Effect of Air Pollution on Root Growth and Productivity of Anagallis Arvensis

Transcription

1 2011 Interntionl onferene on iology, Environment nd hemistry IPEE vol.24 (2011) (2011)ISIT Press, Singpoore Effet of ir Pollution on Root Growth nd Produtivity of ngllis rvensis Squi Mohmmd eprtment of iologil Sienes, dmw Stte University, Mui, dmw Stte, Nigeri strt. The effet of ol smoke pollution on the root length, root iomss nd net primry produtivity of ngllis rvensis growing in ssoition with whet roplnd were studied t monthly intervls from the four seleted sites situted t 0.5, 2, 4 nd 20 Km leewrd from therml power plnt omplex. The degree of loss in the root growth of. rvensis inresed signifintly with deresing distne from the soure of pollution. The trend of loss in the root length were similr t seedling (Jnury) nd middle (Ferury) stges while, the dverse effet of pollutnts extended to n equl extent up to 4 Km t old stge (Mrh) of growth in omprison to the referene site situted t 20 Km leewrd from the soure of pollution. Root iomss suffered onsiderly t seedling stge up to 4 Km. However, the trend of loss ws lmost similr t middle nd old stges of growth. Root iomss nd net primry produtivity showed mximum loss (-45.8% to - 74% nd -53.8% to -76.9% respetively) t middle stge, my e due to high ol onsumption nd greter relese of gseous pollutnts from the power plnt. The perent loss in the root growth of. rvensis showed liner reltionship with the distne of the site from the soure of pollution t ny given stge. Root iomss exhiited reltively greter degree of dependene (59% to 76%) on distne thn root length (38% to 58%). Keywords: ir Pollution. Root Growth, Net Primry Produtivity, ngllis rvensis, Whet roplnd. 1. Introdution The urrent widespred use of ol in the therml power plnt hs ontriuted sizely to degrdtion of the tmosphere. Indi hs s mny s 75 therml power sttions, running on sulphur-rih low grde ituminous ol nd relesing enormous mounts of the oxides of sulphur, nitrogen nd ron, vrious other gses in smll quntities, nd prtiultes [1]. The pollutnts emitted from the power plnts reh to the ground t vrious distnes depending upon the wind diretion. The prtiultes nd gseous pollutnts, lone nd in omintion, n use serious setks to the overll physiology of plnts [2, 3, 4, 5 nd 6]. The sensitivity of roots hs een studied y numer of workers under the stress of ir pollution [7, 8, 9, 10, 11 nd 12]. The present study exmines the root growth responses of ngllis rvensis of tropil groeosystem to ir pollution. 2. Mterils nd Methods The Ksimpur Therml Power Plnt omplex ws seleted s soure of pollution in the present study. It onsists of three power sttions with pity of 90 MW, 210 MW nd 230 MW eletriity genertion pities. It is loted long n irrigtion nl out 16 Km north-est of ligrh ity (Indi). Geogrphilly the ligrh distrits flls etween 27 o 29 N nd 28 o 11 N ltitude nd E nd E longitude t out 187 meters ove the se level. The ol onsumption nd mount of oxides of Sulphur, Nitrogen nd ron relesed from the power plnt omplex re shown in Fig.1&. orresponding uthor. Tel.: E-mil ddress: mohmmdqi@hotmil.om 425

2 Four sites of the whet rop fields were seleted t out 0.5, 2, 4 nd 20 Km leewrd from ove soure of pollution long the irrigtion nl side in the down strem diretion sine the wind predominntly lows in this diretion for most prt of the yer. The sites re identified s nmely,, nd respetively nd loted in elt of similr edphi ftors s well s eologil nd griulturl onditions were seleted for the present study. The soil is omposed of lom nd lyey lom t different study sites, hs high p H nd poor dringe system. The re experiened dry nd tropil monsoon type of limte. Ten smples of ngllis rvensis were olleted ritrrily from whet rop lnd (t seedling to mture stge) of the four seleted sites t monthly intervls (from Jnury to Mrh). The roots were wshed nd mesured on meter sle, oven dried t 80 0 for 48h, nd weighed. The dt so otined were nlyzed sttistilly. To otin the reltive degree of response the root length nd root iomss, t given growth stge, the per ent differenes t sites,, nd ompred with site (the referene site) were omputed (Tle 1 & 2). The net inrese in iomss per root t ny stge ws divided y the ge of the plnt to otin the net primry produtivity (mg root -1 dy -1 ). However, the iomss of fine root hir lost during the mesurement period ws not inluded in this estimte of root produtivity. lso plnt ge nd initil iomss ws tken to e zero on first Jnury. 3. Results The dt otined on verge root growth of. rvensis showed grdul inrese with inresing distne from the power plnt (Tle 1 & 2). The popultion of. rvensis suffered signifintly in ll the three stges of growth up to 4 Km from the soure of pollution s ompred to the referene site situted t 20 Km wy from the soure. However, the severity of loss ws more prominent t site in ll the stges. The trend of loss in the root length ws similr in oth seedling (Jnury) nd middle stges (Ferury) of growth. However, in the old stge (Mrh) the dverse effet of pollutnts extended to n equl extent up to 4 Km. Root iomss showed onsiderle redution up to 4 Km from the power plnt t seedling stge. The trend of loss ws similr in the middle nd old stges of growth. However, the popultion ws omprtively more sensitive in the middle stge (-45.8 to -74.7) of growth (Tle 2). Root iomss suffered greter (-17.5% to %) thn root length (-24.6 % to -54.5%). The perent loss in root growth of. rvensis showed liner reltionship with the distne of the site from the soure of pollution t ny given stge. The dt summrized in Tle 3 show the dily net primry produtivity in stnding root iomss in time nd spe, nd the perent loss t site, nd ompred with tht t site. Root produtivity suffered onsiderly from seedling nd middle stges growth up to distne of 4 Km from the soure of pollution. However, the degree of loss in the net primry produtivity ws found to e highest in the middle stge ((-53.8 to -76.9). The perent dependene of root length nd root iomss upon distne from the power plnt, the orreltion oeffiient nd liner regression eqution re ll summrized in Tle 4. The root length nd root iomss showed signifint, positive nd high reltionship with the distne from the soure. Root length showed 38% to 58% dependene on the distne from the soure, while the root iomss exhiited reltively greter degree of dependene nd vried from 59% to 76%. The orreltion oeffiient etween the root length nd distne, nd root iomss nd distne were found to e greter t old (Mrh) nd middle (Ferury) stges respetively. 4. ISUSSION The present findings show tht root growth in the speies of. rvensis differ in the degree of response with the distne of the power plnt, with ge of the plnts nd with ol onsumption rte nd the relese of mjor gses from the power plnt. The hnges in the norml root growth hve een found to e ltered y ir pollutnts in other speies were noted y numer of workers [13, 14, 8, 15, 5, 11 nd 12]. The effet on the root growth nd development re sried to imlne in ron prtitioning indued y ir pollutnts [16, 17]. In the present study the root length suffered greter in seedling stge (Jnury) nd middle stge(ferury) of growth while t old stge( Mrh), it deresed to n equl extent up to 4 Km. [5] noted the root length of lthe offiinlis deresed with the dvning of the ge under the stress of SO 2. The 426

3 perent redution in root iomss nd net primry produtivity of. rvensis inresed from seedling to middle stges nd deline t the old stge. [18] nd [11] noted n inrese in perent redution in root growth from seedling to middle stge of growth of Lolium prenne nd Melilotus indius respetively under the stress of ir pollutnts. liner reltionship exist etween ge nd loss of phytomss used y ir pollution ws noted in ier rietenum [19] nd Melilotus indius [11].The highest degree of response in the middle stge of root iomss nd Net Primry Produtivity my e due to high mount of ol onsumption nd greter relese of mjor gses from the power plnt (See Fig.1&). Similr response under the ol smoke pollution ws noted in roplnd weed of Melilotus indius [11] nd wste lnd weed of ngllis rvensis [8]. The erlier workers [20, 21] noted derese in the extent of folir injury nd dmge with the dvning distne from the soure, s noted in the present study. ILY OL ONSUMPTION RTE THREE MJOR GSES ox ox ox METRI TONS Y Kg h SOx Sox Sox 0 JNURY FERURY MRH MONTHS Fig.1 0 Sox= Oxides of Sulphur JNURY FERURY MRH Fig.1 MONTHS NOx= Oxides of Nitrogen Ox=Oxides of ron Soure: Ksimpur Therml Power Plnt omplex TLE 1: verge root length plnt -1 (m) in the popultion of ngllis rvensis of vrying distne from pollution soure. The dt within prenthesis indite the perent vrition over referene site. istne Jnury Ferury Mrh 0.5km 2.0 ± 0.4 ( ) 3.1 ± 0.8 ( ) 4.8 ± 1.2 ( ) 2km 2.7 ± 0.5 ( ) 4.3 ± 0.9 ( ) 4.9 ± 1.1 ( ) 4km 3.1 ± 0.8 ( ) 5.0 ± 1.5 ( ) 5.3 ± 1.2 ( ) 20km LS t 5% level 4.4 ± ± ± Men ± Stndrd devition LS: Lest signifint ifferene t 5% level Figures with the sme suffix re not signifintly different (p > 0.05) from eh other. TLE 2: verge root iomss plnt -1 (mg) in the popultion of ngllis rvensis of vrying distne from pollution soure. The dt within prenthesis indite the perent vrition over referene site. istne 0.5km 2km 4km 20km LS t 5% level Jnury 1.2 ± 0.3 ( ) 1.6 ± 0.4 ( ) 3.1 ± 0.6 ( ) d 3.8 ±

4 Ferury Mrh 2.8 ± 1.4 ( ) 3.2 ± 0.9 ( ) 5.0 ± 1.4 ( ) 5.1 ± 1.0 ( ) 5.3 ± 1.6 ( ) 6.0 ± 1.8 ( ) 11.1 ± ± Men ± Stndrd devition LS: Lest signifint ifferene t 5% level Figures with the sme suffix re not signifintly different (p > 0.05) from eh other. TLE 3: verge dily net primry produtivity (mg plnt -1 dy -1 ) in the popultion of ngllis rvensis of vrying distne from pollution soure. The dt within prenthesis indite the perent vrition over referene site. istne 0.5 km 2 km 4 km 20 km Jnury 0.04 (-66.7) 0.05 (-58.3) 0.10 (-16.7) 0.12 Ferury 0.06 (-76.9) 0.12 (-53.8) 0.08 (-69.2) 0.26 Mrh 0.01 (+66.7) (+50.0) 0.02 (+233.3) ove dt hve een redued to two deiml ple for solute vlues nd to one deiml ple for perent vrition TLE 4: oeffiient (r), perent dependene (d) nd liner regression eqution of Root Length nd Root iomss upon distne from the soure of pollution. Months Prmeters orreltion oeffiient (r) Perent dependene (%d) Liner regression eqution (Ŷ=+x) Jnury R 0.74**± **± x x Ferury R 0.62**± **± x x Mrh R 0.76**± **± x x 5. Referenes : Root Length R : Root iomss r ± stndrd error ** = signifint t 1% level [1] M. Iql, P.S Srivstv, T.O. Siddiqi. nthropogeni stresses in the environment nd their onsequenes. In: M. Iql et l (eds). Environmentl Hzrds: Plnts nd People. S Pulishers, New elhi. 2000, pp [2].T. Tingey, nd R.. Reinert. The effet of ozone nd sulphur dioxide singly nd in omintion on plnt growth. Environ. Pollut. 1975, 9: [3] T.W. shenden, nd I... Willims. Growth redution in Lolium multiflorum Lm. nd Phleum prtense L. s result of sulphur dioxide nd nitrogen dioxide pollution. Environ.Pollut.1980, 21:

5 [4], hir, Mhmooduzzfr, T.O.Siddiqi, nd M. Iql. Stomtl nd photosyntheti responses of ihorium intyus leves to sulphur dioxide tretment t different stges of plnt development. J Plnt iol. 2001, 44: [5]. Wli, Mhmooduzzfr, M. Iql. Plnt growth, stomtl response, pigments nd photosynthesis of lthe offiinlis s ffeted y So 2 stress. Ind. J.Plnt Physiol. 2004, 9: [6] M. Iql, J.Jur-Morwie, W.Wioh, nd Mhmooduzzfr. Folir hrteristis, mil tivity nd wood formtion in zrdirht indi. Juss. s ffeted y ol-smoke pollution. Flor.2010, 205: [7].K.M. Ghouse, nd M. Squi. Growth responses of some weeds of n groeosystem to ir pollution. t. ot.indi. 1986, 14(sp.): [8] F.. Khn, nd.k.m.ghouse. Root growth responses of ngllis rseni L., Primulee to ir Pollution. Environ. Pollut. 1988, 52: [9]. Mliri, Z.hmd, nd M.Squi. Effet of ir pollution on Gnphlium Pensylvnium wild. roplnd weed. Geoios. 1991, 18: [10] M. Squi nd F.. Khn. ir pollution impts on the growth nd reprodutive ehvior of mustrd. J. Environ. iol. 1999, 20: [11] M. Squi. Root Growth Responses of Melilotus indius (L.) ll. (Ppilionee) of tropil groeosystem to ir pollution. Eoprint. 2009, 16: [12] M. Squi,. hmd, nd K. nsri. Morrphologil nd phsiologil responses of roton onplndinum ill. to ir pollution. Eoprint,2010, 17: [13] V. Mejstrik. The influene of low SO 2 onentrtion on growth redution of Niotin tum L.W. Smsum nd uumis stivus L. v Unikt. Environ. Pollut. 1980, 21: [14] W. Swnnpinunt, nd T. T. Kozlowski. Effet of sulphur dioxide on trnspirtion, hlorophyll ontent, growth nd injury in young seedlings of woody ngiosperms. n. J. For. Res.1980, 10: [15] N. Kumr. Response of Vign rdit to SO 2 nd NO 2 pollution. t. ot. Indi. 1986, 14: [16].T. Tingey, R.. Reinert., J..unning nd W.W.Hek. Vegettion injury from the intertion of nitrogen dioxide nd sulphur dioxide. Phytopthol.1971, 61: [17] M. R. Khn, nd M.W. Khn. The intertion of SO 2 nd root knot nemtode on tomto. Environ. Pollut. 1993, 81: [18] J.N.. ell,.j.rutter nd J. Relton. Studies on the effets of low level of sulphur dioxide on the growth of Lolium Perenne. New Phytol. 1976, 83: [19] P. S. uey, nd K. Pwr. ir Pollution nd plnt response enter. In:.N.Ro et l (eds). Perspetives in environmentl otny. Vol.1, Luknow, Print House, Indi.1985, pp , [20] E.R. de Ong. Injury to priot leves from fluorine deposit. Phytopthol. 1946, 36: [21]. Ll nd R.S msht. Fluoride umultion in deiduous forest tree speies in the neighorhood of n luminum ftory. Indin J. Forestry. 1981, 4: