History and update on satellite remote sensing of fires

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Geographcial of Sciences, University of Maryland, GOFC

1 History and update on satellite remote sensing of fires Chris Justice and Krishna Vadrevu Dept. Geographcial of Sciences, University of Maryland, GOFC GOLD Fire Implementation Team Fires and smoke in Indonesia (6/19/2013)

3 JULY

4 Evolution of Fire Monitoring From Space 1980 s (Laying the Foundations ) NOAA AVHRR LAC/HRPT (1km data) first used to detect fires (Matson) Basic Fire Detection Algorithm Development (Dozier et al.) AVHRR Amazon fires and deforestation - Setzer /Tucker IGBP IGAC Biomass Burning Experiments (BIBEX ) focus on fire emissions Andreae et al. Dahlem Conference on Fire - the Global Fire Information System Concept Crutzen, Andrea, Justice, Goldammer

5 AVHRR Middle Infrared (3.75um) Hotspot Image Southern Africa (AVHRR) Giglio

6 Evolution of Fire Monitoring From Space 1990 s (atmospheric chemistry, fire ecosystem disturbance) INPE established routine AVHRR HRPT fire monitoring of the Amazon (Setzer) AVHRR 1km contextual algorithm (Giglio/Kendall) Trace A - SAFARI 92 Campaign African Savanna Fires and Emissions (link to tropospheric ozone anomaly) DECAFE - EXPRESSO African Fire Experiments FR AVHRR GAC 5km - Global Active Fire Dwyer, JRC IGBP-DIS International Data Coordination 1km Global Data Set (Land Cover) 1992 Eidenshink et al. USGS Global 1km Fires Malingreau, Eva et al. JRC Fire Web: network of distributed AVHRR HRPT stations and products JRC

7 AVHRR Ground Station Network Coverage on June 2001 Required International Cooperation 22 regional nodes in 17 countries 1 network support centre (JRC-Ispra)

8 Evolution of Fire Monitoring From Space 1990 s (guidelines for national emission inventories, El Nino Fires) NOAA GOES geostationary active fire (ABBA) Menzel /Prins, CIMSS DMSP OLS nighttime fires (+ lights) - Elvidge, NOAA ESA ATSR Fire Data sets Arino et al NASA TRMM VIRS Fire Product Giglio GOFC/GOLD Design Phase international fire agenda, transitioning research to operations (Ahern) Regional satellite-based fire data products - Canada (Lynham), Siberia (Sukhinen), Australia (Smith, DOLA) Smoke Cloud Atmosphere Radiation Experiments (SCAR A,B,C) Kaufman et al Giglio

9 This image cannot currently be displayed. GOES Geostationary Monitoring Monitoring Transport of Biomass Burning Aerosols Smoke Transport Across Pacific from Siberia 6 May 2003 Before GOES-11 Rapid Scan Visible Imagery (1 km) 22:07, 9 June :50, 10 June 2002 Courtesy of CSU - CIRA After GOES Fire Product Jun-Oct 1995 ONTARIO QUEBEC GOES Smoke Coverage Wildfires in Quebec, Canada 6 July 2003 at 17:45 UTC ( Prins et al )

Animations of Wildfire ABBA composite image products are being provided via anonymous ftp and the web every half-hour at: http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/burn/wfabba.

10 Animations of Wildfire ABBA composite image products are being provided via anonymous ftp and the web every half-hour at: Examples of Regional View Sectors Displays include three overviews and 35 regional views providing coverage of the entire Western Hemisphere. Source: Elaine Prins/NOAA

Fire Model Data Assimilation Activities At the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) GOES ABBA fire product information is being assimilated into the

11 Fire Model Data Assimilation Activities At the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) GOES ABBA fire product information is being assimilated into the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) to analyze and predict aerosol loading and transport in near real time Source: Doug Westphal, NRL

12 DMSP OLS Low Light Detections Section of F15 5/23/2001 global mosaic covering Australia exhibiting fires in the north and city lights.

ESA ATSR World Fire Atlas 308 or 312K 3.

files in ascii format (Date, Lat and Long)

13 ESA ATSR World Fire Atlas 308 or 312K 3.7μm channel Global 1995-present ATSR-2 + AATSR 1km*1km 3-day repeat Jan. Dec. Seasonal distribution of fires in 2000 monthly files in ascii format (Date, Lat and Long) Underestimation, industrial sites not masked, night-time

14 TRMM VIRS Active Fires VIRS 0.63 μm channel with active fire mask overlaid in red. Northern Australia 29 August 1999 Giglio

TRMM VIRS-Derived Diurnal Burning Cycle (July) Giglio 0 2 4 6 8

15 TRMM VIRS-Derived Diurnal Burning Cycle (July) Giglio Local Hour Local Hour

16 TRIMM/VIRS Fire Counts Louis Giglio NASA/GSFC & UMd

Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics International

products from existing and future satellite observing systems In

global change research FIRE An international forum for coordination

17 Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics International requirements for fire-related observations Enhanced use of fire products from existing and future satellite observing systems In support of fire / resource management, policy decisionmaking and global change research FIRE An international forum for coordination concerning fire observations Fire Mapping and Monitoring

18 Evolution of Fire Monitoring From Space 2000 s (Global Change Science, Fire Management needs) EOS Terra / Aqua MODIS Fire Monitoring Instrument designed for fire detection EOS MODIS Rapid Response NRT Data> NASA FIRMS MODIS Standard Products - (ATBD s) Active Fire (Giglio) Validation using ASTER Burned Area (Roy/Boschetti) - Validation using Landsat Pairs Fire Radiative Energy (Kaufman) Quality Assessment LDOPE (Roy/Devadiga) Reprocessing 6 Collections (Masuoka, Wolfe, Devadiga) EOS Validation of Derived Products > CEOS LPV Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3 Validation (global, statistically robust)

19 MODIS Aqua, Oct 21 st, Fires W of Sydney Australia

20 Fire Seasonal Variability (2005)

Validation of TERRA MODIS Fire Detections using ASTER (Simultaneous High Resolution Acquisition with MODIS) Aug 17 2001 09:08 UTC 18.8S 19.

21 Validation of TERRA MODIS Fire Detections using ASTER (Simultaneous High Resolution Acquisition with MODIS) Aug :08 UTC 18.8S 19.9 E (NE Namibia) Fire fronts White squares: MODIS fire pixels Burn scar R: 2.16 µm G: 1.65 µm B: 0.56 µm Smoke Conservative Algorithm for Global Application (Csiszar, Giglio et al)

22 Australia 1km active fires 1 month 2002 David Roy, SDSU

23 Australia 500m burned areas 1 month 2002 Color Code Gives the Timing of the Burn within the Month David Roy, SDSU

24 Global Burned Area (MODIS) Global Product 500m Monthly Composite showing date of burning ( Roy and Boschetti)

25 MODIS 500m Burned Areas Time 1 Sept. 4 to Time 2 Oct. 6 White vectors = ETM+ interpreted burned areas occurring between the two ETM+ acquisitions

26 Validation Metrics Regression regional spatial accuracy assessment 5 x 5 km cells Roy and Boschetti 2009 Confusion matrix statistics (overall, user s & producer s accuracy) pixel level accuracy assessment

27 (Validation = independent Accuracy Assessment ) Established in 2000 as a subgroup of the Committee on Earth Observing Satellites: Working Group on Calibration/Validation Linked through Alan Belward, Jeff Morisette, Fred Baret Miguel Roman

28 Towards Global Fire Regime Characterization Giglio et al 2007 Mean Peak Fire Month ( )

29 A MODIS Fire Record Example of Burned Area Frequency Boschetti and Roy

30 NASA MODIS Fire Rapid Response Data System Daily global coverage with a 2~4 hour delay producing and distributing global fire detections and RGB imagery via. the Internet using FTP and ArcIMS feature server

Fire Information for Resource Management

accessing fire information in easy to use

alerts Subsets of MODIS images Active fire

31 Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) providing 4 main tools for accessing fire information in easy to use formats: Interactive Web GIS FIRMS Fire Information for Resource Management alerts Subsets of MODIS images Active fire data downloads (KML, Shape, Text files and plug-ins for Google Earth and NASA World-Wind)

32 MODIS Fire Last 7 Days

33 Evolution of Fire Monitoring From Space 2000 s (emerging climate / carbon cycle science) SAFARI 2000 Southern Africa IGAC/GOFC Fire Emissions Workshop, UMd (July 2002) FRP from MSG /MODIS (Wooster et al.) Global Burned Area (GBA 2000) SPOT Vegetation (Gregoire /Tansey) GLOBSCAR (ATSR-2) ESA global burn scars (Arino et al) Regional Fire Networks and Initiatives Developed ESEARRIN (Mahmud et al.), Redlatif Latin America (Chuvieco/Cruz/Setzer et al.), SAFNET (Dube et al.), Miombo Network (Frost/Desanker et al.), Russia/FSU (Bartalev), Canada (Lynham), Europe EFIS (San Miguel) Expansion of MODIS Ground Stations Products (DRL) US (RSAC), Brazil INPE (Artaxo), Mexico (CONABIO), South Africa (AFIS, Frost), Thailand (Verachai), Singapore (CRISP), et al. Requirements for GCOS Essential Climate Variables

34 SAFARI 2000 Campaign

Increasing Number of MODIS Direct Broadcast Sites (Freely Available Code for Fire Detection) 2005 82 Ingest sites around the world for

35 Increasing Number of MODIS Direct Broadcast Sites (Freely Available Code for Fire Detection) Ingest sites around the world for Terra/Aqua DB downlink Over 900 Users of data extending from 82 ingest sites List is located on the Direct Readout Portal (P. Coronado/GSFC)

36 United States Forest Service RSAC Web GIS

37 MODIS Active-Fire Map & Imagery Products S. California Fires October 27, 2003

38 GOFC-GOLD Fire Geostationary Initiative EUMETSAT Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) 3.9 micron Fire Observations in Africa Providing minute observations tracking the diurnal variability of fire

39 Example LSA SAF FRP Data SEVIRI Fire Pixel detections (2004) SEVIRI FRP Time-series (2004) Total biomass burned (Tg) Wooster et al

40 Fire radiative power from MODIS active fires ( ) Giglio et al., 2006, JGR

(ECV) Fire disturbance ECV: burned area, active

41 MAKING THE CASE FOR LONG TERM MEASUREMENTS GCOS Implementation Plan Essential Climate Variables (ECV) Fire disturbance ECV: burned area, active fire (suppl.) and fire radiated power (suppl.)

42 Evolution of Fire Monitoring From Space 2010 s (UN REDD+, fire management costs, regional air quality, extreme climate events) NASA Land Atmosphere Near Real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE) FIRMS BIRD > TET > BIROS Technology Developments (DLR) S-NPP VIIRS Fire (NOAA/NASA) >JPSS-1 VIIRS Active Fire Algorithm, I-Band, DNB Landsat 8 - OLI/TIRS (NASA/USGS) Landsat Web Enabled Landsat Data - Roy et al Automated Landsat Burned Area GFED Emissions and Global Fire Trends Giglio ESA CCI Phase 1 / Phase 2 (Chuvieco et al.) ESA/EC Sentinel 2 MSI (2015) L8/Sentinel 2 Fusion (NASA/ESA)

43 NASA LANCE

45 Suomi NPP VIIRS Global Browse landweb.nascom.nasa.gov Daily Daytime Active Fire Detection over Daily Land Surface Reflectance (MYD14 over MYD09) September 21, 2012 NASA LandPEATE

46 First light NPP VIIRS fire data M5 M4 M3 RGB + IDPS Active Fire ARP January 19, 2012 ~11:05 UTC Csiszar et al

followed by Aqua MODIS five minutes later Band 1 4 3

47 followed by Aqua MODIS five minutes later Band RGB + MYD14 January 19, 2012 ~11:05 UTC Csiszar et al

48 MODIS VIIRS Fire Data Continuity: Important SRF Differences Standard atmospheric transmittance and mid infrared channel spectral response functions for 375m (I04), 750m (M13), and MODIS 1km (B21/22) CO 2

49 MODIS 1 km VIIRS 750 m VIIRS 375 m Active Fire Data Inter comparison Taim Ecological Reserve, Southern Brazil (March 2013) Aqua/MODIS 1 km NPP/VIIRS 750 m NPP/VIIRS 375 m 49

50 VIIRS Active Fire University of Maryland

51 New Applications for Near Real Time Moderate Resolution Satellite Active Fire Data 375m 12h VIIRS 375 m active fire detection data Rim Fire/CA Schroeder

53 WELD tile h01v05 WELD tile h02v05 Fall 2002 composite MTBS polygons Landsat Burned Area Map Roy et al. Boschetti Roy Baraldi Humber

54 NASA Web Enabled Landsat Data (WELD Roy et al ) Bringing MODIS processing to Landsat GLOBAL WELD Weekly Composites Annual products inc. % LC and Change 6 (3 year) epochs spaced every 5 years from 1985 to 2010

55 Burned area data from satellite based Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) Giglio

56 2012 total is for January August Giglio

57 Giglio

GFED Annual mean fire emissions 1997 2008 g C m 2 yr

58 GFED Annual mean fire emissions g C m 2 yr 1 Global fire emissions > ~2.1 Pg C/yr ~ 1/4 of total occurs at the deforestation frontier ~ 1/2 of the net deforestation flux is emitted as fire Randerson et al

59 Daily global forecast of emissions around the world NRL-deter FLAMBE GMAO GEOS-5 QFED MACC GFASv1.0 MRI-JMA MASINGAR GFASv1.0 J. Kaiser ECMWF IBBI ICAP graphics by: Walter Sessions, NRL 59

60 ESA CCI Fire Project : Click to edit Master title style Achievements from Phase 1 European Consortium led by U. Alcala New Products User Requirement Document (47 respondents + literature review). Global BA mapping for based on MERIS data (available at validation sites, based on Landsat multi temporal analysis (statistical sample). Climate assessment report. Development of GCOS Fire ECV fire cci.org/ Chuvieco et al

61 NEW PRODUCT: Three years of global Burned Area Click to edit Master title style from ESA MERIS: date of detection 2008 DoY

62 ESA Click CCI to Fire: edit Goals Master for Phase title style 2 Full time series: MERIS, MODIS, Proba V, Sentinel 3 OLCI, SLSTR. Small fire database: Africa: Sentinel 2 MSI. Extend Validation to Stage 4. Extend climate assessment. Chuvieco et al

Copernicus Sentinel-2 Multispectral High Resolution Optical Imager Launch: 23.06.2015, 2016,... Systematic acq.

63 Copernicus Sentinel-2 Multispectral High Resolution Optical Imager Launch: , 2016,... Systematic acq. of all land and coasts 13 bands (VIS, NIR & SWIR) 5 days repeat cycle with 2 satellites 290 km swath at 10, 20 and 60 m 7 years design lifetime (max. 12 yrs)

Pilot Study on Data Interoperability NASA, CESBIO, ESA Sentinel-2A and 2B - LDCM Europe Longitude: 1.4 34.6 Latitude: 44.4 51.

64 Pilot Study on Data Interoperability NASA, CESBIO, ESA Sentinel-2A and 2B - LDCM Europe Longitude: Latitude: The large number of blue colored bands (>41 accesses) indicate that the revisit interval over the majority of the region is on the order of 2 days. The picture shows the number of times LDCM and the Sentinel 2 satellites accessed areas on the ground over an 80 day period of time. 21 accesses indicates a maximum revisit interval of ~3 days 19 hours 46 accesses indicates a minimum revisit interval of ~1 day 18 hours

65 International Coordination on Earth Observation of Fire GOFC GOLD formed under the Global Terrestrial Observing System GOFC GOLD (1997 present) 2000 Fire Implementation Team formed NASA LCLUC funds Fire Coordination Office (Justice, Vadrevu, Gutman) Regional Science Networks Outreach and Cooperation e.g. Southern Africa (SAFNET), South America (REDLATIF), Southeast Asia (SEARRIN), Central Asia (CARIN) Partnering with the UN Global Wildland Fire W Group (Goldammer, GFMC) focus on fire management

66 GOFC/GOLD-Fire IT Goals Promoting: Increased awareness of EO fire data Data and service continuity and long-term fire data records Establishment of a geostationary global fire network Operational polar orbiters (coarse and moderate resolution) with adequate fire monitoring capability Assessment of Fire Product Accuracy and Quality Global Fire Early Warning Systems - operational products Use of EO in fire emissions product suites Improved fire data and information access Enhanced user products and services Experimental fire observing systems and related research

67 GOFC Fire IT Meeting 2014, College Park USA

68 Strategic Priorities for GOFC/GOLD Fire Implementation Team Operational fire monitoring capabilities on JPSS VIIRS and METOP, Sentinel 3 SLSTR providing data and product continuity (NOAA/ESA/NASA) including Near Real Time access to the data Space Agency coordination of global moderate resolution data processing and access (Landsat 8, Sentinel 2 (NASA/ESA/USGS), China/Brazil, India (TBD) Meteorological Agency support for establishing a Global Geostationary Fire Network (NOAA/CGMS) Implementation and regional calibration of operational Global Fire Early Warning Systems (Canada, EC JRC) Global Burned Area Products Validation (Stage 3 Validation) NASA/ESA Coordination / refinement of requirements of fire observations in support of the International Conventions and articulating implementation methods and best practices Support for Regional Fire Networks and developing capacity building programs on the use of satellite fire data

69 Future EO Fire Monitoring Opportunities Examples of planned missions with fire/related monitoring capability: Sentinel 3 - SLSTR (ESA/EU) Sentinel 2B (ESA/EU) GCOM C1 SGLI (JAXA, Japan) JPSS 1 VIIRS (NOAA, USA) GOES R - ABI (NOAA, USA) GEDI Lidar (NASA, USA ) ISS Biomass Mission (ESA)

70 GOFC GOLD Fire Remote Sensing and Operational R&D Fire Science and Global Change Research GOFC GOLD Fire Fire Observing Systems (Experimental and Operational) Operational fire /resource management and policy fire.umd.edu/ Vadrevu UMD

Fire-Implementation Team (Fire-IT) Update and Future Steps

Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics Fire-Implementation Team (Fire-IT) Update and Future Steps Fire-IT Co-Chair: Chris Justice (U. Maryland) Fire-IT Executive Officer: Krishna Vadrevu