How To Sew A Lined London Shade

Transcription

1 How To Sew A Lined London Shade An illustrated step-by-step guide to sewing lined london shades. by: Jennifer Thoden Copyright 2008 Thoden Publications LLC

2 2 Copyright and Disclaimer Copyright Notice Copyright 2008 Thoden Publications LLC No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical or electronic, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission or futher information should be addressed to: Customer Support, Flint Lee Road, Unit C, Chantilly, VA or homesewingpatterns.com Legal Notice While all attempts have been made to verify information provided in this publication, the author does not assume any responsibility for errors, ommissions, or contrary interpretation of the subject matter herein. The purchaser or reader of this publication assumes responsibility for the use of these materials and information. The author assumes no responsibility or liability whatsoever of the behalf of any purchaser or reader of these materials. Any perceived slights of specific people or organizations are unintentional.

3 Table of Contents Contents Introduction... 4 Supply List... 5 Finished Measurements... 9 Cut Your Fabric & Lining...15 Extra Wide Roman Shades...18 Sew the Side Seams...22 Fold the Box Pleats...25 Sew the Bottom Hem...30 Sew On the Shade Rings...34 Install Your London Shade & Hardware...39 Related Resources...48

4 1 Introduction London shades are very similar to relaxed roman shades. The key style difference is that a london shade has 2 box pleats... one for each lift cord. These box pleats add extra fabric to the swag as the shade is raised. The deep full swag and butterfly tails on the sides are the signature of the london shade. This book will walk you through sewing lined london shades with one fabric. You re going to learn how to measure, sew and install your london shades. You ll even learn how to make a rod pocket london shade that s functional! If you are planning on making a valance... a nonfunctional london shade, there are notes and instructions for this as well. So... lets get started!

5 2 Supply List You re going to need gather some supplies before you can get started. Listed on the following pages are all the items you will need to sew and install a lined london shade. Each item is listed with an illustration or photo and a description. You ll notice that this is a general list and does not tell you exactly how much of an item you will need. This is based on your specific project. You ll need to read through the Finished Measurements and Cut Your Fabric chapters to get the info required to calculate the amount of fabric, # of shade rings and yards of lift cord. So, for now, this supply list will give you an idea of what you need... then as you move through this book you will be able to determine how much of each item you need to have on hand.

6 6 Chapter 2! To determine how many yards of material you ll need, first read through to Cut Your Fabric chapter. Then take these measurements and enter them into the Yardage Calculator located at: Roman-Shades. com/yardage Face Fabric This is your decorator fabric that is considered your main fabric. You can choose from silk, cotton, linen and even some upholstery fabric. Yes, even sheer fabrics are appropriate. Your fabric choices will affect how your roman shade pleats. Softer fabrics will give softer, less structured folds. Heavier fabrics will give thick folds. Cotton fabrics that crease easily will give you crisp folds. Lining For most roman shades, you will want to line your face fabric. Lining your shade will protect your face fabric from the sun and add body to your roman shade. Lining will also help preserve the look of your fabric as the sun shines through it. Blackout lining is a popular choice for roman shades... because in many cases the roman shade s function is to add privacy and block out light. Keep in mind that blackout lining is thicker than other linings and generally does not pleat well. Your pleats will be soft folds rather than crisp pleats.

7 Supply List 7 Shade Rings Shade rings are what your lift cord will be threaded through to create pleats when the roman shade is raised. The size of the pleats is based on where you sew on your shade rings. Shade rings are available in white, offwhite and brass. Choose whichever fits your style and color scheme.! To determine how many shade rings you need, read through the Sew Your Shade Rings chapter. Lift Cord You ll need lift cord to lift your roman shade when pulled. The lift cord will thread up through the shade rings and thread through your hardware. When you pull the lift cord your shade will raise and pleat into roman shade folds. Screw Eyes Once you have all of your lift cords inyou will attach your roman shade to a dust board. The dust board is what holds the hardware to operate your roman shade. A dust board is a piece of wood that is 1 thick by at least 2 deep cut to the finished width of your shade. Even if you are going to make a rod pocket roman shade, you ll need a dust board to install the hardware. Cord Lock To raise and lower your roman shade like a blind, you ll need a cord lock. When you pull your lift cords in one direction the shade will lock in place. Pull in the opposite direction and the shade will be released to raise and lower.! You can find all of these roman shade supplies at:! A very nice alternative to the cord lock is a bead chain clutch system. These are great for any type of shade, but especially nice for larger or heavier roman shades. You can learn more about these systems at: DraperySewingSupplies.com DraperySewingSupplies.com

8 8 Chapter 2 Dust Board You can get your dust board at any hardware store. You will attach your roman shade to a dust board. The dust board is what holds the hardware to operate your roman shade. A dust board is a piece of wood that is 1 thick by at least 2 deep cut to the finished width of your shade. Even if you are going to make a rod pocket roman shade, you ll need a dust board to install the hardware. Finished Width 2 1! Don t forget to gather other important tools, like a staple gun, sharp fabric scissors, a straight edge, measuring tape, a fabric marking pen and straight pins. Sewing Machine and Thread You will need a sewing machine that can sew a straight stitch. A machine with a blind hem stitch is even better. You ll want thread to match your face fabric.

9 13 Finished Measurements Measurements Before you can cut your fabric or determine how much fabric you are going to need for your project, you will need to define the finished measurements of your roman shade. This step is absolutely critical to your success! If you skip this chapter and guess at the size of your roman shade, you will end up with a shade that is too large or too small. So, follow the steps on the following pages to define the finished width and finished length of your roman shade.

10 10 Chapter 3 There are 3 different ways to install your roman shade. Inside your window frame, outside your window frame and on a decorative pole. Inside the Window Frame If you plan on hanging your roman shade on the inside of your window frame, then you will attach your roman shade to a dust board... and then install the dust board to the top inside of your window frame. The finished width of your roman shade is the width of the inside of your window frame MINUS 1/2. The finished length of your roman shade is the length of the inside of your window frame. Figure 3.1 Make sure you measure the inside width of the window frame in several places... and choose the narrowest width. Otherwise, you may end up with the roman shade brushing up against the sides of the window. Finished Width Finished Length

11 Finished Measurements 11 Outside the Window Frame If you plan on hanging your roman shade on the outside of your window frame, then you will attach your roman shade to a dust board... and then install the dust board to the wall above of your window frame. There is no strict rule as to how far above the window you should install your roman shade. The higher you install the dust board, the taller your window will appear. The finished width of your roman shade is however wide you wish your roman shade to be. If you re not sure, 2 past each side of your window is a common installation. The finished length of your roman shade is the length from the top edge of your dust board to the window sill. Finished Width Finished Length Figure 3.2 For more accurate measurements, temporarily install your dust board to your wall first. Then measure the finished length. Installing your dust board now, will make your final installation a lot easier and faster.

12 12 Chapter 3 Figure 3.3 Outside the Window Frame (continued) The returns of your london shade is the depth of your dust board... the measurement from the front edge of the board to the wall. Unlike the flat roman shade that is only installed to the front of the dust board.. london shades that are installed on the outside of the window wrap around the sides of the boards... also known as the returns. You are not required to wrap the london shade around the sides of the board... you may just want the shade attached to the front of the board. If so, then the return value = 0. So, measure from the front edge of your dust board to the wall... this is the return measurement. Finished Width Return Front Edge of Board Now add the returns to the original Finished Width measurement for the official Finished Width measurement you will use for the rest of this book. Finished Width = Finished Width + Return + Return Example #1 Width of dust board = 62 Return = 2 3/4 Finished Width = / /4 Finished Width = 67 1/2

13 Finished Measurements 13 On a Decorative Pole If you plan on hanging your roman shade on the outside of your window frame on a decorative drapery pole, then you will slide your roman shade onto the pole. You will still install a dust board to the inside of your window frame. Your hardware that will raise and lower your roman shade will be installed on this board. The finished width of your roman shade is however wide you wish your roman shade to be. If you re not sure, 2 past each side of your window is a common installation. The finished length of your roman shade is the length from the top edge of your drapery pole to the window sill. Finished Width Figure 3.4 Finished Length For more accurate measurements, install your drapery pole first. Then measure the finished length. The illustration shows the dust board installed on the inside of the window. If you plan on installing your drapery pole more than a foot above your window, then it may be better to install the dust board on the wall about 4 below the drapery pole.

14 14 Chapter 3 More about the Finished Length If you stick with the finished length as the measurement from the top of your hardware to the window sill, then your london shade will hang completely flat when lowered... with no swag or pleat at the bottom edge (the bottom edge is straight). This may be desirable... and if so, leave your finished length measurement as is. However, another variation of how the london shade looks when it is completely lowered is to still have a couple permanent pleats at the bottom... making the bottom edge swag a little. If you want this look, then you need to add 12 to the finished length measurement. 12 will create 2 or 3 permanent pleats. So, decide if you want this look, make sure you add 12 to the finished length. Making a London Shade Valance? A london shade valance is a london shade that is permanently raised and acts as a window valance... instead of a functional shade for privacy. If so, I recommend you keep the finished length measurement as if you were making a full london shade. Then, when you raise it up to create the pleats for the valance, you ll have a full, luxurious looking london shade. If you are short on fabric, then you can shorten the finished length, but keep in mind that you still want at least 12 to 18 of extra fabric beyond the desired finished length. So, if you want your valance to be 12 long... don t have your finished length at 12. Because then there will be no pleats and swags. So, if you want your valance to be 12 after being pleated... make your finished length 30.

15 4 Cut Your Fabric & Lining! Refer to th Finished Mea surements chapter fo the Finished Widt and Finished Lengt measurements! For tips an videos on how to cut your fabric, vis manshades.com This is the chapter where you will calculate the cut dimensions for your fabric and lining based on your roman shade s finished measurements. Once you have the cut measurements, you will be able to calculate the # of yards of material you will need. This is a perfect stopping point. Now you can pack up your notes and head to the fabric store and collect all of your supplies.

16 16 Chapter 4 Rod Pocket Roman Shades If you are making a rod pocket london shade to hang on a decorative drapery pole, then measure around the pole. This will be referred to as the POLE measurement in the following instructions.! Refer to the Finished Measurements chapter for the Finished Width and Finished Length measurements. Lined London Shades Face Fabric Cut Width = Finished Width Cut Length = Finished Length If you are making a rod pocket roman shade, then add the POLE to the Cut Length! For tips and videos on how to cut your fabric, visit Lining Cut Width = Finished Width - 1 Cut Length = Finished Length If you are making a rod pocket roman shade, then add the POLE to the Cut Length Now that you have the cut dimensions of your material, use our yardage calculator to calculate the number of yards of material you will need. You can find this calculator at

17 Cut Measurements 17 If your cut width measurement is less than the width of your fabric, then go ahead and cut your fabric to the cut dimensions. If your cut width measurement is wider than the width of your fabric, then you will need to piece your fabric widths to get to the cut width dimension. Read through the following chapter on Extra Wide Roman Shades, and then visit for tips and videos on piecing your fabric.! If you are going to piece together fabric that has a pattern, your yardage calculation will be affected. Make sure you read through the following chapter on Extra Wide Roman Shades before you calculate your yardage.

18 5 Extra Wide Roman Shades What if you have a roman shade that is wider than your fabric? First, let me put your mind at ease and tell you that roman shades can be made as wide as you want. I ve had customers make their shades as wide as so don t think that 60 or even a 100 is too wide for a roman shade. This chapter will help you make some smart decisions about extra wide roman shades. Plus give you advice on how and where to piece your fabric so that your fabric is wide enough to make your shade.

19 Extra Wide Roman Shades 19 If your fabric s cut width measurement is wider than your fabric width, then you are going to need to piece your fabric. Piecing your fabric means to sew 2 or more fabric widths together. In most cases, you ll only need to piece 2 fabric widths together to make your fabric wide enough for the cut width measurement. Once you have sewn your fabric widths together, you will trim your sewn panel down to the cut width and length measurements you had calculated in the previous chapter. You can simply sew the 2 fabric widths together and then cut the panel, but for a nicer appearance, you will want to piece your fabric widths so that you have a main fabric width centered on the face of your roman shade, and then the remaining fabric width split evenly on both sides of the roman shade. Cut Width ull Fabric Width! For tips and videos on how to piece your fabric visit Roman-Shades.com Figure 5.1 Planning on where your want your seams is a design decision and a functional decision. I have seen roman shades with the seam right in the middle of the shade. This is a design choice. It is also good to plan where you want your seams to be, because this is where you will place your lift cords to avoid too many vertical shadows.

20 20 Chapter 5! For tips and videos on how to piece your fabric with a print, visit But what if your fabric has a pattern? If you simply sew your fabric widths together, your pattern may not match up... and the look of your roman shade may be distorted. So, you re going to want to match your fabric s pattern when piecing the widths together. Having to do this affects your yardage calculation. You will need 2 more measurements to get the correct amount of fabric for your roman shade. Horizontal Pattern Repeat = Measure from the start of one pattern to the start of where the pattern repeats Vertical Pattern Repeat = Measure from the top of one pattern to the top of where the pattern repeats Piecing the Interlining If you need to piece your fabric and lining, you ll probably need to piece your interlining. Piecing your interlining is different than piecing your other fabric. You want your interlining to lay flat as much as possible. Lay the widths of interlining side by side with no overlap. With a needle and thread, sew the pieces together with a simple whipstitch. For the best results, plan the interlining seams to be inline with the seams of the face fabric. Figure 5.2 Interlining Interlining

21 Extra Wide Roman Shades 21 Consider the hardware When installing a larger and heavier roman shade, you need to consider the hardware you plan on using to raise and lower your shade. Using the standard installation with screw eyes and a cord lock may not be appropriate. As the shade gets heavier, and you add on more lift cords, you will feel the drag of the lift cords through the screw eyes. This can become cumbersome when you need to raise and lower your roman shade frequently. You may want to consider cord idlers or pulleys instead of screw eyes. And my favorite, which is perfect for larger roman shades is the continuous loop bead chain clutch system. Refer to for more detail on different roman shade hardware methods.

22 6 Sew the Side Seams You re going to learn how to sew the sides of your london shade. For a lined london shade, you re going to learn a pillow case method. This method will allow you to sew your face fabric and lining together without vertical seams on the front of your roman shade. There are other methods published on sewing lining and fabric together for roman shades, but this is the one method that will minimize the stitching on the front.

23 Sew the Side Seams 23 Lined London Shade I m going to show you my preferred method for sewing face fabric and lining together. This method will avoid having stitching on the face fabric. 1. Lay your face fabric right side facing up. 2. Lay your lining on top of the face fabric... right sides together... aligning bottom edges and one side edge. 3. Sew a 1/2 seam up the side edge. 1/2 Figure 6.1 Lining

24 24 Chapter 6! Press the seams toward the face fabric. When you turn the shade right sides out, the raw edges of the seam will point toward the side edges... keeping the lining area free of unwanted shadows. If you don t press your seams, the raw edges will lay wherever they want... and the appearance will be not be desirable. 4. Slide the lining over so that the other side edgesaligned are aligned Sew a 1/2 seam up this side edge. Turn the shade right sides out. 7. Center the lining so that there is an even amount of fabric on each side of the lining... and press well. Finished Width Figure 6.2 To keep the lining in place, pin in several places. Lining 1 1

25 7 Fold the Box Pleats Now it s time to fold the 2 box pleats. I recommend you find a large flat surface to do this. Perhaps a clean part of your floor.

26 26 Chapter 7 Find the Center of Each Box Pleat First, you ll need to decide where your box pleats will be. This is based on the style of the window... your eye... and the size of your london shade. Take a look at your window now, and decide where you would like to see the box pleats. Keep in mind that the placement of the box pleats affect the swag in the center and the butterfly tails on the ends. The further you bring in the pleats from the side edges, the more butterfly tail you will have... and less center swag. A rule of thumb that will help you is to bring in the box pleats 1/4 of the finished width of the london shade. So, if the finished width is I may bring in the box pleats 15 in from each side... leaving 30 in the center for a swag. After looking at my window, I may decide that 15 isn t far enough... I can adjust it based on how I want it to look. There s no hard and fast rule here. But you do need to know where you want your pleats to continue. 1. Lay your london shade lining side facing up. Figure Measure in from the side edges the Return measurements and mark. If you are doing an inside mount, disregard this step. Return x Return x

27 Fold the Box Pleats Measure over again the distance you wanted the box pleat to come in from the sides PLUS 6 and mark. This is going to be the center of the box pleats. Return 1/4 Width + 6 1/4 Width + 6 Return Figure 7.2 x x x x

28 28 Chapter 7 Fold the Box Pleats 1. Lay your london shade panel fabric side up. 2. Measure from the center of the box pleats out 6 on both sides and mark x x x x x x 3. Do this measuring and marking along the bottom edge as well. 4. Fold the panel so that the outer marks meet the center mark. Fold Figure 7.3 x x x

29 Fold the Box Pleats Double check the measurements of your shade. Your pleated panel should be the finished width. If not, adjust the pleats so that the panel is the finished width measurement. 6. Pin the pleats in place down the length of the panel. Finished Width x x

30 8 Sew the Bottom Hem...and top rod pocket if applicable This chapter will show you how to finish off the bottom edge of your lon shade. Plus you will end up with a casing to hold a weight rod. If you are making a rod pocket roman shade, this chapter will show you how to finish off the top of your london shade, so that you have a rod pocket to slide onto your drapery pole.

31 Sew the Bottom Hem 31 For All Roman Shades No matter what style roman shade you are making (even a london shade), the bottom hem is sewn the same way. 1. up. Lay your roman shade wrong side or lining side facing 2. Fold up the bottom edge 3 and press. 3. Sew a straight stitch across your shade 1 1/2 from the bottom edge of your shade. Figure 8.1 Lining 1 1/2 IMPORTANT - The stitching in step 3 is only neccessary if you plan on having your london shade hang flat with a straight bottom edge when completely lowered. If you plan on having some permanent pleats, you can skip Step 3.

32 32 Chapter 8 4. Fold the bottom edge up another 3 and press. 5. Sew a straight stitch close to the top folded edge of the bottom hem... or you can sew the bottom hem in place with a blind hem stitch. Figure 8.2 Lining Rod Pocket Roman Shades If you are sewing a rod pocket roman shade, then follow the next set of instructions to sew the top rod pocket. 1. Measure from the bottom edge the finished length of your roman shade PLUS 1/4 and fold down the top edge. 3 Figure 8.3 Finished Length + 1/4

33 Sew the Bottom Hem Measure from the top edge of your shade 1/2 the Pole measurement + 1/4 and mark in several places. 1/2 POLE + 1/4 Figure 8.4 Refer to the Cut Measurements chapter for the POLE measurement. 3. Measure 1/2 below these marks and cut off any extra material. 4. Fold under the bottom raw edge 1/2. 5. Sew a straight stitch just above the bottom folded edge... creating a rod pocket. 1/2 POLE + 1/4 Figure 8.5

34 9 Sew On the Shade Rings Now it s time for the fun to begin! OK... to be honest, this section requires some patience. It s not difficult... in fact sewing on your shade rings is very simple. But it can be a bit time consuming. So, if you re tired, put your shade aside until you have a good hour to spend sewing on the rings. Ready? Lets go!

35 Sew On the Shade Rings 35 Ring Spacing You will be spacing your shade rings 6 apart up the length of your london shade. These instructions are based on this ring spacing... but all rules are meant to be broken. If you want to save time and energy, you can certainly space them further apart. Keep in mind, that if you added 18 to the finished length for permanent pleats... the 18 is for three 6 ring spaces. Measure and Mark the Rings Now, you ll need to mark the back of your shade so that you ll know where to sew on your shade rings. You will sew the rings up the back of the box pleats. The center of the box pleats is a perfect guide to mark the rings for the lift cords. 1. Lay your london shade lining side up. 2. Measure up from the bottom edge 3 along the center of the box pleats and mark.! 3 is half of the full ring spacing of 6. The first row of rings will be half the ring spacing from the bottom edge. This will create a half pleat... allowing the bottom edge to fold up evenly with the rest of the pleats when the shade is raised. If you changed the ring spacing to another number, change 3 to half of your ring spacing.

36 36 Chapter 9 Figure 9.1 Center of Box Pleat Center of Box Pleat 3 x Lining x Center of Box Pleat Center of Box Pleat

37 Chapter Title Then measure up 6 and mark. Continue measuring up the center of the box pleats 6 measurements and mark. 4. Repeat this for both pleats. Figure For every mark you have made, insert a straight pin horizontally... through all layers. x x x x x x Lining x x x x x x Remaining Shade Full Pleat Full Pleat Full Pleat Full Pleat Full Pleat Half Pleat This illustration shows how far apart the rings will be spaced going up your shade. The full pleat is the full ring spacing. This will likely be 6 unless you decided on a different ring spacing. The half pleat at the bottom will allow the bottom edge to fold up evenly with the pleats. For tips and videos on how to sew on your shade rings visit

38 38 Chapter 9 6. Now sew a shade ring at every straight pin. Be sure to not catch the folded edges of the box pleat on the front of your shade. Figure 9.3

39 10 Install Your London Shade & Hardware You re almost finished! In this chapter you re going to learn a basic roman shade hardware installation. You will install screw eyes and a cord lock so that you can raise and lower your roman shade like a blind. Then you will hang your roman shade and allow your friends and family to admire your amazing talents!

40 40 Chapter Lay your roman shade ring side up. For a rod pocket roman shade, go straight to Step Measure from the bottom edge up the finished length of your roman shade and mark. Align the top edge of the dust board with these marks. 3. Fold the top raw edge of the roman shade down 1/2 Figure 10.1 This illustration shows how your london shade would look for an inside mount. Finished Length

41 Install Your London Shade 41 Return Return Figure 10.2 This illustration shows how your london shade would look for an outside mount. Notice that the board is centered on your shade. Finished Length Stapling your shade to your dust board is more of a permanent solution... but a standard practice. If you plan on taking your shade down frequently for cleaning, then attaching your shade to

42 42 Chapter 10 Figure 10.3 This illustration shows how your london shade would look for an inside mount. Stapling your shade to your dust board is more of a permanent solution... but a standard practice. If you plan on taking your shade down frequently for cleaning, then attaching your shade to velcro may be more ideal. Finished Length Attaching the Shade to the Board 1. Fold the top of the shade over the top of the board and staple in place.

43 Install Your London Shade 43 Figure 10.4 This illustration shows how your london shade would look for an outside mount. Notice that the board is centered on your shade. Finished Length

44 2. For an outside mount, wrap the shade along the sides of the board. 3. Fold over the triangle shaped fabric to the top of the board and staple in place. Figure 10.5

45 Install Your London Shade 45 Install the Hardware 1. up. Lay the board with the bottom side of the board facing 2. Install a screw eye for each lift cord. The screw eye should be in the center of the board aligned with its lift cord. 3. Install a screw eye 1/2 from the side of the board you want your pull cords to be. 4. Install the cord lock 1 inside the screw eye in step Thread a lift cord up through the cord lock, through the screw eyes to the far set of rings... thread the lift cord down the shade rings and leave for now. Do not tie the lift cord to the bottom rings just yet. 6. Thread a lift cord up through the cord lock, through the outer screw eye in step 3... through the screw eye aligned with the closest set of rings... thread the lift cord down the shade rings and leave for now. Do not tie the lift cord to the bottom rings just yet. 7. Install the dust board to the inside of your window frame or onto your wall as planned. 8. Now tie the lift cords to the bottom shade rings. Try to have the same tension for each lift cord.

46 46 Chapter 10 Figure 10.6 This illustration shows how a board mounted roman shade would look. The lift cords are represented in red so that you can see them easily. You would choose a lift cord color that complements the color of your shade fabric. The lift cords are threaded through a specific type of cord lock found at www. DraperySewingSupplies.com. It requires one lift cord to be threaded on one side of the cord lock and the rest of the cords through the other side of the cord lock. Make sure you follow the installation instructions for your cord lock before installing everything. Screw Eye Cord Lock

47 Install Your London Shade 47 Figure 10.7 This is how a rod pocket roman shade will look once installed. The board will hold the functional hardware and be installed on the wall or inside your window frame. The roman shade is not attached to the board... only the lift cords are threaded into the hardware. The shade is hung by sliding the rod pocket over the decorative drapery pole. It s not really important where the board is installed, as long as it is installed below the drapery pole... and the drapery pole extends further away from the wall than the dust board.

48 11 Related Resources Here are a few resources that you will find VERY useful in your roman shade adventures: You will find all of your roman shade supplies and hardware at this web site. Shade rings, lift cord, cord locks, lift cord condensers, pulls... along with more high-end hardware like our bead chain clutch system. You ll discover easy to sew window valance patterns that look like you paid a decorator to have them made. Curtains.com Learn how to sew professional pinch pleated drapes. This resource is packed with detailed illustrations and step by step instructions.