Improvement on Rooting Quality of Jatropha curcas Using Indole Butyric Acid (IBA)

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1 Reserh Journl of Agriulture n Biologil Sienes, 5(4): , , INSInet Pulition Improvement on Rooting Qulity of Jtroph urs Using Inole Butyri Ai (IBA) Noor Cmelli, N.A.,Thohirh, L.A., N.A.P Aullh, n Moh Khiir, O. Deprtment of Crop Siene, Fulty of Agriulture, Universiti Putr Mlysi, Serng, Selngor Drul Ehsn. Astrt: The effets of inole-3-utyri i (IBA) onentrtions n three types of utting (softwoo, semi hrwoo n hrwoo) on root performne of Jtroph urs L. uttings were investigte. Two experiments were onute where in experiment 1, onute on July 2007, the hrwoo utting gve the highest men vlue for root ry weight (0.2g), numer of roots (22) with perentge of roote uttings (56%) ompre to the one using softwoo utting. 10, 000 mg/l IBA gve the highest men vlue for root length (13.6m), numer of roots (28), perentge of roote uttings (74%) with root ry weight (0.5g). In experiment 2, onute on Jnury 2008, the hrwoo utting one gin gve the highest men vlue for root length (12.1m) n root ry weight (0.4g). The gretest root numer (59) ws otine t 20, 000 mg/l. There ws no signifint effet on perentge of roote uttings, root ry weight, root length n rootll imeter. The histologil stuies showe tht ventitious roots were originte iretly from the enoermis. The root primoril strte to evelop on y 8 n emerge through the epiermis fter y 11. Key wors: Jtroph urs, Vegettive propgtion, Inole utyri i, Root initition INTRODUCTION Jtroph urs L., is multipurpose plnt tht elongs to the fmily Euphoriee n is vlue not only for its meiinl properties n resistne to vrious stresses ut lso for its use s n oilsee rop [4,10]. It hs rwn ttention in reent yers sine emn for fuel (iesel) hs inrese rstilly. Jtroph proue sees with n oil ontent of 30-50% y weight. See proution of Jtroph plnt propgte y see will ome into proution within three to four yers fter plnting. However propgtion through uttings n proly yiel erlier whih is [6] out 1 yer from plnting. Furthermore, sees of Jtroph hve limite viility n n only e store for 15 months fter whih its viility is reue y [7] 50%. Stuying the vegettive propgtion of Jtroph through stem utting n the use of rooting hormone is one pproh in orer to get more plnting mteril n fst yieling tree. Aventitious root formtion hs lot of ommeril interests euse there re mny plnt speies utting tht re iffiult to root. In some plnt speies, ventitious root formtion initite without ny tretment, while others require ifferent growth [12] regultors usully uxin. Auxin inues root formtion y reking root pil ominne inue [2] y ytokinin. Inole Butyri Ai (IBA) is syntheti rooting hemil tht hve een foun to e relile in the promotion of rooting in uttings more profiiently thn Inole Aeti Ai (IAA) whih is ntive uxin. IBA is wiely use euse it is nontoxi to most plnts over wie rnge n promotes root growth in lrge numer of plnt speies. MATERIALS AND METHODS This stuy ws onute uner rinshelter in Fiel 2, Universiti Putr Mlysi, Serng, Selngor. The urtion of the stuy ws from July 2007 to Septemer 2007 for experiment 1 n Jnury 2008 to Mrh 2008 for experiment 2. To hieve the ojetives, two experiments were onute to stuy the effets of inole-3-utyri i (IBA) onentrtions n three types of uttings (softwoo, semi hrwoo n hrwoo) on root performne of Jtroph urs L. For ventitious root initition n evelopment stuies, the histologil nlysis ws rrie out using [5] protool y Johnsen to etermine the rooting time line to onfirm when n where ventitious roots re forme. Cuttings tht hve een trete with 0 mg/l n 2000 mg/l of IBA were hrveste 7 to 11 ys fter plnte for histologil nlysis. Cuttings were otine from Sungi Besi, Selngor for the first experiment n from Merng, Terenggnu for the seon experiment. For the first experiment, uttings were trete with six onentrtions of IBA (0 mg/l, 2000 mg/l, 4000 mg/l, 6000 mg/l, 8000 mg/l, Corresponing Author: Thohirh, L.A. Deprtment of Crop Siene, Fulty of Agriulture, Universiti Putr Mlysi, Serng, Selngor Drul Ehsn, Mlysi. 338

2 Res. J. Agri. & Biol. Si., 5(4): , 2009 n 10, 000 mg/l) n for seon experiment, the onentrtions of IBA were inrese (0 mg/l (ontrol), 10, 000 mg/l, 15, 000 mg/l, 20, 000 mg/l n 25, 000 mg/l). To prepre 2000 mg/l solution, 25 g of the pure mteril ws issolve in out one liter of 50 % lohol (ethnol). Metho is the sme for other onentrtions of the solution. Helthy n uniform stem uttings of 25m long were prepre. Then, they were ippe in fungiie solution (Benlte) whih ontins 50 % w/w Benomyl for 30 seons. Then, the sl of the uttings (1-2 m length) were ippe in eh onentrtion of IBA for 5 10 seons. After tht, the uttings were llowe to ir ry for 30 seon efore inserte in sn 1/3 proportion of the utting insie propgting try (Figure 1). The experimentl esign use for oth experiments were RCBD with ftoril 3 x 6. Eh tretment onsiste five replitions n eh replition onsiste of three uttings. Dt from oth experiments were ollete eight weeks fter plnting to mesure prmeters suh s root length, numer of roots, perentge of roote uttings, root ry weight n root ll imeter. Fig. 1: Experimentl site showing propgtion re where uttings of Jtroph urs were propgte in plsti trys n irrigte uner mist system. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Experiment 1: All softwoo utting were eye 40 ys fter plnting (Figure 2). There were signifint ifferenes etween type of uttings (hrwoo n semi-hrwoo) on numer of roots (P<0.01), root perentge (P<0.01) n root ry weight (P<0.05). The hrwoo utting gve the highest men vlue for root ry weight (0.2g), root numer (22) with perentge of roote uttings (56%) (Tle 1, Figure 3). All six IBA onentrtions (0 mg/l, 2000 mg/l, 4000mg/L, 6000 mg/l, 8000 mg/l, mg/l) showe highly signifint ifferenes on ll prmeters ept for root ll imeter. 10, 000 mg/l IBA gve the highest men vlue for root length (13.6m), numer of roots (28), perentge of roote uttings (74%) with root ry weight (0.5g) (Tle 1). There were no signifint intertion etween types of uttings n IBA onentrtions. Hrwoo trete with 10, 000 mg/l IBA showe the highest perentge of roote uttings, root numer, n root ry weight. Experiment 2: There were signifint ifferenes etween types of utting (hrwoo, semi hrwoo n softwoo) on root length (P<0.05) n root ry weight (P<0.05). The hrwoo utting one gin gve the highest men vlue for root length (12.1m) n ry weight (0.4g) (Tle 2, Figure 4).Highly signifint effet ws otine etween IBA onentrtions (0 mg/l (ontrol), 10, 000 mg/l, 15, 000 mg/l, 20, 000 mg/l n 25, 000 mg/l) for root numer (59) ut no effet on the other prmeters. The gretest root numer (59) ws hieve t 20, 000 mg/l. There ws no intertion etween types of utting n IBA onentrtions for ll prmeters. Aventitious Root Initition n Development of Jtroph Curs: Jtroph urs uttings tht were trete with 2000 mg/l IBA roote fster thn ontrol (0 mg/l). On y 7, some llus evelope t the sl en of utting (figure 5). The sl en ws swollen n the olour ws hnge from green to whitish green. The formtion of llus still ontinue th to the following ys until the 11 y, root primoril emerge from the llus (figure 5). Although the root primoril seems to e emerge from the llus, loser exmintion from histologil nlysis showe tht the root ws emerging from n re ner the vsulr unle n not from the llus itself. Cross setion of stem on y 0 showe no hnges ourre. On y 7, the ells eifferentition ourre ner the vsulr unle. On y 8, ells strte to eifferentite n evelop to e root initils. On y 9, susequent evelopment of these root initils into orgnize root primoril ws ompletely one s well s the root p. Root primoril elongte towrs the epiermis on y 10 (Figure 6). The root primoril grew n emerge through epiermis on y 11 n the vsulr onnetions etween the root primoril n the onuting tissues of the utting itself ws forme. Disussion: From the results otine, the hrwoo utting proue the highest verge ry weight n root numer in oth experiments euse hrwoo utting ontine higher store rohyrte thn semihrwoo n softwoo utting whih enle etter root proution. The root perentge inrese s the 339

3 Res. J. Agri. & Biol. Si., 5(4): , 2009 Fig. 2: All softwoo utting of Jtroph urs were eye fter 40 ys (Arrow). Fig. 3: Effet of IBA onentrtions on rooting performne for hrwoo () n semi hrwoo () uttings of Jtroph urs eight weeks fter plnting. 340

4 Res. J. Agri. & Biol. Si., 5(4): , 2009 Fig. 4: Effet of IBA onentrtions on rooting performne for hrwoo (), semi hrwoo () n softwoo () uttings of Jtroph urs eight weeks fter plnting. Tle 1: Effets of IBA onentrtions n types of utting of Jtroph urs for Experiment 1. IBA (mg/l) No of roots Roote uttings % Rootll imeter (m) Root length (m) Root ry weight (g) Hrwoo Semi Hrwoo Hrwoo Semi Hrwoo Hrwoo Semi Hrwoo Hrwoo Semi Hrwoo Hrwoo Semi Hrwoo Control (0 mg/l) Averge Mens with the sme letter re not signifintly ifferent (P 0.05) oring to LSD Tle 2: Effets of IBA onentrtions n types of utting of Jtroph urs for Experiment 2. IBA (mg/l) No of roots Roote uttings % Rootll imeter (m) Root length (m) Root ry weight (g) Hr Semi Soft Hr Semi Soft Hr Semi Soft Hr Semi Soft Hr Semi Soft Control (0 mg/l) Averge Mens with the sme letter re not signifintly ifferent (P 0.05) oring to Tukey Fig. 5: Development of ventitious root t the sl en of Jtroph urs utting. () y 0 no hnges ourre, () y 7 some llus evelope t the sl en of utting, () y 11 root primoril emerge from the llus 341

5 Res. J. Agri. & Biol. Si., 5(4): , 2009 Fig. 6: Cross setion of Jtroph urs stem (X 3.2) showe the ventitious root evelopment of on y 0, 7, 8, 9 n 10 [epiermis (E), ortex (Cx), Root primoril (Rp), enoermis (E), phloem (Ph), vsulr mium (C), xylem (X), n pith (Pi)]. IBA onentrtions inrese euse pplition of IBA on utting inrese the root perentge, hsten root initition n inrese uniformity of rooting. The root numer inrese s the IBA onentrtion inrese in oth experiments in ll types of uttings. [9] Aoring to Krishnnkutty, the pplition of IBA n inrese the root numer. In oth experiments, there were no signifint ifferenes on root ll imeter either etween types of uttings or ifferent onentrtion of IBA. This will only iffere if ifferent types of rooting mei re use. Auxin is sustne whih is proue in one tissue (shoots) n migrte to effet the evelopment of nother tissue whih in this se the lower portion of stem uttings. It promotes ell elongtion n hs vriety of other growth-regulting effets. The effet of [1]. the uxin is speifi The results support the erlier finings in Jtroph urs n other plnt speies, revele tht uttings trete with IBA oul inue rooting n very effetive to enhne the vegettive [8] propgtion n growth. Jtroph urs uttings trete with 2000 mg/l IBA strte to form root primoril 8 ys fter plnting (Figure 6) n emerge through epiermis fter y 11(Figure 5). The histologil stuies revele tht ventitious root originte iretly from enoermis (ner the vsulr unle just outsie the mium) ut not from the llus. Cllus is n irregulr mss of meristemti prenhym ells forme in response to woun n reproues from young ells t the se of utting in the region of the vsulr mium. Its min funtion is to sel off the woun n proue suerin. Suerin is omplex mixture of oxition n onenstion prouts of ftty is whih re present in the wlls of ork-ells, therey renering them impervious to wter n preventing 342

6 Res. J. Agri. & Biol. Si., 5(4): , 2009 [1] wter loss from the tissues elow. Usully, the first roots pper through the llus. The use of hormones uring ventitious rooting enhnes the formtion of llus in ition to inuing the [11] formtion of roots. Conlusion: The pplition of IBA inrese numer of roots. Cuttings with high numer of roots hve the vntge y enhning goo nhorge when it is plnte in the fiel. The hrwoo utting is the est type of utting euse it gve the est performne ompre to the one using semi-hrwoo n softwoo uttings of Jtroph urs. IBA pplition t 10, 000 mg/l gve the est rooting performne in experiment 1 n 20, 000 mg/l IBA ws foun to eliit the est rooting response in experiment 2. Jtroph urs n e onsiere s esy-to-root plnt utting euse it strte to form ventitious roots primoril on y 8 n emerge through epiermis fter y 11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The uthors woul like to thnk the He n personnel in Lng 2, UPM n The Deprtment of Crop Siene, Fulty of Agriulture, UPM for the tehnil oopertion. REFERENCES 1. Aror, D., Ditionry of Botny. A.I.T.B.S. 2. Cline, M.G., Exeution of the uxin replement pil ominne experiment in temperte wooy speies. Amerin Journl of Botny, 87(2): Hrtmnn, H.T., D.E. Kester n F.T. Dvies, Jr Plnt Propgtion: Priniples n Prties th 5 eition. Prentie-Hll, In. 4. Heller, J., Physi nut. Jtroph urs L. Promoting the onservtion n use of unerutilize n neglete rops. Unpulishe report. Institute of Plnt Genetis n Crop Plnt Reserh, Gtersleen/ Interntionl Plnt Geneti Resoures Institute (IPGRI), Rome. 5. Johnsen, D.A., 1940., Plnt Miro Tehnique. M Grow Hill, New York. 6. Jones, N. n J.H. Miller, Jtroph urs : A multipurpose speies for prolemti sites. The Worl Bnk Asi Tehnil Deprtment Agriulture Division. 7. Kohhr, S., V.K. Kohhr, S.P. Singh, R.S. Ktiyr n P. Pushpngn, Differentil rooting n sprouting ehviour of two Jtroph speies n ssoite physiologil n iohemil hnges. Current Siene, 89(6): Kohhr, S., S.P. Singh n V.K. Kohhr, Effet of uxins n ssoite iohemil hnges uring lonl propgtion of the iofuel plnt- Jtroph urs. Biomss n Bioenergy, 32 (12): Krisnnkutty, N., Differentil rooting n sprouting ehviour of two Jtroph speies n ssoite physiologil n iohemil hnges. Current Siene, 89(6): Openshw, K., A review of Jtroph urs: n oil plnt of unfulfille promise. Biomss n Bioenergy, 19(1): Sutter, E.G., Reltionship Between Inole-3- Aeti Ai Levels in Apple (Mlus pumil Mill) Rootstoks Culture in Vitro n Aventitious Root Formtion in the Presene of Inole-3-Butyri Ai. University of Cliforni Dvis. Cliforni. 12. Syros, T., T. Yupsnis, H. Zfiriis n A. Eonomou, Ativity n isoforms of peroxises, lignin n ntomy, uring ventitious rooting in uttings of Eenus reti L. Journl of Plnt Physiology, 161: