The wheat response to drought and salinity stresses

Transcription

1 Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Fkültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi (CFD), Cilt:36, No: 3 Özel Syı (215) ISSN: Cumhuriyet University Fulty of Siene Siene Journl (CSJ), Vol. 36, No: 3 Speil Issue (215) ISSN: The whet response to drought nd slinity stresses Mostf MOHAMMADİ 1*, Frshd DARGAHİ 1 1 Young reserhers nd elite lu, Bushehr rnh,islmi zd university, Bushehr; Irn Reeived: ; Aepted: Astrt. Present study ws onduted to investigtion the influene of slinity nd drought stresses on germintion nd growing prmeters in the whet (T. estivum L.) Cultivr (hmrn). This experiment ws rried out in ompletely rndomized ftoril form with three replitions in lortory ondition t the initil stge of growing. Tretments were supplied to use of sodium hloride(n + Cl - ) nd polyethylene glyol 6 (PEG) solutions in order to impose the slinity nd drought stress, whih were inluding ontrol (without sodium hloride) osmoti potentils 75, 15 nd 2 mmol/l nd ontrol ( without polyethylene glyol) osmoti potentils -.4, -.8 nd -1.2 r, respetively. Results indited tht the influene of slinity nd drought DOP (different osmoti potentil) on the root length, Shoot length, fresh root mss nd fresh shoot mss, root dry mss, shoot dry mss, ompred to the ontrol were not signifint (P.5).the influene of the slinity nd drought DOP on germintion perentge were not signifint. Both of OP (osmoti potentil) hd no influene on germintion rte. Keywords: drought, polyethylene glyol, slinity, sodium hloride, whet. 1. INTRODUCTION Plnts in vrious eosystems re onstntly exposed to the stress of living nd non-living ftors suh s fungi, weeds, drought nd slinity ontriutes to the development of this limiting ftor in plnts(lwlor,22). Among the ftors mentioned, shortge of wter is the most importnt in plnt growth nd development (Hoogenom et l., 1987) The first nd most sensitive response to wter shortges re redue n inflmmtion of the ell nd growth (Lrher,1995). wter shortges is Also use of the drought nd slinity tht is due to the low level of preipittion nd high evportion. Drought nd slinity re the most importnt environmentl stresses in the world nd Irn (Crmer et l.,1989). Drought is the most importnt limiting ftor growth nd yield in rop tht influene 4 to 6 perent of the world's griulturl lnd (Bry, 21). Drought prevents full geneti potentil of the rops nd redued griulturl prodution. The first retion of the plnt versus to drought is inresed on the growth of helth tht hs detrimentl influene on germintion, seedling growth, struture of orgns nd their funtions (Higgs & Jones,199). The most importnt ftors dpting of plnts to dehydrtion nd stress is regultion of osmoti potentil y umultion of orgni nd inorgni sustnes in plnt ell whih redue the detrimentl effets of environmentl stresses (Rieger, 1995). Tody, furthermore, the greenhouse nd field studies, lortory studies y the mterils suh s polyethylene glyol (PEG 6) indue drought stress onditions is very importnt (De & Kr,1994). PEG y rete the nturl environment, sme drought stress indued y dehydrtion is of the most ommon mterils induer of stress in plnt (Zeid & El- Semry, 21). PEG due to the high moleulr weight hs not ple of rossing of ell wll, it is eing used to djust the osmoti potentil of wter during the drought experiments (Mihel & Kufmnn, 1973). The slinity inflited irreprle dmge to plnts in the world (Bhtti et l., 24). The onentrtion of dissolved slts in sline soils is high nd if the dominnt tion e, Mg or N, the soils re lkline, ut my, in sline soils exhngele hydrogen inreses nd PH is less thn 4, these soils re idi (Tnji,1995).high slinity soil is limiting ftors of rop yields in round the world, espeilly in rid nd semi-rid s one of the most fundmentl prolems in the griulturl setor(munns,22).in rop In terms of slinity stress the rop *Corresponding uthor. Emil ddress: momohmmdi71@yhoo.om Speil Issue: The Seond Ntionl Conferene on Applied Reserh in Siene nd Tehnology Fulty of Siene, Cumhuriyet University

2 MOHAMMADİ, DARGAHİ germintion stge is the most importnt ftor. Redued in germintion nd plnt growth under slinity stress my e due to hnges in osmoti potentil ffeted of downwrd wter potentil nd void of getting wter in the root environment or the effets of speifi ions (toxi ions N + nd Cl - ) ( Hgighi & Milni,29). Present investigtion in order to effet of slinity nd drought stresses on germintion nd germintion prmeters whet ws performed. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seeds of whet (T. estivum L.) Cultivr (hmrn) were otined from the Reserh enter of Agriulture nd Nturl Resoures of Dshtestn, Bushehr provine. This experiment ws rried out in ompletely rndomized ftoril form with three replitions nd 2 seeds were pled in the eh of plsti dishes. Before seeds tretment, they were soked in wter for 2 hours nd then were emedded in 2.5 perent hypo hloride solution for 15 min. Then, the seeds wshed thoroughly under tp wter nd in the end with distilled wter. In order to impose the drought nd slinity ws used of the (PEG 6 nd N + Cl - ). Four different levels of eh of osmoti potentils were supplied to use of the (PEG 6 nd N + Cl - ), inluding ontrol ( without polyethylene glyol) osmoti potentils -.4, -.8 nd -1.2 r nd ontrol (without sodium hloride) osmoti potentils 75, 15 nd 2 mmol/l respetively. Osmoti pressures were lulted ording to the Vn Hoff (1) nd Mihel nd Kufmnn (2). The formul s follow: ΨS = - imrt (1) The formul ΨS: Osmoti pressure versus Meg Psl, i: mol/kg solution, m: Ioniztion ftor, R:Gs onstnt, T: temperture of solution ws onsidered. OP= ( ) C - (1. 1-4) C+ ( ) C T + (8.39 l-7) C2T (2) Where OP: the potentil of osmoti stress versus time, C: onentrtion of polyethylene glyol, T: temperture in Kelvin (298 C) ws onsidered. The experiment ws rried out in the germintor (25±1 C, 45% reltive humidity). The germintion of seeds ws ended fter 1 dy nd root exlusion riterion for germintion ws defined s 2 mm. After germintion, root nd shoot length, plnt dry weight, root dry weight nd deresed the germintion perentge were mesured. Men germintion time ording to the eqution of Ellis nd Roerts (1981) were lulted. Anlysis ws rried out y SPSS softwre nd Sttistil nlysis of Dunn. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Results of drought vrine Germintion in the ontrol ondition nd three osmoti potentils of ontrol (), -.4, -.8 nd -1.2 rs re shown in Tle 1: These results showed tht dpttion nd resistne of this whet ultivr under drought stress. germintion ws ended fter 1 dy nd rte of germintion ws in the most heighten form of its. These results lso showed tht germintion perentge of this ultivr in -.8 nd -1.2 tretments ompred to ontrol were not signifint. Sidi (1384) ws reported until intermedite levels under drought stress, germintion perentge hs not hnged, this indites the reltive resistne of whet to drought stress t the germintion stge. Slehi (1389) lso ws reported with inresing levels of drought stress deresed plnt 96

3 The whet response to drought nd slinity stresses germintion perentge. Drought uses the rop to withstnd tht kind of stress, ut mrked derese in yield is oserved. This mkes it diffiult for the frmer And thus the effiieny of the frmer must deide wht level of defiit irrigtion to tke, When no wter is pplied nd when it is used less wter thn typil onsumer To hieve mximum wter effiieny nd minimum ost (Condom,22). Tle 1. Germintion of (Chmrn) ultivr under (Drought), ontrol, -.4,-.8 nd -1.2 onentrtions in germintor (fter 1 dy). PEG Tretment Replition1 Replition2 Replition Anlysis of vrines of (tle 2) showed tht DOPof PEG were not signifint t(.5) on fresh shoot mss, fresh root mss, totl fresh mss, shoot dry mss, root dry mss, totl dry mss, Shoot length nd root length. Controls showed etter yield on the length of the roots nd the shoots thn the other tretments. -/4 Tretment on the shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, fresh weight nd dry weight prmeters thn the ontrol group showed etter yield on these prmeters. -/8 tretment on the root fresh weight nd root dry weight showed etter yield thn the other tretments. -1/2 on the totl dry weight thn the ontrol prmeters showed etter yield (Jfrzde,26; Gervnd,26). Tle 2. Anlysis of vrine (growing prmeters in drought). Prmeters Different levels of PEG6 (Br) -.4 fresh shoot mss /33±/3 fresh root mss /34±/5 totl fresh mss /67±/8 -.8 /26±/6 /23±/12 /49±/ -1.2 /19±/5 /7±/3 /±/7 /9±/4 /36±/12 /±/7 shoot dry mss /313±/8 /2±/1 /22±/5 /12±/4 root dry mss /29±/6 /28±/5 /27±/9 /21±/3 totl dry mss /63±/68d /48±/15 /49±/34 6/87±/57 6/37±/51 2/39±/45 4/2±1/38 d Shoot length root length 3/6±/148 6/53±/66 /33±/7 2/93±/48 5/28±/6 Indite the stndrd error ± Columns with letter in ommon re not signifintly different y Dunn test t 5% proility level 97

4 MOHAMMADİ, DARGAHİ 3.2. Result of slinity vrine In the tle 3 re showed tht germintion of seeds in ondition of slinity inluding, ontrol,75, 15 nd 2 mmol/l. signifint differenes ws not oserved etween the tretments of 75 nd 15, nd the ontrol on germintion perentge. Treted with 2 lso hve eptle germintion ompred to ontrol. The growth of whet seedlings under slinity in the greenhouse ws omplished nd stted tht with inresing slinity levels seedling growth ws fed with signifint derese (Avlev et l.,29). Tle 3. Germintion of (Chmrn ) ultivr under ( Slinity), ontrol,75,15 nd 2 onentrtions in germintor (fter 1 dy). NCl tretment Replition1 19 Replition2 15 Replition Anlysis of vrine in Tle 4 showed tht NCl tretments on fresh shoot mss, fresh root mss, totl fresh mss, shoot dry mss, root dry mss, totl dry mss, shoot length nd root length were not signifint t(.5). Controls in ll prmeters ompred to other tretments hve etter yield (exept shoot length).15 ompred to ontrol were not signifint on fresh root weight.2 ompred to ontrol nd other tretment hs etter yield on shoot length.75 ompred to 15 were not signifint on totl fresh weight.15 nd 2 on dry root weight nd 15 with ontrol on shoot length were not signifint. One of the effetive indies of slinity tolerne is mintining ellulr inflmmtion (kffe & Sturt,21). Tle 4. Anlysis of vrine (growing prmeters in slinity). Prmeters Different osmoti pot Osmoti potentils of NCl Fresh shoot mss /25±/15 /3±/5 /4±/1 /7±/2 d Fresh root mss /28±/2 /14±/1 /14±/3 /9±/1 Totl fresh mss /53±/ /49±/6 /±/4 /97±/12 Shoot dry mss /24±/6 /2±/3 /8±/1 /19±/7d Root dry mss /24±/7 /13±/1 /19±/5 /15±/4 Totl dry mss /48±/13 /15±/4 Shoot length 2/46±/42 Root length 5/81±1/2 /27±/6 /9±/7 /88±/78 2/57±/51 1/3±/6 2/72±/14d 4/2±/3 2/91±/ Indite the stndrd error ± 98

5 The whet response to drought nd slinity stresses Columns with letter in ommon re not signifintly different y Dunn test t 5% proility level Studies showed tht this ultivr under the drought hs etter yield ompred to slinity nd redution in germintion prmeters is the lowest. Present study indites tht ould use of this ultivr of whet under slinity nd drought. Further tests on the whet ultivr under slinity ould determine the est threshold of tolerne. REFERENCES [1] Avlev, A.M; Bezhorkov,M.V; Kildiekov,A.R. nd Ftkutdinov, R.A.Whet Germgglutinin Restores Cell Division nd Growth Of Whet Seedlings Under Slinity. Bul. J. Plnt Physiol, Speil Issue, (29). [2] Bhtti, M. A; Zulfiqr, A; Bkhsh, A; Rzq, A. nd Jmli, A. R. Sreening of whet lines for slinity tolerne. Interntionl J of Agriulture nd Biology, 6, (24). [3] Bry, E. A. Plnt response to wter defiit trends. Plnt Si, 2, 48-54(21). [4] Crmer, S.G; Nyquist, W.E. nd Wlker, W.M. Lest signifint differenesfor omining nlysis of experiments whit two or three ftor tretment. Agronomy Journl, 81, (1989). [5] Condom,A.G;Rihrds,R.A;Reetzke,G.g.nd Frquhr,G.D.Improving intrinsi wter Use effieney nd rop yield. Crop Si, 42, (22). [6] De, F. nd kr,k. R. Seed germintion nd seeding growth of mung een under wter stress indued y PEG 6. Seed seine nd tehnology,23, 31-34(1994). [7] Ellis, R.A. nd Roerts, E.H. The quntifition of geing nd survivl in orthodox seeds. Si. Tehnol, 9,373-49(1981). [8] Gervnd, M. Grin evlute drought tolerne of ultivrs developed in the lortory nd in the field. Journl of Plnt reeding nd seed(26). [9] Hgighi, R.S. nd Milni, M.S. Osmoti nd speifi ion effets on the seed germintion of Isgol nd Psyllium. Journl of Irnin Field Crop Reserh. 7(1), 97-14(29). [1] Higgs, K.H. nd Jones, H.G. Response of pple rootstoks to irrigtion in south est Englnd. Journl Of Hortiulturl Siene, 65, (199). [11] Hoogenom, G Huk, M. G. nd Peterson, C. M., Agron J, 79, 67 (1987). [12] Jfrzde, M. Four genotypes evlute drought tolerne in whet seedling stge. Environmentl stress in the seond yer of Agriulturl Sienes, 1( 26). [13] kffe, M; Sturt, D.A.Effets of slinity on growth nd yield of whet is not. Journl of Agriulturl Siene nd Tehnology,12, 1(21). [14] Lrher, W. Physiologil plnt eology.third edition( Berlin springer verlg,1995). [15] Lwlor, D.W. Limittion to photosynthesis in wter stressed Leves: Stomt vs. metolism nd the role of ATP. Ann. Bot, 8, 1 (22) [] Mihel, B.E. nd Kufmnn, M.R.The osmoti potentil of polyethylene glyol (1973). [] Munns, R.Comprtive physiology of slt nd wter stress. Plnt Cell Environ, 25, (22). [] Oku,G; Ky, M.D. nd Atk, M. Effet of slt nd drought stresses on germintion nd seedling growth of pe (Pisum Stivum L.), Turk. J. Agri(25). [19] Rieger, M. Offsetting effets of redued root hydruli ondutivity nd osmoti djustment following drought.tree Physiology, 15, (1995). 99

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