Investigation the Effects of Cadmium Chloride and Copper Sulfate on Germination and Seedling Growth of Agropyron elongatum

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1 Modern Applied Siene Vol. 5, No. 5; Otoer 11 Investigtion the Effets of Cdmium Chloride nd Copper Sulfte on Germintion nd Seedling Growth of Agropyron elongtum Mortez Seri(Corresponding uthor) & Alirez Shhriri Fulty of Nturl Resoures, University of Zol, Irn Tel.: ; Fx: E-mil: Frjollh Trnin Grduted M.S. Student of Rnge Mngement, University of Tehrn, Krj-Irn Reeived: July 7, 11 Aepted: Septemer 15, 11 doi:1.5539/ms.v5n5p3 Astrt Tolertion of germintion nd emryoni growth stge to hevy elements is s key of plnt estlishment under limited onditions. In this study effets of two hevy metls, dmium nd opper sulfte nd their interplys were evluted on germintion nd growth of A. elongtum. Therefore A. elongtum seeds fter disinfetnt, pled on wtmn pper nd influened y dmium (1, nd 3 mg L -1 ) nd opper sulfte (1, nd 3 mg L -1 ). Distilled wter ws used s ontrol tretment. Eh tretment hd replitions nd there were 5 seeds for eh replition. Germintion of seeds ws evluted everydy nd growth index ws determined y mesuring of root length, shoot length, seedling length nd seed vigurity index. Results indited tht there weren t signifint differenes mong the tretment of germintion perentge nd speed ut length of roots, length of shoots, length of seedling nd vigurity index redued signifintly y pplition of these hevy metls. Root length redued from. m in the ontrol to. m t 3 mg L -1 Cd solution ut it redued from.3 m in the ontrol to.1 m t 3 mg L -1 Cu solution. Shoot length ws redued from 9. m in the ontrol to.m t 3 mg L -1 Cd solution nd redued from 9.m in ontrol to 5. m t 3 mg/l Cu solution. Keywords: Agropyron elongtum, Cdmium, Copper sulfte, Germintion, Stress 1. Introdution Presene of hevy elements in soil is one of the most importnt environmentl stresses tht n redue growth redution. Elements re in the rust of erth in vrious mounts nturlly. Presene of hevy elements n use different negtive effets in plnts suh s growth redution, redution of hlorophyll ontents nd photosynthesis, limittion of enzymes tivities, dmge to ioti moleules inluded lipids, proteins nd nulei ids sptilly DNA (Choui nd Ferjni, 5; Mishr et l., ). Cdmium is one of the toxi elements for orgnism. This element enters to environment minly through industril proess nd phosphorous fertilizers nd then goes to the nutrient yle. Cdmium in polluted soils in the form of free ions or ions n e solve esily (Hrdimn nd Jkoy, 198). Different studies on different plnts show tht dmium n sor y roots esily (Blind et l., 1997). This element is toxi for plnt intervenes in mny of ell tions y formtion of omplited omplex with lterl groups of orgni ompositions suh s proteins nd s result prevents of neessry tivities of ell. Also it stimultes geneti nd iohemil hnges tht re generl retion of plnt ginst dmium stress (Metwlly et l., 3). Cdmium hs speil importne mong hevy elements euse it sors esily y root system of plnt nd its toxiity for plnt is - times more thn other hevy elements. For most plnts if dmium onentrtions re -3 mg gr -1 Cu in dry mtter it n use poisoning of plnt tht n stop root growth, redue tillering in ens. Drk green olor is one of the signifint symptoms of this element (Mrshner, 1958). Perlt et l. () showed tht Medigo stiv plnt n growth in some hevy omponent of soil. They investigted effet of elements inluded Mngnese, Nihol, Copper, Crum nd Cdmium on growth nd survivl of Medigo plnt. They onluded tht seed germintion nd plnts growth ffeted y hromium nd Cdmium t 1 ppm onentrtion whih ws signifint ut Mngnese hdn't effet on them. Jelizkov et l. (3) investigted effet of hevy metls omponent (Cu nd Mn), (Cu nd P), (Cd nd Mn), (Cd nd P) nd (Cu nd Cd) on growth nd germintion of Pimpinell nisum, Crum rvi nd Foeniulum vulgre speies. Results showed tht primry growth of root ws ffeted y hevy elements more thn germintion. Mhmood et l. (5) investigted effets of different levels of opper nd zin on germintion nd growth of Ze mys emryo. Any of tretments wsn't ffeted on seed germintion while primry growth ws onfined. They indited tht toxiity 3 ISSN E-ISSN

2 Modern Applied Siene Vol. 5, No. 5; Otoer 11 symptoms in emryos ws inresed in presene of oth elements (Cuso nd Znso ) nd mount of toxiity relted to Znso ws more thn Cuso. Shukt et l. (1999) lso investigted effet of dimium, hromium nd led on seed germintion, erly seedling growth nd phenol ontents of prkinsoni ulete nd pennisetum merinum. Their results indited tht finl germintion perentge ws gretly redued y dmium, hlorine nd led slts in oth the test speies t the onentrtion of 5 ppm or more. A. elongtum is one of the most importnt speies in reovering nd developing of rngelnd whih is espeilly tolernt to sline soils. It is dpted to irrigted or suirrigted sline soils nd to imperfetly-drined, lkli soils. It prefers soils with high wter tle. Germintion nd seedling growth re the key events for the estlishment of plnts under ny previling environment. This reserh ws onduted to study effets of dmium nd opper sulfte on germintion nd seedling growth of A. elongtum seeds.. Mterils nd methods The seeds of this plnt were olleted from Tleghn rngelnds. The experiment ws undertken for one month from 9//5 to 9/7/5, t the fulty of nturl resoures, Tehrn University. At first lrge nd helthy seeds ws seprted from wrinkled nd infertile seeds nd disinfeted y hypohloride (5 %) nd then wshed with distilled wter 3 times. All devies suh s petery dishes nd filter ppers were sterilized in utolve. This reserh ws rried out using ompletely rndomized design in replitions. After providing petery dishes, 5 seeds were pled t eh petery dishes nd different tretment were prepred inluded: distilled wter s ontrol tretment, Cuso nd Cdl 5 s Cu nd Cd elements. And these onentrtions were prepred ording to mg L -1 : (1, nd 3) u nd (1, nd 3) d. Then they were pled t growth in with 3 temperture nd fter seeds plnttion, numers of germinted seeds were numered dily t eh experiment unit to determine germintion speed. Germintion perentge nd speed, length of roots, length of shoots, nd length of plnt nd vigority index were mesured fter proper growth of emryos (8 dys). Germintion perentge, germintion speed (Mguirw, 19), vigority index (Blestrsse et l., 1) nd plnt length ws lulted sed on the following reltions: (1) germintion perentge G GP 1 N GP: germintion perentge, G: numer of germinted seeds, N: numer of seeds () germintion speed GR n i 1 S D i i S i : numer of germinted seed t eh ounting, D i : numer of dy until n ounting, n: numers of ounting (3) vigority index = totl germintion perentge plnt length () plnt length = root length + shoot length Otined dt ws nlyzed using SPSS softwre. Signifint differenes relted to tretment were ompred using Dunn test fter performing vrine nlysis. 3. Results Results of vrine nlysis the effets of dmium hloride nd opper sulfte on A. elongtum on properties inluded germintion perentge, germintion speed, length of root, length of shoot, length of emryo nd vigority index were reported in tle 1nd. There were signifint differenes in some properties whih inlude length of root, length of shoot, length of emryo nd vigority index under the Cd nd Cu stress. Results lso indited tht there ws signifint differenes mong germintion perentge under Cu stress. Results showed tht germintion perentge of A. elongtum ws redued when Cd nd Cuso onentrtions inresed. Mximum of germintion perentge (95%) ws relted to ontrol tretment nd minimum mount of it (85.5%) ws relted to Cu (3 mg L -1 ) (Figure 1). Compring of germintion speed mens were reported t Figure. There weren't signifint differenes mong different levels of dmium nd opper sulfte with ontrol tretment. Length of root ws redued when dmium nd opper sulfte onentrtions inresed. Men omprison showed tht mximum of root length (. m) ws relted to ontrol tretment nd minimum of it (.5 m) ws relted to Cd tretment (3 mg L -1 ) (Figure 3). Dunn s test determined 3 groups on shoot length. Minimum of shoot length (.7 m) ws relted to Cd nd mximum of it (9.3m) ws relted to ontrol tretment (Figure ). Pulished y Cndin Center of Siene nd Edution 33

3 Modern Applied Siene Vol. 5, No. 5; Otoer 11 Length of plnt ws redued with elerting of dmium nd opper sulfte onentrtions. Mximum of plnt length (15.9 m) ws relted to ontrol tretment nd minimum of it (7.1 m) ws relted Cd tretment (3 mg L -1 ) (Figure 5). Vigority index ws ffeted y Cd nd Cuso nd ws redued when onentrtions of these two elements ws inresed. Mximum of vigority index ws relted to ontrol tretment nd minimum of it ws relted to 3 mg L -1 tretment of eh two hevy elements (Figure ).. Disussion Tolertion of germintion nd emryoni growth stge to hevy elements is s key of plnt estlishment under limited onditions. Retion to environmentl stress in plnts is n undenile nd omplited phenomenon. Otined results from this reserh showed tht vrious onentrtions of dmium nd opper sulfte n redue germintion nd growth of A. elongtum emryos nd stop growth so tht high onentrtions of dmium tretment ould stop growth nd even use deth of roots. These results re oinidene to the results of Držić et l. () tht reported Cd deresed root nd shoot of lflf seedling nd to the results of Li et l. (5). Growth redution under Cd toxiity onditions ws lso oserved for severl speies tested, inluding Cuumus stivus (Au-Muriefh, 8), Lemn polyrrhiz (John et l., 8) nd Glyyrrhiz urlensis (Zheng et l., 1). However Cd deresed the germintion speed nd perentge ut it doesn t hve ny signifint effet on them. Derese of germintion perentge t nd 3 mg L -1 Cd level ws muh more thn tht of 1 mg L -1 Cd level. These results re ontrditory to the results of Jelizkov nd Crker (3) tht reported Cd t mg L -1 stimulted seed germintion nd root growth of rwy y pproximtely perent s ompred with the ontrol. These differenes my e euse of different sensiility of plnt speies to toxi levels of hevy metls. Mlekzdeh et l. (7) reported tht Cd deresed root length of Ze mys ut it doesn t hve ny effet on shoot length of Ze mys. Cd hd signifint effet on oth shoot nd root length whih this is Contrditory to the result of shoot length of Ze mys reported y Mlekzdeh et l. (7). Compring of different men grdient of studied properties showed tht vrious onentrtions of Cd hve mximum negtive effet on length of emryos. Inresing of hevy element in root environment n use redution of sorption of wter nd nutrients, redution of wter trnspirtion nd disturne in wter lne, prevention of enzymes tivities, redution of ell metolism, redution of photosynthesis, evportion nd trnspirtion, nitrogen nd phosphor shortge nd stopping of growth, elerting of mturity nd even deth of plnt (Perlt et l., ; Cheng nd Hung, ). Also sorption of high mount of Cd in plnt n redue nd stop root growth nd use orky struture nd redue eletril ondutivity of wter in roots, redution of neessry nutrient sorption suh s K, Mg nd Fe (Gussrsson et l., 199). Results lso indited tht Cu doesn t hve signifint effet on germintion speed ut it hd signifint effet on germintion perentge. High onentrtion of opper sulfte hs mximum effet on germintion perentge. Mhmood et l. (7) found tht mong the metls (inlude: Zn, P, Mg nd N), Cu hd the most dverse effets on seed germintion of Hordeum vulgre L., Oryz stiv L. nd Tritium estivum L. Compring to ontrol, germintion perentge doesn t hve signifint differenes t 1 mg L -1 ut it deresed signifintly t mg L -1 Cu level. Street et l. (7) reported tht Copper t 1 mg L 1 signifintly (p <.5) redued the perentge germintion of Euomis utumnlis. Cu lso redued the root nd shoot length of seedlings similr to wht reported y Street et l. (7) out deresing effet of Cu on root length of Bowie voluilis, Euomis utumnlis nd Merwill ntlensis nd y Chffi et l. (). Adverse effets of Cu on roots re relted to severe redution in the elongtion growth of the longest root s well s root plsm memrne permeility of the seedlings (Nrigu nd Pyn, 1988; MBride, 1; Chffi et l., ). Hll nd Willims (3) reported tht the toxi effets of Cu often ffeted mitoti tivity nd ell division of roots. 5. Conlusion In generlly results of this reserh showed tht different levels of opper sulfte nd dmium n use negtive effets on different growth spets of A. elongtum nd these effets re lerly visile. These results n importnt to understnding of dmium nd opper sulfte mehnisms nd founding solutions to prevent of infiltrtion of these elements to vlule rngelnd plnts. Referenes Au-Muriefh, S. S. (8). Growth prmeters nd elementl sttus of uumer (Cuumus stivus) seedlings in response to dmium umultion. Interntionl Journl of Agriulture nd Biology, 1, 1, ISSN Online: /AWB/8/1 3 1, 3 ISSN E-ISSN

4 Modern Applied Siene Vol. 5, No. 5; Otoer 11 Blestrsse, K.B., Grdey, L., Gllego, S.M., nd Tomro, M.L. (1). Response of ntioxidnt defense system in soyen nodules nd roots sujeted to dmium stress. Austrlin Journl Plnt Physiology, 8, 97-5, DOI:org/1.171/PP158, Blind, A., Koh, B., Rmnjulu, S., nd Dietz, K.J. (1997). De novo synthesis nd umultion of poplst proteins in leves of hevy metl exposed rley seedlings, Journl of Plnt ell Environment,, , DOI:1.1111/j t7.x, Chffi, R., Tekitek, A., nd El Ferjni, E. (). A omprtive study on the orgni id ontent nd exudtion in mize (Ze mys L.) seedlings under onditions of opper nd dmium stress. Asin Journl of Plnt Siene, 5, 598-, ISSN Volume: 5; Issue: ; Strt pge: 598; Dte:, DOI:1.393/jps..598., Choui, A., nd Ferjni, E.E.I. (5). Effets of dmium nd opper on ntioxidnt pities, lignifition nd uxin degrdtion in leves of Pe (Pisium stivum L) seedlings. Journl of Comptes Rendus Biologies, 38, 3-31, DOI:1.11/j.rvi..1.1, Cheng, S.F., nd Hung CY, (). Influene of dmium on growth of root vegetle nd umultion of dmium in the edile root. Interntionl Journl of Applied Siene Engineering, 3, 3-5, ISSN: , Držić, G., Mihilović, N., nd Lojić, M. (). Cdmium umultion in Medigo stiv seedlings treted with sliyli id. Biologil plntrum, 5, 39-, DOI:1.17/s , Gussrsson, M., Asp, H., Adlsteinsson, S., nd Jensén, P. (199). Enhnement of dmium effets on growth nd nutrient omposition of irh (Betul pendul) y uthionine sulphoximine (BSO), Journl of Exp. Bot, 7, 11-15, DOI:1.193/jx/7..11, Hll, J.L., nd Willims, L.E. (3). Trnsition metl trnsporters in plnts. Journl of Experimentl Botny, 5, 1-13, DOI:1.193/jx/erg33, Hrdimn, R.T., nd Joy, B. (198). Asorption nd trnslotion of Cd in ush en (Phseolus vulgris). Journl of Physiologi Plntrum, 1, 7-7, DOI: /j t5189.x, 7CB1EA318F.d1t3 Jelizkov, E.A., nd Crker, L.E. (3). Seed germintion of some mediinl nd romti plnts in hevy metl environment. Journl of Hers, Spies & Mediinl Plnts, 1, 15-11, DOI:1.13/Jv1n_1, Jelizkov, E.A., Crker, L.E., nd Xing, B. (3). Seed germintion of nise, rwy, nd fennel in hevy metl ontminted solutions. Journl of Hers, Spies nd Mediinl Plnts, 1, 83-93, DOI:1.13/Jv1n3_9, John, R., Ahmd, P., Gdgil, K., nd Shrm, S. (8). Effet of dmium nd led on growth, iohemil prmeters nd uptke in Lemn polyrrhiz L. Plnt, Soil nd Environment, 5, 7, Li, W., Khn, M.A., Ymguhi, Sh., nd Kmiy, Y. (5). Effets of hevy metls on seed germintion nd erly seedling growth of Aridopsis thlin. Plnt Growth Regultion,, 5 5, DOI: 1.17/s , Mguirw, I.D. (19). Speed of germintion rid in seletion nd evlution for seedling emergene nd vigor. Journl of Crops Siene,, Mhmood, S., Hussin, A., Seed, Z., nd Athr, M. (5). Germintion nd seedling growth of orn (Ze mys L.) under vrying levels of opper nd zin. Interntionl Journl Environmentl Siene nd Tehnology,, 9-7, Mhmood, T., Islm, K.R., nd Muhmmd, S. (7). Toxi effet of hevy metls on erly growth nd torelne of erel rops. Pkistn Journl of Botny, 39, 51-, DOI:55-331, Pulished y Cndin Center of Siene nd Edution 35

5 Modern Applied Siene Vol. 5, No. 5; Otoer 11 Mlekzdeh, P., Khr, J., Frshin, S., Jml-Ad, A.K., nd Rhmtzdeh, S. (7). Cdmium toxiity in mize seedlings: Chnges in ntioxidnt enzyme tivities nd root growth. Pkistn Journl of Biologil Siene, 1, , DOI:1.393/pjs , Mrshner, H. (1958). Minerl nutrition of higher plnts. nd. Ed., Ademi Press. New York, NY, 7 p. DOI:1.1111/j t113.x MBride, M.B. (1). Cupri ion tivity in pet soil s toxiity inditor for mize. Journl of Environmentl Qulity, 3: DOI:1.13/jeq1.3178x, Metwlly, A., Finkemeier, I., Georgi, M. nd Dietz, K.J. (3). Sliyli id llevites the dmium toxiity in rley seedlings. Journl of Plnt Physiology, 13, 7-81, DOI:1.11/pp , Mishr, S., Srivstv, S., Tripthi, P.D., Govindrjn, R., Kurikose, S.V., nd Prsd, M.N.V. (). Phytoheltin synthesis nd response of ntioxidnts during dmium stress in Bop monnieri L. Journl of Plnt Physiology nd Biohemistry,, 5-37, DOI.org/1.11/j.plphy..1.7, 3n/Fitorremediion%IV/Biliogrfi%Eudor/fitoqueltins%y%ntioxidntes%estres%Cd.pdf Nrigu, J.O., nd Pyn, J.M. (1988). Quntittive ssessment of worldwide ontmintion of ir, wter nd soil y tre-metls. Nture, 333, , doi:1.1139/1-1, Perlt, J.R., Grde-torresdey, J.L., Tiemnn, K.J., Gómez, E., Arteg, S., Rson, E., nd Prsons, J.G. (). Study of the effets of hevy metls on seed germintion nd plnt growth on lflf plnt (Medigo stiv) grown in soild medi, Proeedings of the Conferene on Hzrdous Wst Reserh, pp: , Shukt, S.S., Mushtq, M., nd Siddiqui, Z.S. (1999). Effet of dmium, hromium nd led on seed germintion, erly seedling growth nd phenoli ontents of Prkinsoni ulet L. nd Pennisetum merinum (L.) Shumnn. Pkistn Journl of Biologil Siene,, , DOI:1.393/pjs , Street, R.A., Kulkrni, M.G., Stirk, W.A., Southwy, C., nd Vn Stden, J. (7). Toxiity of metl elements on germintion nd seedling growth of widely used mediinl plnts elonging to hyinthee. Bull Environ Contm Toxiol, 79, , DOI:org/1.17/s , Zheng, G., Lv, H.P., Go, S. nd Wng, S.R. (1). Effets of dmium on growth nd ntioxidnt responses in Glyyrrhiz urlensis seedlings. Plnt, Soil nd Environment, 5, , DOI: v.5(11) p , 3 ISSN E-ISSN

6 Modern Applied Siene Vol. 5, No. 5; Otoer 11 Tle 1. vrine nlysis of effet of dmium on studied properties of A. elongtum properties ss df ms f Germintion perentge ns Germintion speed ns Root length ** Shoot length ** Plnt length ** Seed vigority ** **Signifint differene etween tretments t 1% levels, ns: non signifint Tle. vrine nlysis of effet of opper sulfte on studied properties of A. elongtum properties ss df ms f Germintion perentge ** Germintion speed ns Root length ** Shoot length ** Plnt length ** Seed vigority ** **Signifint differene etween tretments t 1% levels, ns: non signifint Pulished y Cndin Center of Siene nd Edution 37

7 Modern Applied Siene Vol. 5, No. 5; Otoer germintion(%) dmium hloride (mg/l) () germintion(%) opper sulfte (mg/l) () Figure 1. ompring effets of dmium hloride () nd opper sulfte () on germintion perentge of A. elongtum 38 ISSN E-ISSN

8 Modern Applied Siene Vol. 5, No. 5; Otoer germintion speed(seed/dy) 8 dmium hloride(mg/l) () 1 1 germintion speed (seed/dy) 8 opper sulfte (mg/l) () Figure. ompring effets of dmium hloride () nd opper sulfte () on germintion speed of A. elongtum Pulished y Cndin Center of Siene nd Edution 39

9 Modern Applied Siene Vol. 5, No. 5; Otoer 11 7 Root length (m) dmium hloride(mg/l) () 7 5 Root length (m) 3 1 opper sulfte (mg/l) () Figure 3. ompring effets of dmium hloride () nd opper sulfte () on Root length of A. elongtum ISSN E-ISSN

10 Modern Applied Siene Vol. 5, No. 5; Otoer Shoot length (m) dmium hloride(mg/l) () Shoot length (m ) opper sulfte (mg/l) () Figure. ompring effets of dmium hloride () nd opper sulfte () on Shoot length of A. elongtum Pulished y Cndin Center of Siene nd Edution 1

11 Modern Applied Siene Vol. 5, No. 5; Otoer Plnt leng th (m ) dmium hloride (mg/l) () Plnt leng th ( m ) opper sulfte (mg/l) () Figure 5. ompring effets of dmium hloride () nd opper sulfte () on Plnt length of A. elongtum ISSN E-ISSN

12 Modern Applied Siene Vol. 5, No. 5; Otoer seed vigority dmium hloride(mg/l) () 1 1 Seed vigurity d opper sulfte (mg/l) () Figure. ompring effets of dmium hloride () nd opper sulfte () on Seed vigority of A. elongtum Pulished y Cndin Center of Siene nd Edution 3