effect of the incorportion of dditives such s Perlite, Styromull, Hygromull, Lecton, Pet, Cocofiber into compost ws less pronounced, while Hygromull nd Pet enhnced Mg uptke from both leched nd unleched residues from biogs plnt, respectively. Incorportion of both mterils my therefore be recommended. However, it should be pointed out tht this effect is not cused by the influence of Hygromull or Pet on the Mg delivery, but on the improvement of wter-holding cpcity which fvors the growth of plnts. Clcium Similrly to the trend of Mg uptke, leching of residues from biogs plnt slightly improved C uptke of ryegrss, while with compost leching hd little effect (Figure 10). Most vlues of C uptke determined in both the unprocessed nd leched compost were sttisticlly equl in the rnge of mg/pot nd those were slightly incresed by mg/pot in the leched biogs residue-bsed substrtes

41 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes 350 +S -S 1st cut 2nd cut 3rd cut 4th cut +S A -S Totl C uptke (mg/pot) b-e b-e bcd bc cde b bc b-e cde e b-e de b-e de Comp Comp Per Comp Sty Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco Comp-S Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty Comp-S Hy Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet Comp-S Coco EF Potting substrtes F F DE F CD F CD CD CD CD CD BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco BioR-S BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco Figure 10. C uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes B C Surprisingly, cumultive uptke of C by ryegrss ws estimted in the control s mg/pot which ws significntly higher thn those in either compost or nerobiclly digested residue tretments (Figure 10). The reson ws reportedly cused by depressive effect, since both compost nd nerobiclly digested residues contin high mounts of ville nutrients existing in the ctions including K +, Mg 2+, NH + 4 which induced strong competition with C 2+ during sorption nd utiliztion by ryegrss, thus depressing C uptke (Bngerth 1979). Except the incorportion of Pet into the unleched nd leched residues from biogs plnt, the effect of other dditives in both compost nd residues from biogs plnt on C uptke by ryegrss ws not recognizle. Sodium N uptke of ryegrss from compost ws significntly higher s compred to residues from biogs plnt nd stndrd soil (control) (Figure 11). The vlues of N uptke were evluted s 26.4, , nd mg/pot in the control, the residues from biogs plnt, nd the compost-bsed mterils, respectively (Figure 11)

42 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes 1st cut 2nd cut 3rd cut 4th cut Totl N uptke (mg/pot) Comp Comp Per Comp Sty +S -S e Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco Comp-S bc cd d Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty Comp-S Hy Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet cd cd cd cd Comp-S Coco Potting substrtes A-E A-E CDE A-E CDE CDE DE +S -S F A AB A-E B-EDE ABC A-D BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco BioR-S BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco Figure 11. N uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes Similr to N nd K uptke, leching of compost hs cused slightly reduction of N uptke of ryegrss, while leching slt from nerobiclly digested residues hd lmost no effects on totl N uptke of ryegrss. One of the mechnisms relted to slt stress is N exclusion from the root or control of N uptke (Zhng et l. 2010). For most plnts, high N concentrtions re toxic which is closely linked nd competitive to the ction K + (Mäser et l. 2002). K uptke of ryegrss from the nerobiclly digested residue tretments ws reported to be undnt (Figure 8), likely substituting N during plnt growth. Also, there ws no significntly different influence mong the presence of dditives or without dditives mixed into both mterils, therefore the effects of dditives on N uptke of ryegrss cn be ignored. Sulfur Originl compost nd stndrd soil (control) rther thn pretreted compost nd residues from biogs plnt fvored S uptke of ryegrss (Figure 12). Totl S uptke of ryegrss grown in the unleched compost ws s high s tht in the control rnging from mg/pot, while it ws reduced significntly to mg/pot in the leched compost. Totl S uptke of ryegrss in the unpretreted nd leched residues from biogs plnt ws estimted s nd mg/pot, respectively (Figure 12)

43 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes 150 +S -S 1st cut 2nd cut 3rd cut 4th cut +S -S Totl S uptke (mg/pot) c c c c bc d def Comp Comp Per Comp Sty Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco Comp-S Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty Comp-S Hy Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet Comp-S Coco g de efg fg efg A Potting substrtes B BC A B DE E A BC CD CDE DE BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco BioR-S BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le Figure 12. S uptke of ryegrss plnted in different potting substrtes A DE DE BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco Regrding the effect of compost nd dditives incorportion, totl S uptke ws not recognizly influenced by the dditives. However, with unleched residues from biogs plnt S uptke ws reduced except by the ddition of Hygromull. Besides, Lecton nd Hygromull mixed into the leched residues from biogs plnt resulted in higher S uptke of plnts thn the others. Intensively, the incorportion of Pet nd Cocofiber into the originl residues from biogs plnt hs cused significnt depression of S uptke of ryegrss (Figure 12). In ddition, Pet nd Cocofiber minly contin cellulose nd nturl fibers hving gret mount of hydrocrbon (Indyningsih et l. 2011). Thus, the ddition of both mterils incresed totl crbon content in the substrtes cusing S immobiliztion (Chpmn 1997). Therefore, ryegrss plnted in the mixtures of residues from biogs plnt nd Pet or Cocofiber showed lck of S uptke of the plnts. In generl, the reduction of S uptke in the tretments of residues from biogs plnt is ssumed to be the result of microbiologicl S immobiliztion. As Chowdhury et l. (2000) stted mterils with wide C:S rtios normlly immobilize inorgnic S, becuse the development of the microbil biomss in the decomposing mteril needs more S thn is provided by the substrte

44 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Rpe nd Sunflower Rpe with higher slt tolernce ws firstly plnted in compost nd residues from biogs plnt nd hrvested fter 51 nd 58 dys, respectively. Sunflower ws plnted in turn on the sme used-substrtes fter hrvesting rpe. Sunflowers were hrvested 40 dys fter sowing Yield DM yield of rpe plnted in unpretreted compost tretments were in the rnge of g/pot nd lmost reched the high level of the control (24.4 g/pot), but ws severl times higher thn tht in the tretments of unprocessed residues from biogs plnt ( g/pot) (Figure 13) even rpe plnted in compost ws hrvested one week erlier thn in residues from biogs plnt. This mens the remrkly higher slt content in the residues from biogs plnt is lso the limiting fctor for rpe growth t the beginning. Leching of compost resulted in steep rpe yield decrese, while the effect of leching of residues from biogs plnt ws uncler nd even resulted in yield increse (Figure 13). These results were somehow consistent with those of ryegrss. Therefore, in term of yield production of rpe leching ws not suggested for compost but it might be pplied for residues from biogs plnt. Regrding to the supplement of dditives mixed with two bsic mterils, some dditives such s Perlite, Styromull, Pet nd Cocofiber mixed into the unleched compost or residues from biogs plnt slightly incresed the yield formtion s compred to the singulr rw mterils. However, the different effect mong dditives on DM formtion of rpe ws insignificnt. The influence of dditives incorported into the leched mterils ws negligible except Hygromull mixed with the leched compost or residues from biogs plnt in which DM yield peked mong other dditives s 13.3 nd 16.4 g/pot, respectively, nd higher thn in the unpretreted mterils without the supplement of dditives (Figure 13). As previously discussed, Hygromull with reltively high mount of slt nd ville nutrients (P, K, Mg) cn further supply nutrients for rpe s slt-fvorle plnt in the ltter developmentl stge

45 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes 50 Rpe +S -S A +S -S A Sunflower DM (g/pot) b c-f Comp Comp Per Comp Sty c c-g b-e -d c Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco Comp-S c h e-h h Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty Comp-S Hy Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet d-h b h gh fgh Comp-S Coco ABC EF Potting substrtes ABC AB C-F DEF C-F EF BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy ABC ABC AB BC EF BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco D A ABC BCD BioR-S BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty C F BC CDE B ABC ABC ABC CDE C-F BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco DEF Figure 13. Dry mtter yield of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes Error brs represent the stndrd devition of seprted plnts with 4 replictes. Mens of different tretments followed by the sme letters re not significntly different (p < 0.05) by Tukey test. (+S: unleched Comp/BioR; -S: leched Comp/BioR) However, yield formtion of sunflower fter hrvesting rpe plnted in vrious potting substrtes showed different trend. DM yield of sunflower cultivted in the stndrd soil (TKS 1 ) ws estimted s 3.1 g/pot, which ws reduced significntly nd remrkly lower thn those in the tretments of compost nd residues from biogs plnt (Figure 13). This ws becuse of ville nutrients in the stndrd soil were minly exhusted by rpe. Nevertheless, nutrients were still undnt in compost nd especilly residues from biogs plnt. Sunflower well dpted nd strongly developed in the residues from biogs plnt fter the reduction of slt during the period of rpe cultivtion. The highest DM yield ws observed in the residues from biogs plnt, rnging between g/pot nd ws two folds higher thn tht in compost, estimted s g/pot. Leching did not cuse ny different effects on yield formtion of sunflower between the leched nd unleched mterils (Figure 13). Additionlly, there were no significnt differences in DM yield formtion of sunflower between the pure mterils nd those mixed with dditives. These results revel tht in the lter-stge of cultivtion the leching ws not necessry nd the presence of dditives hd negligible influences on plnt yield formtion. Generlly, the ccumulted dry mtter yield of both plnts grown in compost nd residues from biogs plnt ws slightly higher or reched the high levels s in the stndrd soil. This mens the bsic rw mterils originted from compost nd residues from biogs plnt my be used s potting substrte, confirming results with ryegrss cultivted in the sme potting mterils

46 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Uptke of nutrients Nitrogen Originl compost ws observed to be more fvorle for rpe nd sunflower to tke up N (Figure 14). N uptke of rpe plnted in unprocessed compost ws highest rnging from mg/pot nd lowest in the tretments with residues from biogs plnt, estimted s g/pot. After leching, N uptke of rpe grown in the compost tretments decresed significntly nd ws estimted s mg/pot being s high s in the control medi vlued s mg/pot. While in the leched residues from biogs plnt it ws sttisticlly equl or slightly incresed s compred to the unleched residues. The presence of dditives mixed into the rw mterils hd little positive effects on N uptke of rpe (Figure 14). Totl N uptke (mg/pot) c bcd Comp Comp Per Comp Sty b c c Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco Comp-S f cde de c c c c c c c Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty Comp-S Hy Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet Comp-S Coco EF BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy Potting substrtes BCD CDE DEF C-F DEF DEF BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco Rpe +S -S +S -S ABC AB ABC BCD A de ABC e de e de BCD A-D E D A BC F D B-E BioR-S BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty Sunflower A-D A-D CD A-D AB BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le BioR-S Pet CDE BCD CDE BioR-S Coco Figure 14. N uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes At the stge of sunflower cultivtion, N tken up by sunflower from the unleched compost ( mg/pot) ws lower thn tht of rpe but still remined higher s compred to the control, while in the leched residues from biogs plnt N uptke of sunflower ( mg/pot) ws prtilly higher s compred to rpe. While leching of compost resulted in lower N uptke of sunflower, n influence of leching of residues from biogs plnt could not be observed. The effect of dditives on N uptke of sunflower ws insignificnt. The sum of N uptke of rpe nd sunflower ws significntly highest in the unprocessed compost mterils. The results prove the effectiveness of ville N in compost

47 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Phosphorus In contrst to N uptke, s compred to the control, the lowest P uptke of rpe ws observed in leched compost tretments ( mg/pot), followed by unprocessed compost which ws s high s the control ( mg/pot) (Figure 15). The incorportion of Pet to unleched residues from biogs plnt or Hygromull to leched residues resulted in the highest P uptke of rpe vlued s or mg/pot, respectively (Figure 15). 600 Rpe +S -S +S -S Sunflower Totl P uptke (mg/pot) b -f Comp Comp Per Comp Sty b b b c -d -e c Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco c b b ef def f Comp-S Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty Comp-S Hy b-f b f def Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet Comp-S Coco c-f A-E BioR BioR Per BioR Sty Potting substrtes E ABC B-F DE DE AB DE B-F E A-D B BioR Hy BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco A DE G CD C-F BCD F E BioR-S BioR-S Per EF CD BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le A-E A DEF DE A-E BC A-E DE BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco Figure 15. P uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes P uptke of sunflower from compost tretments ws lower s compred to rpe, which ws in the rnge between mg/pot (Figure 15). However, P uptke of sunflower in both unleched nd leched residues from biogs plnt ws minly higher s compred to rpe. As compred to the compost nd the stndrd soil, P uptke ws significntly higher in the tretments with residues from biogs plnt (determined s mg/pot). The influence of leching or the presence of dditives in compost nd residues from biogs plnt could be excluded in the ltter stge of plnting. Due to the higher P uptke of sunflower s the lter crop, totl P uptke of rpe nd sunflower grown in the residues from biogs plnt ws remrkly higher thn tht of the compost tretments. This illustrtes the higher P vilility in residues from biogs plnt, using pig mnure nd mize s input mteril. Potssium In the control K uptke of rpe ws in the rnge of the tretments with leched compost nd unleched/leched residues from biogs plnt, respectively. K uptke of rpe ws highest in

48 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes the unpretreted compost ( mg/pot), nd lowest in the nerobiclly digested residues ( mg/pot). With sunflower K uptke ws lowest in the control (114.2 mg/pot) nd highest in the unprocessed residues from biogs plnt ( mg/pot) (Figure 16). Totl K uptke (mg/pot) b-e -e -d c Comp Comp Per Comp Sty -d Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco f c cde cde cde de e c c b e c c c -e Comp-S Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty Comp-S Hy Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet Comp-S Coco c AB BC Potting substrtes CD A CDE DE BCD CD BCD D BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy BioR Le C ABC AB D H AB BioR Pet BioR Coco BioR-S Rpe +S -S +S -S DEF G G BCD E D CDE A BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le Sunflower FG DE EF CDE D DE BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco Figure 16. K uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes As compred to the unleched compost, leching resulted in significnt decrese of K uptke of rpe, while with sunflower K uptke of the tretments with leched compost were lmost in the order of mgnitude s the unleched tretments (Figure 16). With the residues from biogs plnt the influence of leching on K uptke of rpe ws not distinct, while with sunflower leching resulted in lower K uptke. In the leched residues from biogs plnt the ppliction of Hygromull fvored K uptke of rpe s well K uptke of sunflower in the unleched nd leched residues (Figure 16). By summtion of K uptke of rpe nd sunflower, the results revel tht leching cused negtive effects on K uptke of both plnts during intensive cultivtion. Therefore, leching ws not recommended for both rw mterils in concerning K uptke. Mgnesium As compred to the stndrd soil (control), Mg uptke of rpe grown in unprocessed compost hd the sme levels of mg/pot which were significntly higher thn tht in the leched compost (Figure 17). This mens leching of slt from compost hd negtive effect on Mg uptke of rpe t the beginning. In contrry, Mg uptke of rpe from lmost ll tretments with residues from biogs plnt ( mg/pot) ws significntly lower thn

49 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes tht of the stndrd soil (Figure 17). Leching resulted in slight increse of Mg uptke of rpe plnted in nerobiclly digested residues s compred to unleching. Among dditives mixed into compost, the effect on Mg uptke of rpe ws insignificntly different. Pet dded to the unleched residues from biogs plnt nd Hygromull incorported into the leched residues from biogs plnt fvored Mg uptke of rpe. 200 Rpe +S -S +S -S A Sunflower Totl Mg uptke (mg/pot) b-e Comp Comp Per Comp Sty b-e c -d b-e Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco f cde b-e e cde de e b-e c c c Comp-S Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty bc c c c Comp-S Hy Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet Comp-S Coco BC G ABC Potting substrtes C D-G D-G ABC BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy BC EFG EFG ABC C-F ABC FG BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco D A ABC ABC ABC CD FG BC AB BioR-S BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy AB C-F BioR-S Le BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco A A CDE D-G Figure 17. Mg uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes Mg uptke of sunflower plnted in both mterils ws mostly significnt higher s compred to rpe. Notly, Mg uptke of plnts grown in the residues from biogs plnt ws rnging from mg/pot, severl times higher thn tht grown in the compost tretments rnging between mg/pot (Figure 17). With both rw mterils Mg uptke of sunflower ws not influenced by the ppliction of dditives. Cused by the high Mg uptke of sunflower grown in the residues from biogs plnt, totl Mg uptke of both plnts ws highest in these tretments. Clcium Similrly to C uptke of ryegrss, the vlues of C uptke by rpe grown in both rw mterils were significntly lower thn tht in the stndrd soil (Figure 18). C uptke of rpe observed in unprocessed compost ( mg/pot) ws significntly higher thn tht in leched compost ( mg/pot), while for leched residues from biogs plnt C uptke of rpe ( mg/pot) ws higher. Even rpe plnted in residues from biogs

50 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes plnt ws hrvested one week lter thn tht plnted in compost, C uptke of rpe found in the originl biogs residue-bsed tretments ( mg/pot) ws lowest (Figure 18). Totl C uptke (mg/pot) bc Comp Comp Per Comp Sty b b bc b b b Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco b d d d Comp-S Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty cd d d Comp-S Hy Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet Comp-S Coco d Potting substrtes DE CDE DEF DEF DEF DEF EF E DE E B-E E DE E BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy F A BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco Rpe +S -S +S -S ABC ABC BCD BioR-S BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy Sunflower AB A A B B BC B BCD DE BioR-S Le BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco ABC CDE Figure 18. C uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes Additionlly, C uptke of sunflower found in both unprocessed nd leched compost ( mg/pot) ws sttisticlly equl or slightly higher thn tht in the control medi. The effect of leching of compost on C uptke of sunflower ws not pronounced. However, concerning totl C uptke of rpe nd sunflower leching of compost my not be recommended. Furthermore, C uptke of sunflower grown in the leched mteril with residues from biogs plnt peked t mg/pot, followed by tht in the unleched ones rnging from mg/pot, the lowest observed in the stndrd soil s 63.4 mg/pot (Figure 18). Totl C uptke of the two plnts grown in the leched residues from biogs plnt ws slightly higher thn in the unleched substrtes. This indictes tht leching of nerobiclly digested residues hd positive effect on C uptke. The impct of the presence of dditives dded into the rw mterils on C uptke of the two plnts ws lmost uncler. Totl C uptke of both plnts in the rw mterils ws generlly significntly lower thn the stndrd soil which ws explined by the C depression phenomenon similr to the ryegrss results

51 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Sodium N uptke of rpe grown in the unleched compost tretments peked t mg/pot, followed by tht in the leched compost rnging mg/pot, which ws t the sme level of the stndrd soil (control). Lowest N uptke ws found in the unleched nd leched residues from biogs plnt ( mg/pot), which ws significntly lower thn in the control (Figure 19). This indictes tht leching of both rw mterils especilly with compost resulted in strong reduction of N uptke of rpe t the erly cultivtion. It ws noted tht totl N uptke from the unprocessed compost ws severl folds higher thn the residues from biogs plnt. Tht is becuse of the remrkly higher content of N ville in the originl compost (Tle 2). Concerning totl N uptke of plnts the influence of dditives ws negligible. Totl N uptke (mg/pot) c Comp Comp Per Comp Sty -d b-e Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco b f ef ef ef c-f Comp-S Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty Comp-S Hy ef ef Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet Comp-S Coco def AB BCD BioR BioR Per BioR Sty Potting substrtes A AB A AB AB BC BC BC BCD BC BioR Hy BioR Le BioR Pet A CD A BioR Coco BioR-S Rpe +S -S +S -S B AB AB AB A A BioR-S Per BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le Sunflower AB BC D CD B BC BC BCD A BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco Figure 19. N uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes N uptke of sunflower from both groups of compost nd residues from biogs plnt ws eqully low rnging between nd mg/pot, respectively, but still significntly higher thn tht of the control (Figure 19). Consistently, in the ltter plnting, the effect of leching nd ddition of dditives were negligible. Generlly, the ccumulted N uptke of both plnts grown in the unprocessed compost ws highest due to the contribution of high N uptke of rpe nd it ws significntly lower found in the residues from biogs plnt. When compring to N uptke of ryegrss, the result of rpe nd sunflower cultivted in the substrtes bsed on nerobiclly digested residues ws significntly lower

52 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Sulfur S uptke of rpe grown in the stndrd soil (control) ws in the sme rnge s plnts of the different tretments with unleched compost. In the unleched compost tretments S uptke of rpe rnged between mg/pot, nd between mg/pot in the leched compost tretments (Figure 20). In the unleched s well s leched residues from biogs plnt S uptke ws lowest, determined s mg/pot (Figure 20). Therefore, leching of compost negtively resulted in lower S uptke, but not recognized for residues from biogs plnt. Additionlly, compost ws good t providing more undnt ville S for rpe thn residues from biogs plnt. The dditive Lecton dded into the residues from biogs plnt (both leched nd unleched) fvored S uptke of rpe. Totl S uptke (mg/pot) c -d Comp Comp Per Comp Sty c c b-f c c d c c -d c -e c c c c bc c-f Comp Hy Comp Le Comp Pet Comp Coco Comp-S Comp-S Per Comp-S Sty f ef f ef ef Comp-S Hy Comp-S Le Comp-S Pet Comp-S Coco c def AB BC B-E C-F D DEF DEF DEF Potting substrtes BioR BioR Per BioR Sty BioR Hy C C-G BCD DEF DEF BioR Le BioR Pet BioR Coco H A Rpe +S -S +S -S A B-E EFG EFG FG DEF F BioR-S BioR-S Per DEF BioR-S Sty BioR-S Hy BioR-S Le Sunflower DE BC B G DEF D-G EF BioR-S Pet BioR-S Coco Figure 20. S uptke of rpe nd sunflower plnted in different potting substrtes In ll tretments S uptke of sunflower ws significntly higher thn tht of the control (Figure 20). However, it is difficult to recognize the effect of the dditives incorported into rw mterils nd between unprocessed nd leched mterils. Regrding the ccumultive S uptke of both plnts, the highest S uptke ws found in the unleched compost tretments. The distinct difference of S uptke mong the mteril groups my be cused by the different rtio of ville N to ville S which ws relted to the rtio of totl N to totl S. In the literture, the optimum rtio of ville N to ville S in the soil for rpeseed production ws estimted to be 7 to 1 (Jnzen nd Bettny 1982). It ws estimted tht the rtios of totl N to totl S for compost nd residues from biogs plnt in the present study were 1.8 nd 0.8, respectively (Tle 2) which were obviously lower thn 7, thus inferring the inefficient utiliztion of the ssimilted S (Jnzen nd Bettny 1982)

53 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes 2.4. Generl discussion Yield formtion nd nutrient uptke of rpe nd sunflower grown in residues from biogs plnt were significntly lower thn tht grown in compost, even rpe grown on the residues from biogs plnt ws hrvested one week lter s compred to plnts grown in the compost. This mens tht compost ws good for plnts t the first stge of cropping. However, the ccumultive results of DM yield nd nutrient uptke of both plnts grown in the nerobiclly digested residues incresed strongly nd being s high s or even higher thn those of the stndrd soil. Further totl P nd Mg uptke were significntly higher thn those of plnts grown in compost. This explins tht residues from biogs plnt continued to be biologiclly decomposed nd relesed more ville nutrients, which re necessry for plnt growth. As previously mentioned in the Section 2.3.1, both compost nd residues from biogs plnts re good potting substrtes, which supply undnt nutrients for plnt development in term of intensive horticulture (Arthurson 2009). Moreover, plnts grown in compost nd residues from biogs plnts were documented to increse not only yield formtion but lso nutrient uptke or crop qulity (Liu 2009) nd these mterils were supposed to be potentil to replce chemicl fertilizers in horticulture (Arthurson 2009, Liu 2009). Prcticlly, residues from biogs plnt contin high wter content, however, they re highly porous nd hve low wter-holding cpcity, thus quickly lost wter nd becme dry on sunny dys. Therefore, the residues from biogs plnts dily needed further wter supply. In ddition, dily wtering my grdully cuse leking of nutrients. As result, plnt growth nd nutrient uptke my be negtively ffected. Residues from biogs plnt might be dded s crop fertilizer to provide more plnt ville nutrients for cultivtion in lrge scle field (Liu 2009). As mtter of fct, further investigtion for utiliztion of residues from biogs plnt is necessrily needed. Nevertheless, it ws further reported tht compost is stle, hs good wter-holding cpcity nd therefore reducing irrigtion volume which is necessry for lrge-scle horticulture in greenhouse (Cole et l. 2005). Intensively, compost hs been recognized s n lterntive commercil soilless medi for trditionl potting substrtes like Pet in horticulture (Wilson 2004, Benito et l. 2005, Berech 2011). Above mentioned short review demonstrtes tht compost hs been employed with high rte ppliction in potting medi for growing medium slt-tolernt plnts including ryegrss, rpe nd sunflower plnted in either pure compost or mixtures of 80% compost nd 20% dditive in this study. As discussed erlier in Section 2.3.1, the slt content in the rw mterils (compost nd residues from biogs plnt) ws reltively high. Therefore it ws necessry to reduce or dilute the slt by leching or mixing with dditives. Leching s discussed ove ws not

54 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes recommended for compost but not pronounced for residues from biogs plnt. Therefore further investigtions re necessry. Confirming results of Olympios (1992) the supplement of dditives for instnce Hygromull nd Pet re generlly recognized to improve qulity of the rw mterils, resulting in improvement of crop productivity nd qulity. Hygromull incorported into leched compost or nerobiclly digested residues resulted in the highest yield s well s nutrient uptke. Hygromull hs reltively high content of ville nutrients (P, K, Mg), therefore this dditive further supplied nutrients for slt-fvorle plnts such s rpe in the lst lifetime of growing before hrvested. Besides, Hygromull hs the highest wter-holding cpcity mong dditives used in these experiments. Additionlly, the presence of Pet in unprocessed residues from biogs plnt incresed the yield nd nutrient uptke becuse Pet hs high wter-holding cpcity like Hygromull (Penningsfeld 1978). As discussed erlier with the results of ryegrss, the slt content in unpretreted residues from biogs plnt ws reltively high, it ws necessry to reduce or dilute the slt by mixing dditives hving high wter holding-cpcity. Therefore the incorportion of Pet into unleched residues from biogs plnt rchived the best mong dditives. Clerly, the incorportion of dditives to compost or residues from biogs plnt chieved benefits but it lso hd some disdvntges in economicl nd technicl point of view for exmple requirements of cpitl, lor, skill nd mngement nd disese infections (Olympios 1992) Conclusion In the present study, compost derived from green wstes ws rich source for N nd K supply while nerobiclly digested residues derived from pig mnure nd mize were undnt in P nd K supplement. Therefore, compost nd residues from biogs plnt re suitle rw mterils to develop good potting substrtes for plnts. Despite the high slt content in both rw mterils, leching of compost before using s potting substrte ws not recommended due to negtive effects on DM yield nd nutrient uptke of experimentl slt-tolernt plnts. Nevertheless, with residues from biogs plnt the influence of leching ws not distinct. Yield formtion of the studied plnts grown in the residues ws insignificntly ffected fter pretreted. However in concern of totl nutrient uptke of plnts for instnce N, K nd S, leching of nerobiclly digested residues is not strongly recommended for slt-tolernt plnts. The ppliction of the studied dditives (20% by volume) to compost hd positive effect on yield formtion nd nutrient uptke, therefore dditives mixing were recommended. However, for recommendtion of n dditive, further investigtions re needed. The influence of the

55 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes supplement of some studied dditives (Perlite, Styromull, Cocofiber, Lecton) to residues from biogs plnt ws unpronounced. With respect to yield formtion nd nutrient uptke, Hygromull or Pet is recommended s n dditive to residues from biogs plnt References Ahmd R., Jeen N. (2009). Demonstrtion of growth improvement in sunflower (Helinthus nnuus L.) by the use of orgnic fertilizers unde sline conditions. Pkistn Journl of Botny 41: Alexnder P.D., Brgg N.C., Mede R., Pdelopoulos G., Wtts O. (2008). Pet in horticulture nd conservtion: the UK response to chnging world. Mires nd Pet 3: Amlinger F., Peyr S., Geszti J., Dreher P., Weinfurtner K., Nortcliff S. (2007). Beneficil effects of compost ppliction on fertility nd productivity of soils. Federl Ministry for Agriculture nd Forestry, Environment nd Wter Mngement. Wien, Austri. pp 3 4. Arthurson V. (2009). Closing the globl energy nd nutrient cycles through ppliction of biogs residue to griculturl lnd: potentil benefits nd drwbck. Energies 2: Bchmnn S., Wentzel S., Eichler-Löbermnn B. (2011). Codigested diry slurry s phosphorus nd nitrogen source for Ze mys L. nd Amrnthus cruentus L. Journl of Plnt Nutrition nd Soil Science 174: Bngerth F. (1979). C-relted physiologicl disorders of plnts. Annul Review of Phytopthology 17: Båth B., Rämert B. (2000). Orgnic household wstes s nitrogen source in leek production. Act Agriculture Scndinvic, Section B - Soil & Plnt Science 49: Benito M., Msguer A., Antonio R.D., Moliner A. (2005). Use of pruning wste compost s component in soilless growing medi. Bioresource Technology 96: Berech G., Lemess F., Wkjir M. (2011). Exploring the suitility of coffee pulp compost s growth medi substitute in greenhouse production. Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl reserch 3: Boodt M.D., Verdonck I.O. (1971). Physicl properties of pet nd pet-moulds improved by perlite nd fom-plstics in reltion to ornmentl plnt-growth. Act Horticulture 18: Chpmn S.J. (1997). Crbon substrte minerliztion nd sulphur limittion. Soil Biology nd Biochemistry 29: Chowdhury M.A.H., Kouno K., Ando T., Ngok T. (2000). Microbil biomss, S minerliztion nd S uptke by Africn millet from soil mended with vrious composts. Soil Biology nd Biochemistry 32: Clemens J., Trimborn M., Weilnd P., Amon B. (2006). Mitigtion of greenhouse gs emissions by nerobic digestion of cttle slurry. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 112:

56 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Cole D.M., Sibley J.L., Blythe E.K., Ekes D.J., Tilt K.M. (2005). Effect of cotton gin compost on substrte properties nd growth of Azle under differing irrigtion regimes in greenhouse setting. HortTechnology 15: Cook J.A., Keeling A.A., Bloxhm P.F. (1998). Effect of green wste compost on yeild prmeters in spring brley (Hordeum vulgre) V.Hrt. Act Horticulture 469: Ds K.C., Minkr M.Y., Meler N.D., Tollner E.W. (2002). Effect of poultry litter mendment on htchery wste composting. The Journl of Applied Poultry Reserch 11: Erdei L., Kuiper P.J.C. (1979). The effect of slinity on growth, ction content, N + uptke nd trnsloction in slt-sensitive nd slt-tolernt plntgo species. Physiologi Plntrum 47: Furukw Y., Hsegw H. (2006). Response of Spinch nd Komtsun to Biogs Effluent Mde from Source-Seprted Kitchen Grbge. Journl of Environmentl Qulity 35: Gchuki M.M., Evns M.R. (2008). Root substrte ph, electricl conductivity, nd mcroelement concentrtion of sphgnum pet-bsed substrtes mended with prboiled fresh rice hulls or perlite. HortTechnology 18: Grci-Gomez A., Bernl M.P., Roig A. (2002). Growth of ornmentl plnts in two composts prepred from groindustril wstes. Bioresource Technology 83: Grigtti M., Di Girolmo G., Chincrini R., Civtt C., Brbnti L. (2011). Potentil nitrogen minerliztion, plnt utiliztion efficiency nd soil CO 2 emissions following the ddition of nerobic digested slurries. Biomss nd Bioenergy 35: Güngör K., Krthikeyn K. (2008). Phosphorus forms nd extrctility in diry mnure: cse study for Wisconsin on-frm nerobic digesters. Bioresource Technology 99: Gunnrsson A., Bengtsson F., Cspersen S. (2010). Use efficiency of nitrogen from biodigested plnt mteril by ryegrss. Journl of Plnt Nutrition nd Soil Science 173: Hchich S., Chtourou M., Medhioub K., Ammr E. (2006). Compost of poultry mnure nd olive mill wstes s n lterntive fertilizer. Agronomy for Sustinle Development 26: Hfeez F., Aslm Z., Mlik K. (1988). Effect of slinity nd inocultion on growth, nitrogen fixtion nd nutrient uptke of Vign rdit (L.) Wilczek. Plnt nd Soil 106: 3 8. Hoffmnn G. (1991, 1995, 1997). Book of methods I & II. Drmstdt, VDLUFA Verlg. (In Germn) Indyningsih N., Pridi D., Zulfi A., Suprpedi (2011). Anlysis of coconut crbon fibers for gs diffusion lyer mteril. Key Engineering Mterils : Ingrm D.L., Henley R.W., Yeger T.H. (1993). Growth medi for continer grown ornmentl plnts. Institute of Food nd Agriculturl Sciences, University of Florid. Bulletin 241: 16. Jckson B.E. (2005). Cotton gin compost s n lterntive substrte for horticulturl crop production. Auburn University, Auburn, Alm. Mster thesis: 93. Jnzen H.H., Bettny J.R. (1982). Sulfur nutrition of rpeseed: I. Influence of fertilizer nitrogen nd sulfur rtes. Soil Science Society of Americ Journl 48:

57 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Klock-Moore K.A. (2000). Comprison of slvi growth in seweed compost nd biosolids compost. Compost Science & Utiliztion 5: Liu W.K., Yng Q.C., Du L. (2009). Soilless cultivtion for high-qulity vegetles with biogs mnure in Chin: fesibility nd benefit nlysis. Renewle Agriculture nd Food Systems 24: López M., Soliv M., Mrtínez-Frré F.X., Bonmtí A., Huert-Pujol O. (2010). An ssessment of the chrcteristics of yrd trimmings nd recirculted yrd trimmings used in biowste composting. Bioresource Technology 101: Mmi Y., Peyvst G. (2010). Substitution of municipl solid wste compost for pet in cucumber trnsplnt production. Journl of Horticulture nd Forestry 2: Mäser P., Gierth M., Schroeder J.I. (2002). Moleculr mechnisms of potssium nd sodium uptke in plnts. Plnt nd Soil 247: Odlre M. (2005). Orgnic residues: resource for rle soils. Fculty of Nturl Resources nd Agriculturl Sciences. Deprtment of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agriculturl Sciences, Uppsl. Doctor disserttion: 51. Olympios C.M. (1992). Soilless medi under protected cultivtion rockwool, pet, perlite nd other substrtes. Act Horticulture 323: Ostos J.C., López-Grrido R., Murillo J.M., López R. (2008). Substitution of pet for municipl solid wste- nd sewge sludge-bsed composts in nursery growing medi: effects on growth nd nutrition of the ntive shrub Pistci lentiscus L. Bioresource Technology 99: Ppfotiou M., Phsyhlou M., Krgs G., Chtzipvlidis I., Chronopoulos J. (2004). Olive-mill wstes compost s growing medium component for the production of poinsetti. Scienti Horticulture 102: Penningsfeld F. (1978). Substrtes for protected cropping. Act Horticulture 82: Rivrd C., Rodriguez J., Ngle N., Self J., Ky B., Soltnpour P., Nieves R. (1995). Anerobic digestion of municipl solid wste. Applied Biochemistry nd Biotechnology 51-52: Rosen C.J., Hlbch T.R., Swnson B.T. (1993). Horticulturl uses of municipl solid wste composts. HortTechnology 3: Rubæk G.H., Henriksen K., Petersen J., Rsmussen B., Sommer S.G. (1996). Effects of ppliction technique nd nerobic digestion on gseous nitrogen loss from niml slurry pplied to ryegrss (Lolium perenne). The Journl of Agriculturl Science 126: Scherer H.W. (2004). Influence of compost ppliction on growth nd phosphorus exploittion of ryegrss (Lolium perenne L.). Plnt, Soil nd Environment 50: Scherer H.W., Werner W., Neumnn A. (1996). N immobiliztion nd N delivery from compost with different prent mteril nd C/N rtio. Agribiologicl Reserch 49: (In Germn) Srwr G., Hussin N., Schmeisky H., Muhmmd S. (2007). Use of compost n environment friendly technology for enhncing rice-whet production in Pkistn. Pkistn Journl of Botny 39: Soumre M., Tck F.M.G., Verloo M.G. (2003). Ryegrss response to minerl fertiliztion nd orgnic mendment with municipl solid wste compost in two tropicl griculturl soils of Mli. Journl of Plnt Nutrition 26:

58 Chpter 2: Compost nd biogs residues s potting substrtes Stnikov O., Goh W.K., Ding H.B., Ty J.H., Wng J.Y. (2005). The use of sewge sludge nd horticulturl wste to develop rtificil soil for plnt cultivtion in Singpore. Bioresource Technology 96: Suthr S. (2009). Impct of vermicompost nd composted frmyrd mnure on growth nd yield of grlic (Allium stivum L.) field crop. Interntionl Journl of Plnt Production 1: Svensson K., Odlre M., Pell M. (2004). The fertilizing effect of compost nd biogs residues from source seprted household wste. The Journl of Agriculturl Science 142: Theunissen J., Ndkidemi P.A., Lubscher C.P. (2010). Potentil of vermicompost produced from plnt wste on the growth nd nutrient sttus in vegetle production. Interntionl Journl of the Physicl Sciences 5: Treder J. (2008). The effects of coopet nd fertiliztion on the growth nd flowering of orientl lily 'Str gzer' Jdwig. Journl of Fruit nd Ornmentl Plnt Reserch 16: Verdonck O., Vleeschuwer D.D., Penninck R. (1983). Cocofiber dust, new growing medium for plnts in the tropics. Act Horticulture 133: Wen G., Winter J.P., Voroney R.P., Btes T.E. (1997). Potssium vilility with ppliction of sewge sludge, nd sludge nd mnure composts in field experiments. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 47: Wilson S.B., Mecc L.K., Stoffell P.J. (2004). Evlution of compost s vile medium mendment for continerized perennil production. Act Horticulture 659: Wulf S., Vndré R., Clemens J. (2002). Mitigtion options for CH 4, N 2 O nd mmoni NH 3 emissions from slurry mngement. in: Vn Hm J. et l. (eds.). Non-CO 2 greenhouse gses: Scientific understnding, control options nd policy spects Zhng J.L., Flowers T.J., Wng S.M. (2010). Mechnisms of sodium uptke by roots of higher plnts. Plnt nd Soil 326:

59 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts Chpter 3 Compost s potting medi component for slt-sensitive plnts Abstrct Composting hs been considerly recognized s vile mngement method for solid orgnic wstes s well s beneficil substitution for Pet, which is imed t recycling of its end-product s potting substrte for ornmentl plnts. In pot experiment Pelrgonium nd Slvi s slt-sensitive plnts were grown in the mixture of compost nd dditives with different volumetric rtios (4:1, 1:1, 1:4). Since plnts my suffer from the high slt content, investigtions with Pet incorported into the mixture of compost in further experiment were crried out. This chpter reports plnt growth by evlution of dry mtter yield nd nutrient uptke (N, P, K, Mg nd N) of plnts cultivted in compost with nd without dditives s potting substrtes in comprison to stndrd soils. Both yield formtion nd nutrient uptke significntly incresed nd lmost gined levels of those in the control in the second pot experiment when plnted in the pet-bsed substrtes. Especilly, the growth of Slvi ws significntly improved. The obtined results indicted tht compost-bsed medi (> 50% compost) cnnot be recommended for slt-sensitive ornmentl plnts, while volume of compost lower thn 25% incorported into Pet cretes pet-bsed substrtes which resonly enhnced growth of Pelrgonium nd Slvi. Key words: compost, Pet, dditives, potting substrtes, nutrient uptke, yield formtion

60 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts 3.1. Introduction Pet is nturl product, similr to type of soil, originted from prtilly decomposed mosses or sedges ccumulting in bogs or mires rnging from over hundreds to thousnds of yers (Ingrm et l. 1993). Over 400 million h of petlnd were estimted, discovered on the erth except plces where the wether is too severe with extremely high or low temperture for plnts to grow (Robertson 1993). Pet is well-known nd populrly pplied s growing medi in horticulture nd griculture in mny different countries ll over the world including Chin, Irelnd, UK, USA, Germny, Jpn, Sweden, Finlnd, Hollnd, etc. (Robertson 1993, Fischer nd Schmitz 1997). It is widely pplied becuse of vrious dvntges such s high wter-holding cpcity, good ertion, light weight (Berech et l. 2011), low ph nd nutrient content suitle for lot of pplictions in horticulture, resistnce to decy, free of weeds nd niml pthogens, sfety nd resonle price (Robertson 1993), nd n excellent structure fvored for plnt growth, disese reduction, etc. (Mmi nd Peyvst 2010). Pet s trditionl substrte ws commonly used for ornmentl plnt cultivtion. There were vrious kinds of substrtes used for ornmentl plnts, nmely pine mould, white pet, nd frozen-out blck pet (Boodt nd Verdonck 1971). Blck pet is found t much thicker lyer thn white pet. Pet moss ws regrded s the most populr horticulturl medi (Ingrm et l. 1993). In greenhouse, Pet ws considered s the best option to gin the optimum qulity nd yield for ornmentl plnting (Robertson 1993). Pet is not n esily renewle resource, however, the demnd of Pet exploittion in low lnd mires hs incresed drmticlly for decdes which hs rised issues of supply security nd mire conservtion, ecologicl nd environmentl shift (Robertson 1993, Alexnder et l. 2008). Activities of Pet extrction led to lose niml hitts in petlnd res nd lter wter systems contributing to climtic chnges. Besides, exploittion of Pet bogs s plentiful crbon storge source could relese huge volume of crbon dioxide which ws estimted s 50 kg of CO 2 per m 3 of Pet extrction (Alexnder et l. 2008). According to Lindsy (1993) concerning intensive resource exploittion, Pet extrction might led to the complete destruction of ll lowlnd mires by the end of the decde (Robertson 1993). Moreover, following the Europen legisltion of biodiversity conservtion, cmpign clling for importnt petlnd conservtion nd protection nd development of lterntives for Pet in horticulture ws egerly committed by the UK Royl Society for Nture Conservtion since 1990 (Robertson 1993, Alexnder et l. 2008). After this positive greement, over 1000 h of petlnd re were conserved s nture reserve in the UK which ws then welcomed nd

61 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts dvocted by the Government, its conservtion gencies nd other Europen developed countries such s Irelnd nd Finlnd (Brgg et l. 1993). Although the high vlue nd dvntges of Pet in horticulture were undoubtedly confirmed, scientists hve recognized the importnce of finding ville Pet substitute in growing medi since the lte 1990s (Alexnder et l. 2008) for the purpose of conserving ecologicl nture resources, less Pet dependence nd sustinle griculturl development. Considerle studies on lterntives for Pet s min bsed medi hve been encourged nd continued (Robertson 1993). An endless orgnic sources s n lterntive for Pet s conventionl pot medi my be coir (coconut fiber wste), nut husk (Meerow 1994, Hernández-Apolz et l. 2005, Treder 2008), brk or wood products, rockwool, strw, vegetle remins (Robertson 1993), composts generted from biosolids, pruning wstes, municipl solid wstes, green wstes, sewge sludge, etc. (Grci-Gomez et l. 2002, Benito et l. 2005, Grigtti et l. 2007). Among substitutive substrtes, lthough coir hs comprtive bulk density, porosity nd nutrient content s Pet, it hs rther low wter storge cpcity. Becuse nutrients re esily leched, thus more fertilizers my be required when using it s min growing medi (Robertson 1993). Wood fiber with open structure enhnced leching of soluble nutrients tht resulted in poor growth worse thn coir nd petbsed medi (Brgg et l. 1993). Rockwool s n inert minerl lterntive cused some disposility problems fter tomto cropping (Robertson 1993). So fr, compost originted from different orgnic wstes ws considered s beneficil nd excellent prtil substitution for Pet in term of highly undnt nutrient recycle nd supply, improving soil fertility nd plnt growth, nd hving environmentl nd economicl vlues in horticulture (Amlinger et l. 2007, Grigtti et l. 2007, Oberpur et l. 2010). However, composting is rther expensive due to its processing nd technology investment (Robertson 1993). Robertson (1993) supposed tht lterntives for Pet cnnot be compred equivlent to pet-bsed substrtes in term of qulity, price nd volume. Compost hs been used in griculture nd horticulture s crop substrte, fertilizer, Pet substitution s well s soil conditioner (Mmi nd Peyvst 2010, Berech et l. 2011). The compost utiliztion contributed to reduce huge wste mss by 50% nd volume by 80% (Cook et l. 1998) nd provided undnt mcro nd micro nutrients (Amlinger et l. 2007). Therefore, compost hs been used s growing medi component to meet the crop demnds. However, the ppliction rte of compost used in growing medi is limited due to high slt nd nutrient content, sodium, CCO 3, nd chloride (Fischer nd Schmitz 1997, Fischer nd Popp 1998), presence of unexpected contminnts such s trce elements, hevy metls, glss, nd orgnic chemicls (Ostos et l. 2008). To optimize growing conditions, compost ws not proposed to be used lone, but it ws populrly dded s

62 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts dditive or combined with Pet to minimize negtive chrcteristics of single mteril to obtin best plnt growth (Ostos et l. 2008). Therefore, numerous studies on combintion of Pet nd compost sourced from multiple orgnic wstes mixed t different proportions hve been experimentlly conducted for vrious plnt species. According to investigtions of Fischer nd Popp (1998) with Deutzi scr grown in mixtures of Pet nd vrious composts derived from bio-wstes nd nerobiclly treted refuses from dry fermenttion, grden wstes or nerobiclly treted refuses from wet fermenttion pplied t the rte of 20%, 40% or 60%, respectively, such mixtures re s good s Pet substrtes. Fischer nd Schmitz (1997) confirmed tht mixtures of 75% sphgnum pet nd 25% compost from residues of the KOMPOGAS-procedure ( one-step, thermophilic dry fermenttion with 25-40% solid mtter) ws fvorle growing medi with low ph nd nutrient contents idel for cultivtion of sensitive plnt spieces like Euphorbi pulcherrim. However, Mmi nd Peyvst (2010) recommended tht compost from municipl solid wstes should not exceed 5% by volume dded into Pet for cucumber (Cucumis stivus L., cv. Rdin) trnsplnt production, while coffee pulp compost pplied t 15% or 50% rte ws possible to replce 50% commercil growing medi for tomto production (Berech et l. 2011). Additionlly, dditives with low contents of nutrients, soluble slts nd stle structure such s crushed brick, brk, wood chips (Fischer nd Popp 1998), inert products like Polyurethne-ether, Perlite, Fom-plstics, Polystyrene nd Vermiculite (Boodt nd Verdonck 1971, Lmnn et l. 1991, Wilson et l. 2004) would be suitle to be dded to compost nd Pet mixtures to improve the physicl chrcteristics of medi nd reduce the proportion of Pet. Boodt nd Verdonck (1971) determined tht white pet dded to Perlite or Polyether (volumetric rtio = 3:1) incresed the volume of ir ertion from 8-26% or 8-45%, respectively, optimizing for root cuttings of Begoni Tuberhyride Multiflor. Ostos et l. (2008) studied mixtures of 40% compost mixed with Pine brk nd Pet s potting susbtrtes for the shrub Pistci lentiscus L. In ddition, 50% Perlite dded to Pet nd compost mixtures were studied s growing medi for poinsetti production by Ppfotiou et l. (2004). In study of Smith et l. (2004), Perlite ws lso used s n dditive substrte mixed into 70% Pet s potting medi to cultivte Gernium (Pelrgonium x hortorum). In nother study of Wilson et l. (2004), pet-bsed medi consisting of 25-35% Polystyrene, 5-15% Vermiculite nd 55-65% Pet ws used s control mterils for some tested subtropicl perennil production. As reviewed from vrious cited publictions, uthors proposed mny different mixing rtios of compost nd Pet or dded some rtificil dditives to develop suitle potting medi for wide rnge of crops including perennils, vegetles, fruits, shrubs, folige plnts, ornmentl plnts. The proportion rte of compost recommended to dd into Pet is dependent on vrious plnt species, sources of compost nd growth stge of plnts. For

63 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts ech purpose in horticulture, it is crucil to hve more deep nd specil studies to find optiml growing conditions for individul plnt production. This study ws conducted to investigte the suitility of compost-bsed nd pet-bsed substrtes used s potting medi for ornmentl plnts in the greenhouse nd develop optiml growing conditions for growth nd qulity of slt-sensitive plnts. In order to ddress these objectives, two pot experiments were conducted in Experiment 1 ws imed t studying the effects of compost-bsed medi on yield formtion nd nutrient uptke, while Experiment 2 ws trgeted to produce pet-bsed substrtes s stndrd soils to optimize ornmentl vlues for tested sensitive plnts, Pelrgonium nd Slvi Mterils nd methods Experiment 1: Compost-bsed susbtrtes Rw mterils In this experiment, the sme source of compost from green wstes studied in Chpter 2 ws used s the min bsic rw mteril without leching. Stndrd soils produced from minly white pet nd prtilly blck pet (TKS 1 nd TKS 2 ) s the control were included. Hygromull nd Cocofiber chosen s dditives contining specific content of nutrient slts were mixed into compost. Besides, stndrd soil substrte type ED 73 produced from 70% white pet nd 30% cly (SPS), n dditive for medium slt sensitive plnts ws used s test dditive to decrese the slt content in potting substrtes significntly. The chemicl chrcteristics of compost, stndrd soils (TKS 1 nd TKS 2 ), nd dditives for the first experiment re shown in Tle 4. TKS 0 produced from 100% white pet which will be mentioned in the lter experiment is lso included in Tle 4. The slt content nd the nutrient content of compost were significntly higher thn tht of stndrd soils. The nutrient nd slt content of stndrd soils re in the following rnge: TKS 0 < TKS 1 < TKS 2. The chemicl indexes of TKS 2 were mostly two folds higher thn TKS 1. Therefore, TKS 1 ws used s control substrte for the modertely slt-sensitive Slvi (Slvi splendens) nd TKS 2 for the less slt-sensitive Pelrgonium (Pelrgonium zonle Toro). SPS, stndrd soil substrte, hs low slt content nd ville P nd K nd ws therefore chosen s n dditive substrte for the first experiment. Additionlly, plnt ville P nd exchngele K in Hygromull nd Cocofiber were rther high nd incresed the ville P nd K of substrtes in comprison with mixtures of compost nd SPS

64 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts Tle 4: Chemicl chrcteristics of compost, stndrd soils nd dditives Prmeters Comp TKS 0 TKS 1 TKS 2 SPS Coco Hy DM (%) ph (CCl 2 ) E c (ms/cm) P Totl (mg/kg) CAL-P (mg/kg) K Totl (mg/kg) CAL-K (mg/kg) Mg Totl (mg/kg) Mg-CCl 2 (mg/kg) N Totl (mg/kg) N Totl (mg/kg) S Totl (mg/kg) C Totl (g/kg) Smples were nlyzed with three replictes nd verge vlues re presented Experimentl design To compost s the min substrte some dditives including SPS, Cocofiber nd Hygromull were dded. The experimentl plnts, Pelrgonium nd Slvi were trnsplnted in 6 liter pots (dimeter: 25 cm, height: 30 cm). Ten tretments with 4 replictions were estlished (Tle 5). The plnts were wtered with distilled wter everydy (50% WHC). The increse of the dditive proportion in growing medi enhnced the mximum WHC of the substrtes. The experiment ws conducted from April to My 2011 in the greenhouse of INRES-Plnt nutrition, University of Bonn, Germny (Figure 21). After 60 dys cultivting whole fresh plnt mteril including flowers nd leves ws hrvested nd dried t 60 o C in therml oven until the dry mss ws constnt. Dried plnt mteril ws finely ground into powder nd stored in plstic bottles before nlysis

65 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts Tle 5: Tretments of experiment 1 in 2011 No. Tretment Potting substrte WHC (%) 1 Stndrd soil: TKS 1 for Slvi Stndrd soil: TKS 2 for Pelrgonium Comp 100% Compost Comp/SPS 4:1 80% Compost + 20% Stndrd soil type ED Comp/SPS 1:1 50% Compost + 50% Stndrd soil type ED Comp/SPS 1:4 20% Compost + 80% Stndrd soil type ED Comp/Coco 4:1 80% Compost + 20% Cocofiber Comp/Coco 1:1 50% Compost + 50% Cocofiber Comp/Coco 1:4 20% Compost + 80% Cocofiber Comp/Hy 4:1 80% Compost + 20% Hygromull Comp/Hy 1:1 50% Compost + 50% Hygromull 71.7 Hygromull with its density of kg/m 3 ws impossible to set up the mixture of Compost nd Hygromull (with Comp/Hy rtio = 1:4) s other mixtures, becuse the idel bulk density for growing substrtes should be out kg/m 3 (Nppi nd Brberis 1993). Figure 21. Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes

66 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts Experiment 2: Pet-bsed substrtes Pretretment of mteril to produce TKS 0 In contrst to experiment 1, TKS 0 produced from 100% Pet without supplement of nutrient slts ws the min potting medi in experiment 2. Styromull nd Perlite contining no slt nd nutrients were the dditives used in this experiment. The im of the use of TKS 0, compost nd dditives ws to produce suitle potting substrte with low slt content but supplying enough nutrients for slt-sensitive ornmentl plnts. TKS 0 ws produced from 100% white pet. Slightly compcted Pet ws moistened by micronutrient solution (5.1g/L wter) (volumetric rtio of moistening solution nd pet = 1.47/100) of the complete fertilizer FERTY 10 produced by Plnt Düngemittel GmbH (Regenstuf, Germny) contining 10% MgO, 0.5% B, 2% Cu, 3.5% Fe, 0.5% Mn, 0.8% Mo nd 0.3% Zn. Then 3.5 g/l of limestone (CCO 3 ) ws dded to Pet nd mixed evenly nd the limed Pet ws kept for 3 dys, mixing once per dy to get the lime uniformly distributed. This preprtion method ws the sme s described by Olympios (1992). Wter ws lso dded to hve slightly wet substrte which helped to equilibrte the C sturtion of Pet. After 3 dys, ph rnged between After these steps, TKS 0 ws redy to set up the pot experiment Experimentl design The experiment included eight tretments with 4 replictions (Tle 6). Similrly to the first experiment, Pelrgonium nd Slvi were chosen s experimentl plnts. They were trnsplnted into 6-liter pots nd wtered with distilled wter everydy (50% of the mximum WHC). The procedure of plnting in the greenhouse ws the sme s the previous experiment. After 2 months (from July to August 2011), whole fresh plnt mteril of both plnt species ws hrvested nd dried t 60 o C in therml oven. Dried plnt mteril ws then finely ground into powder nd stored in plstic bottles before nlysis

67 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts Tle 6: Tretments of experiment 2 in 2011 No. Tretment Potting substrte WHC (%) 1 Stndrd soil: TKS 1 for Slvi Stndrd soil: TKS 2 for Pelrgonium Comp 100% Compost TKS 0 /Comp 3:1 75% Stndrd soil from 100% Pet + 25% Compost 4 TKS 0 /Comp 6:1 86% Stndrd soil from 100% Pet + 14% Compost 5 TKS 0 /Comp 6:1 + 5% Sty 81% Stndrd soil from 100% Pet, 14% Compost + 5% Styromull 6 TKS 0 /Comp 6:1 + 10% Sty 76% Stndrd soil from 100% Pet, 14% Compost + 10% Styromull 7 TKS 0 /Comp 6:1 + 5% Per 81% Stndrd soil from 100% Pet, 14% Compost + 5% Perlite 8 TKS 0 /Comp 6:1 + 10% Per 76% Stndrd soil from 100% Pet, 14% Compost + 10% Perlite Anlysis methods For compost nd stndrd soils, prmeters including DM, ph (CCl 2 ), slt content, ville P, K, Mg nd totl N, P, K, Mg, N, C nd S nd for plnt mterils N, P, K, Mg nd N contents were determined ccording to the stndrd methods of VDLUFA (Hoffmnn, 1991, 1995, 1997). For more detils see the nlysis methods in Section Totl nutrient uptke (mg/pot) is determined by nutrient content (mg/g DM) x dry mtter (g/pot). Multivrite nlysis (ANOVA) ws performed using the SPSS 18.0 softwre pckge (Chicgo, IL, USA). Mens of DM, content nd totl uptke of nutrients in plnt mterils were compred t significnce level of p = 0.05 by Tukey test throughout the study

68 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts 3.3. Results nd discussions Experiment 1: Compost-bsed substrtes Plnt growth The first experiment set up for two low slt-tolernt flowering plnts, Pelrgonium (less sltsensitive) nd Slvi (more slt-sensitive) grown in compost-bsed substrtes is shown in Figure 22. Pelrgonium (TKS2) Comp (100%) Comp/SPS (4:1) Comp/SPS (1:1) Comp/SPS (1:4) Comp/Coco (4:1) Comp/Coc o (1:1) Comp/Coco o (1:4) Comp/Hy (4:1) Comp/Hy (1:1) Slvi (TKS1) Comp (100%) Comp/SPS (4:1) Comp/SPS (1:1) Comp/SPS (1:4) Comp/Coco (4:1) Comp/Coc o (1:1) Comp/Coco o (1:4) Comp/Hy (4:1) Comp/Hy (1:1) Figure 22. Pelrgonium nd Slvi grown in compost-bsed substrtes 45 dys fter plnting As shown in Tle 7, the slt content in pure compost nd mixtures with shre of > 50% compost nd dditives t the strt nd t the end of the experiment, respectively, ws notly higher thn tht of the stndrd soils. Cused by nutrient uptke of plnts the slt content ws reduced in ll substrtes. It is ssumed tht the high slt content in the compostbsed substrtes cused the poor plnt growth of Pelrgonium nd Slvi (Figure 23)

69 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts Tle 7: Slt content in growing medi before nd fter hrvest Substrte Pelrgonium Initil E c (ms/cm) E c fter hrvest (ms/cm) -TKS Comp 100% Comp/SPS 4: Comp/SPS 1: Comp/SPS 1: Comp/Coco 4: Comp/Coco 1: Comp/Coco 1: Comp/Hy 4: Comp/Hy 1: Slvi -TKS Comp 100% Comp/SPS 4: Comp/SPS 1: Comp/SPS 1: Comp/Coco 4: Comp/Coco 1: Comp/Coco 1: Comp/Hy 4: Comp/Hy 1:

70 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts 40 A Pelrgonium Slvi DM (g/pot) B F F CDE EF B CD B C Comp 100% Comp/SPS 4:1 Comp/SPS 1:1 Comp/SPS 1:4 Comp/Coco 4:1 Comp/Coco 1:1 Comp/Coco 1:4 Comp/Hy 4:1 Comp/Hy 1:1 Potting substrtes C-FCDE C-F DEF DEF EF F F F F Figure 23. Dry mtter yield of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes Error brs represent the stndrd devition of 4 replictes. Mens of different tretments followed by the sme letters re not significntly different (p < 0.05) by Tukey test. Dry mtter yield of Pelrgonium nd Slvi ws highest in the control tretments (stndrd soils TKS 2 nd TKS 1, respectively) nd lowest in the 100% compost (Figure 23). Although the yield of both plnts ws very low in the tretment with shre of 20% SPS, plnt growth ws fvored by the smll ddition of SPS. DM yield of both plnts incresed significntly with n incresing shre of SPS. However, the yield could not rech tht of the control. While in the control tretments DM yield of Pelrgonium mounted to 28.5 g/pot nd of Slvi to 23.0 g/pot, 20.6 nd 21.4 g/pot were reched for Pelrgonium nd 9.1 nd 13.1 g/pot determined for Slvi with the rtios Comp/SPS 1:1 nd 1:4, respectively (Figure 23). It should be pointed out tht with both Comp/SPS rtios the improvement of yield formtion ws higher, demonstrting the higher slt tolernce of Pelrgonium. While with Pelrgonium the ddition of Cocofiber nd Hygromull prtilly fvored yield formtion s compred to 100% of compost, growth of Slvi ws not fvored (Figure 22). It is ssumed tht the high slt content in compost (Tle 7) s the min substrte component negtively ffects plnt growth (Ppfotiou et l. 2004). Furthermore, Cocofiber resulted in highly porous, less wter holding substrte which my fvor prtilly leching of nutrient from the potting mteril. In ddition, Hygromull with reltively high slt content (Tle 7) negtively ffected plnt growth. Therefore, both dditives re not recommended

71 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts The results of the present investigtion re in greement with results of Fischer nd Popp (1998) or Grigtti et l. (2007), who investigted the impct of shre of compost (25%) from nerobiclly treted refuse with dry fermenttion or green wstes nd sewge sludge mixed with Pet on growth of Deuzi scr Cndidissim or Slvi splendens mestro, respectively. In contrst, Klock-Moore (2000) found tht compost from seweed with high initil slt content dded t 0, 30, 60 nd 100% by volume cused no depression on Slvi growth nd even produced slle qulity of Slvi flowers. In report by Ostos et l. (2008), the compost-bsed substrtes with the presence of up to 40% compost from sewge sludge strongly enhnced biomss weight of the shrub Pistci lentiscus L. which ws significntly higher thn tht grown in the commercil Pet s control. Wilson et l. (2001, 2002, 2003, 2004) conducted four experiments with pet-bsed soilless medi mended with 25, 50, 75, 100% compost from biosolids nd yrd trimmings to exmine the growth of 24 ornmentl perennils including Slvi. Despite both positive nd negtive effects on plnt growth were observed t high rtes of compost ddition (50-100%), flowering or visul qulity of these tested perennil species were more or less ffected, but still mrketle in horticulture. The diverse results mong studies on compost-bsed substrtes were due to the differences of sources of compost nd plnt species hving different slt tolernce (Grigtti et l. 2007) Content nd totl uptke of nutrients (N, P, K, Mg nd N) As compred to the stndrd soil TKS 2, N, P, Mg contents (mg/g DM) of Pelrgonium plnted on compost tretments were generlly lower (Figure 24i, 25i, 27i), but K nd N contents were higher (Figure 26i, 28i). These results were similr for those of Slvi, except N content which reched the sme level or ws slightly higher thn the stndrd soil TKS 1 (Figure 24i 28i). Furthermore, N content of Slvi ws generlly higher thn tht of Pelrgonium (Figure 24i 28i). The reduction of the shre of compost incorported into potting mterils resulted in proportionl lower slt content. As result, K nd N uptke contents were corresponding decresed (Figure 26i, 28i), while N, P, nd Mg uptke contents were orderly incresed (Figure 24i, 25i, 27i)

72 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts (i) A (ii) Pelrgonium Slvi N content (mg/g DM) c c de d bc d f d de bc c Comp 100% Comp/SPS 4:1 Comp/SPS 1:1 Comp/SPS 1:4 Comp/Coco 4:1 Comp/Coco 1:1 Comp/Coco 1:4 Comp/Hy 4:1 Comp/Hy 1:1 d Potting substrtes g ef c c d d Totl N uptke (mg/pot) B F F DEF EF BC CD CDE DEF Comp 100% Comp/SPS 4:1 Comp/SPS 1:1 Comp/SPS 1:4 Comp/Coco 4:1 Comp/Coco 1:1 Comp/Coco 1:4 Comp/Hy 4:1 Potting substrtes EF DEF DEF EF EF F F F F F Comp/Hy 1:1 Figure 24. N content (i) nd totl N uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes (i) A (ii) Pelrgonium Slvi P content (mg/g DM) bc j efg cd d-g d-g fgh ghi hij d-g cde efg efg Comp 100% Comp/SPS 4:1 Comp/SPS 1:1 Comp/SPS 1:4 Comp/Coco 4:1 Comp/Coco 1:1 Comp/Coco 1:4 Comp/Hy 4:1 Comp/Hy 1:1 Potting substrtes ij decde fghdef Totl P uptke (mg/pot) B EFG GG G C DE C CD Comp 100% Comp/SPS 4:1 Comp/SPS 1:1 Comp/SPS 1:4 Comp/Coco 4:1 Comp/Coco 1:1 Comp/Coco 1:4 Comp/Hy 4:1 Potting substrtes DEF EFG EFG FG FG G G G G G Comp/Hy 1:1 Figure 25. P content (i) nd totl P uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes

73 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts (i) A (ii) Pelrgonium Slvi K content (mg/g DM) hi i bc bcd cde cde fg ef hi hi Comp 100% Comp/SPS 4:1 Comp/SPS 1:1 Comp/SPS 1:4 Comp/Coco 4:1 Potting substrtes bcd bcd bcd bcd bcd def bcd gh Comp/Coco 1:1 Comp/Coco 1:4 Comp/Hy 4:1 Comp/Hy 1:1 Totl K uptke (mg/pot) BC F F CD F A CD B CDE DEF F DE Comp 100% Comp/SPS 4:1 Comp/SPS 1:1 Comp/SPS 1:4 Comp/Coco 4:1 Comp/Coco 1:1 Comp/Coco 1:4 Comp/Hy 4:1 Comp/Hy 1:1 Potting substrtes F F F DE F CD EF Figure 26. K content (i) nd totl K uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes Totl nutrient uptke of both plnts from lmost ll tretments including the pure compost nd the dditive-mixed composts, except the mixtures of compost nd SPS (with the volumetric rtios 1:1 nd 1:4), were sttisticlly not different nd hd the lowest levels (N: ; P: ; K: ; Mg: nd N: mg/pot for Pelrgonium nd N: ; P: ; K: ; Mg: nd N: mg/pot for Slvi, respectively) in comprison to the control tretments (N: 846.1; P: 215.0; K: ; Mg: 90.1 nd N: 34.2 mg/pot for Pelrgonium nd N: 549.6; P: 141.7; K: 628.9; Mg: 73.7 nd N: mg/pot for Slvi, respectively) (Figure 24ii 28ii). Among these compost tretments, the highest totl nutrient uptke of both plnts ws observed in the mixtures of 20% compost, followed by 50% compost nd SPS, reching close the level of the control. Notly, totl N uptke of Slvi from the Comp/SPS mixtures with volumetric rtios of 1:1 nd 1:4 ws estimted s nd mg/pot (Figure 28ii), respectively. It significntly incresed nd being s high s the control tretment which is the result of the high yield formtion of these plnts. In contrst, totl N uptke of the 100% compost tretment ws extremely low cused by the low yield of this tretment

74 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts Mg content (mg/g DM) (i) cd c-f d-h f-i bc cde Comp 100% Comp/SPS 4:1 Comp/SPS 1:1 Comp/SPS 1:4 Comp/Coco 4:1 Comp/Coco 1:1 Comp/Coco 1:4 Comp/Hy 4:1 Comp/Hy 1:1 Potting substrtes d-g d-h ghi ghi ghi f-i e-h hi i j Totl Mg uptke (mg/pot) A AB (ii) E E DE E B DE BC CD Comp 100% Comp/SPS 4:1 Comp/SPS 1:1 Comp/SPS 1:4 Comp/Coco 4:1 Comp/Coco 1:1 Comp/Coco 1:4 Comp/Hy 4:1 Comp/Hy 1:1 Potting substrtes Pelrgonium Slvi E E E E E E E E E E Figure 27. Mg content (i) nd totl Mg uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes N content (mg/g DM) k (i) fg f b h-k c ijk d jk Comp 100% Comp/SPS 4:1 Comp/SPS 1:1 Comp/SPS 1:4 Comp/Coco 4:1 Comp/Coco 1:1 Comp/Coco 1:4 Comp/Hy 4:1 Comp/Hy 1:1 Potting substrtes e fgh gh cd h-k cd ghi g-j cd Totl N uptke (mg/pot) A BCD (ii) CDE CDE DE A BC BC CDE A Comp 100% Comp/SPS 4:1 Comp/SPS 1:1 Comp/SPS 1:4 Comp/Coco 4:1 Potting substrtes Pelrgonium Slvi B-E CDE CDE CDE CDE CDE DE CDE E B Comp/Coco 1:1 Comp/Coco 1:4 Comp/Hy 4:1 Comp/Hy 1:1 Figure 28. N content (i) nd totl N uptke (ii) of Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in compost-bsed substrtes

75 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts In the literture, the mixture of 40% compost originted from pine brk nd moss ws found s potentil nd dequte growing mterils for lettuce (Lctuc stiv vr. cpitt) (Oberpur et l. 2010), or compost-bsed susbtrtes with 40% compost from sewge sludge or municipl solid wstes significntly incresed nutrient concentrtions nd totl nutrient uptke of shrub (Pistci lentiscus L.) (Ostos et l. 2008). However, the uthors only mentioned the positive results when mixing 40% compost s min component nd Pet substitution, other pplied percentge of compost in compost-bsed substrtes probly resulted in unknown effects on plnt growth nd nutrient uptke. In this study, the lrge proportion of compost incroported into potting mterils cused some dmges which ws phytotoxic for the development nd qulity of the slt sensitive plnts, Slvi nd Pelrgonium. The sme negtive effects were recorded for Poinsetti production when replcing over 37.5% volumetric Pet by olive-mill wste compost (Ppfotiou et l. 2004). On the other hnd, the presence of Hygromull or Cocofiber with different proportions in the growing medi, despite prtilly slt content dilution nd wter-holding cpcity enhncement (Tle 6), seemed to depress the growth of Slvi nd Pelrgonium. Thus totl nutrient uptke ws not obviously improved s when the plnts were grown in SPSincorported compost. Therefore, bsed on the results of this experiment the ddition of Hygromull or Cocofiber to compost my not be recommended. Moreover, totl nutrient uptke except N by Pelrgonium from ll compost-bsed mterils ws lrger thn tht of Slvi (Figure 24ii 28ii). This my be explined by the better dpttion nd slt tolernce of Pelrgonium s compred to Slvi when growing in medi hving high slt content. Clerly, the content nd totl uptke of nutrients into plnt tissues mong nd within species vried remrkly s compost frction incresed in the substrte (Grigtti et l. 2007). In summry, both Pelrgonium nd Slvi grown in the compost-bsed medi with high shre of compost more thn 50% suffered from the high slt content which negtively ffected plnt growth nd nutrient uptke. Yield formtion nd totl nutrient uptke of plnts were observed to be highest in the control, followed by the potting substrtes creted by compost nd SPS with the mixing rtios of 1:1 nd 1:4. The results demonstrted tht the high rte ppliction of minly pet-contining substrtes like SPS fvored plnt growth. However, the incorportion of Cocofiber nd Hygromull into compost negtively influenced the growth of the experimentl plnts. The negtive results on DM weight nd low nutrient uptke of Pelrgonium nd Slvi cultivted on compost-bsed substrtes in this experiment were bsic foundtion to understnd the low slt-tolernt plnt behvior nd ddress the chnges of slt content in mterils to improve plnt growth by mixing more dditives into substrtes nd reducing the proportion of compost ppliction in potting substrtes. Therefore, second experiment with pet-bsed substrtes ws conducted

76 Chpter 3: Compost s pot medi component for slt-sensitive plnts Experiment 2: Pet-bsed substrtes Plnt growth The second experiment ws conducted with the sme experimentl plnts s in the previous experiment. TKS 0 originted from 100% white pet ws used s bsic mteril nd compost ws dded s prtil Pet substitution to provide sufficient nutrients nd n idel slt content of the potting substrtes. Pelrgonium (TKS2) Comp (100%) TKS 0 /comp (3:1) TKS 0 /comp (6:1) TKS 0 /comp TKS 0 /comp TKS 0 /comp (6:1) + 5%Sty (6:1) + 10%Sty (6:1) + 5%Per TKS 0 /comp (6:1) + 10%Per Slvi (TKS1) Comp (100%) TKS 0 /comp (3:1) TKS 0 /comp (6:1) TKS 0 /comp (6:1) + 5%Sty TKS 0 /comp (6:1) + 10%Sty TKS 0 /comp (6:1) + 5%Per TKS 0 /comp (6:1) + 10%Per Figure 29. Pelrgonium nd Slvi plnted in pet-bsed substrtes 55 dys fter plnting