The effect of phosphate bio-fertilizer (Barvar-2) on the growth of marigold

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1 Journl Home pge : «E-mil : editor@je.o.in JEB Journl of Environmentl Biology ISSN: CODEN: JEBIDP Pulition Info Pper reeived: 21 Deemer 2012 Revised reeived: 21 My 201 Re-Revised reeived: 15 August 201 Aepted: 17 Septemer 201 The effet of phosphte io-fertilizer (Brvr-2) on the growth of mrigold Ftemeh Zredost, Dvood Hshemdi *, Mrym Brri Ziyri, Ali Mohmmdi Torkshvnd, 2 1 Behzd Kvini, Mrym Jdid Solimndri nd Mohmmd Zrhini 1 Young Reserhers nd Elite Clu, Rsht Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Rsht, , Irn 2 Deprtment of Hortiulturl Siene, Rsht Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Rsht, , Irn Mngement Group, Hfez Khk Gil Compny, , Irn Deprtment of Hortiulturl Siene, Rsht Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Rsht, , Irn *Corresponding Author E-mil: dvoodhshemdi@yhoo.om Introdution Tgetes eret ommonly known s mrigold is n nnul hereous plnt of ornmentl nd mediinl importne. It is one of the ommerilly exploited flowers of Asteree fmily nd often used s ut flowers, grden displys, ouquets nd in lndspe grdening (Atiyeh et l., 2002). It hs ttrted ttention of floriulturists due to short durtion prodution of mrketle flowers with wide rnge of ttrtive olours, shpe nd size. Sine the growth nd prodution of T. eret is influened y hemil fertilizers, their nutrient requirement is fulfilled espeilly y supplying phosphte fertilizers. However, indisriminte nd long term use of hemil fertilizers hs not only led to imlne of nutrients in soil resulting in degrdtion of soil struture ut hs lso ffeted the growth nd prodution of flowers (Singh et l., 2008; Mohmmdi Torkshvnd, 2009). Nowdys, lot of emphsis is eing pid Astrt The present study ws onduted to study the individul nd omined effet of io-fertilizer (Brvr-2) nd hemil phosphte fertilizer on the florl qulity of mrigold (Tgetes eret L.). A ftoril experiment ws rried out whih onsisted of two ftors: i) inoultion of seed, root nd seed + root with io-fertilizer (Brvr-2) nd ontrol; pplition of hemil phosphorus t 100 mg l, 200 mg l, 00 mg l nd 00 mg l levels. In this study, flowering time, disply life, fresh nd dry weight of flower, ville soil phosphorus, shoot phosphorus nd rotenoid ontent were evluted. Results showed tht the omined effet of iond hemil fertilizer ws insignifint (p<1 nd 5%) for most of the hrteristis studied exept for shoot phosphorus nd rotenoid ontent in petls. The lowest time to flowering (6.67 dys) ws otined in seeds nd trnsplnt roots inoultion to io-fertilizer 00 mg l P. Mximum disply life (25.5), fresh weight (16.20 g), rotenoid ontent (.90 mg g d. wt.) nd onentrtion of P in shoots (0.52%) were oserved in trnsplnt roots inoultion to io-fertilizer 00 mg l P. Key words Phosphorus, Phosphorus io-fertilizer, Tgetes eret L., Vegettive nd flowering trits on the use of io-fertilizer to inrese the prodution of rops. Biofertilizer usully onsists of live or ltent ells of miro-orgnisms whih inlude iologil nitrogen fixers, P-soluilizing, minerliztion of nitrogen nd trnsformtion of severl elements into ville forms. VAM fungi, Azototer, Azospirillum nd phosphte soluilizing teri re ommonly pplied iofertilizers in hortiulturl rops. Bio-fertilizers re not only eo-friendly nd ost effetive ut lso inrese phosphorus uptke, promotes growth nd yield of plnts y supplying nutrients in ville form, provides resistne ginst pests nd diseses nd strengthens soil struture (Shrm, 2002). The nturl uptke of phosphorus, present in hemil fertilizers, y plnts is very low nd most of the phosphorus remins fixed in lreous soil. However, this prolem n e overome y using phosphorus soluilizing teri (PSB). PSBs' hve the ility to onvert unville form Triveni Enterprises, Luknow (Indi) Journl of Environmentl Biology, Vol. 5, 9-, Mrh 201

2 0 F. Zredost et l. of P into ville form, therey inresing P uptke nd yield. A lot of work hs een rried out on the effet of different orgni mnures individully or in omintion with hemil fertilizers on the growth nd yield hrters of hrysnthemum, Chin ster, tuerose, mrigold nd severl other ornmentl plnts (Meshrm et l., 2008; Singh et l., 200; Chndrikpure et l., 1999; Moghdm nd Shoor, 201; Mohnty et l., 201). Rtti et l. (2001) investigted some vrieties of phosphte soluilizing teri on the yield of lemon grss nd onluded tht the plnt height nd iomss inresed s ompred to ontrol. Gupt et l. (2002) found tht inoultion of mint root y myorrhiz fungi onsiderly inresed the height nd yield of plnt. In nother reserh, Kpoor et l. (2002, 200) reported tht the myorrhizl inoultion of root signifintly improved the quntity nd qulity of essentil oil in dill nd rom plnts. Further, AM inoultion of plnts long with phosphorus fertiliztion signifintly enhned growth, P-uptke nd essentil oil ontent of fennel plnts. In light of ove, the present study imed to investigte the individul nd omined effet of phosphte iologil fertilizer (Brvr-2) nd phosphte hemil fertilizer on the growth nd yield hrters of T. eret. Mterils nd Methods The present study ws onduted during the yer 2010/2011 experimentl seson (April until August) t greenhouse (photoperiod of 16 hr per dy), loted in Rsht ity, Guiln provine, Irn. Investigtions were rried out on Tgetes eret L. vr. Tishn, ommonly known s mrigold. Experiment ws onduted in ftoril rrngement sed on rndomized ompletely lok design with two ftors onsisting; methods of io-fertilizer pplition nd different levels of Brvr-2. Brvr-2 is phosphte io-fertilizer nd is environmentlly sfe tht is pplied inrese the yield in rop nd fruit trees. The first ftor were to; seeds inoultion to io-fertilizer (M 1), trnsplnt roots inoultion to io-fertilizer (M 2), seeds nd trnsplnt roots inoultion to io-fertilizer (M ) nd ontrol (without io-fertilizer). The phosphte io-fertilizer ws purhsed from Mo Compny. The seond ftor inluded tretment of (from Crystlon soure with 1222 rtio of NPK) hemil phosphorus t four levels 100 mg l P (P 1); 200 mg l P (P 2); 00 mg l P (P ) nd 00 mg l P (P ), respetively. The experiments were rried out t temperture of 20 ± 2 C nd 70% reltive humidity. The seeds were plnted in medium ontining oo pet nd snd in 1:1 rtio (Tle 1). After 5 dys of plnting, when trnsplnting hd four leves, trnsplnts were trnsferred to the lrger pots ontin oopet, snd nd mold (Tle 1). Three months fter plnting, the first dt out flower nd shoot ws reorded nd during one month, ll dt inluding time of flowering, fresh weight of flower, nd the perentge of flower dry weight were tken. Phosphorus onentrtion of medium nd shoot plnt; nd the mount of rotenoid pigment were lso mesured t this experiment. Time of flowering se on ounting the dys from sowing seed to ppering flower ws omputed. The medium ws extrted y AB-DTPA method nd phosphorus ws mesures y spetrosopy method in extrtion. Petls were extrted y etone nd rotenoides were mesured y following the method of Mzumdr nd Mjmuder (200). MSTATC softwre ws used for vrine nlysis of dt y Lest Signifint Differene (LSD) test. Results nd Disussion The nlysis of vrine showed tht the effet of iofertilizer (Brvr-2) nd hemil phosphorus fertilizer ws signifint t 1% proility level on the growth prmeters of Tgetes eret. Result of ANOVA showed tht pplition of iofertilizer nd hemil fertilizer signifintly influened flowering time in T. eret while the effet of omined tretment on flowering time ws insignifint. The men omprison of dt of omined tretment showed tht lowest flowering time (6.5) ws otined in M P tretment, lowest flowering time ws found 2 in B tretment nd longest in M tretment, wheres pplition 2 1 of hemil P fertilizer, the lowest (66.65) nd longest (75.2) flowering time ws oserved in P nd P tretment, respetively 1 (Tle ) Applition of io-fertilizer showed signifint (p<1%) effet on disply life of T. eret while insignifint effet on the sme ws oserved on the pplition of hemil fertilizer nd omined tretment of io-nd hemil fertilizer (Tle 2). Mximum disply life (25.5) in T. eret ws seen in M P 2 tretment nd minimum (18.68) in M P tretment, respetively. 1 1 Among io-fertilizer pplition, mximum disply life (2.57) ws found in M tretment nd minimum (20.62) in M tretment, 2 respetively. While P nd P tretment of hemil phosphorus 1 Tle 1 : The results of some physiohemil properties of the used medi for plnt seeds nd plnt roots Properties Medium (oopet plus snd) for plnt seeds Medium (oopet, snd nd mold) for plnt roots ph Aville K (mg kg ) Aville P (mg kg ) Totl N (%) Orgni ron (%) Journl of Environmentl Biology, Mrh 201

3 Effet of phosphte io-fertilizer on mrigold 1 Tle 2 : Anlysis of vrine (ANOVA) of the effet of different tretments on trits Men squre Soure of df Time of Disply Flower fresh Flower dry Totl shoot Totl medium Crotenoid vrine flowering life weight mtter phosphorus phosphorus M (Method) P (Phosphorus) M P Error Totl CV (%) ** ** ** ns * ** ns ** ns ** ns ** ns ** ns ns ns ns ** ns ** * nd **: signifint differene t 5% nd 1% proility level, respetively, ns: not signifint Tle : Men omprisons of the effet of different tretments on trits Tretments Time of Disply Flower fresh Flower dry Totl shoot Totl medium Crotenoid flowering(dy) life(dy) weight(g) mtter(%) phosphorus(%) phosphorus(%) (mg g M.W.) M M M M P d P P P M1P M1P M1P e M1P M2P e M2P M2P M2P MP e d 0.50 MP e MP e MP MP MP MP e MP de e de *In eh olumn, mens with the similr letters re not signifintly different t 5% level of proility using LSD test fertilizer produed mximum (22.57) nd minimum (21.20) disply life in T. eret, respetively. The nlysis of vrine showed tht fresh weight of T. eret flowers were signifintly ffeted y the pplition of iofertilizer nd hemil phosphorus fertilize. Comined pplition of fertilizers showed insignifint effet on the fresh weight of flowers (Tle 2). The men omprison of dt mong different tretments showed tht mximum (16.2 g) fresh weight of flowers ws noted in MP tretment nd minimum (1.9 g) in M1P 1 tretment, respetively. Among different tretments of io-fertilizer nd hemil phosphorus pplition, mximum fresh weight (11.7 g) ws oserved in M tretment nd minimum (6.69) in M 1 tretment while mximum nd minimum fresh weight of flowers ws found in P nd P tretment of hemil fertilizer, respetively. Anlysis of vrine on dry weight dt of flowers showed tht ll three types of tretments showed insignifint effet on the dry weight of T. eret flowers. Results reveled tht mximum dry weight of flowers ws oserved in M P tretment 1 1 nd minimum (12.%) in M P tretment, respetively. 1 Applition of different io-fertilizer inoultions produed insignifint effet on rotenoid ontent in petls of T. eret. While pplition of hemil phosphorus nd omined Journl of Environmentl Biology, Mrh 201

4 2 F. Zredost et l. pplition of io- nd hemil fertilizer produed signifint effet on the rotenoid ontent. The men omprison of dt showed tht highest (.90 mg g d. wt.) rotenoid ontent ws oserved in petls of T. eret treted with MP while lowest (0.5 mg g d. wt.) on pplition of BP1 tretment, respetively. Applition of different tretments of io-fertilizer did not produe ny signifint differene on the rotenoid ontent; however mong different tretments of hemil fertilizers, highest (2.7 mg g d. wt.) rotenoid ontent ws found in P tretment nd lowest (0.92 mg g d. wt.) in P tretment, respetively. Tle 2 shows tht pplition of io-fertilizer, hemil fertilizer nd omined pplition of oth signifintly ffeted the phosphorus level in shoots of T. eret. Men omprison of dt reveled tht highest (0.52%) onentrtion of P in shoots ws oserved in M1P nd MP tretment while lowest onentrtion (0.28%) ws found in MP tretment, respetively. Applition of io-fertilizer signifintly inresed P ontent in shoots over ontrol, wheres mong different onentrtion of hemil fertilizer, mximum (0.7%) shoot P ontent ws oserved in P tretment nd lowest (0.7%) in P tretment, respetively. Anlysis of vrine showed tht the effet of different tretments of io-fertilizer on the ontent of phosphorus in medium ws signifint while different tretment level of hemil fertilizer nd omined pplition of io-nd hemil fertilizer produed insignifint effet on phosphorus ontent in the medium (Tle 2). Comined pplition of io-nd hemil fertilizer showed highest (0.25 %) phosphorus ontent in medium with M2P 2 tretment nd lowest (0.16%) with MP1 tretment respetively. Different level of hemil phosphte tretment did not produe ny signifint effet on the totl phosphorus ontent in the medium. However, different tretments of io-fertilizer produed signifint different showing highest (0.212%) phosphorus ontent in the medium with M 2 tretment nd lowest (0.168%) with M tretment, respetively. Results of the present study showed tht the florl hrters of T. eret were signifintly influened y the integrted pplition of Brvr-2, io-fertilizer, nd hemil phosphte fertilizer. Applition of seed nd root inoulted iofertilizer with 00 mg l hemil phosphte fertilizer produed minimum flowering time nd mximum fresh weight, dry weight nd rotenoid ontent in T. ert s ompred to other tretments. Inresed growth of T. eret inoulted with iofertilizer might e due to ddition of nitrogen through symiosis nd inresed prodution of growth hormones like NAA, GA nd ytokinins (Bshn, 200). Severl reports re ville on the omined pplition of io-fertilizer with hemil fertilizer on the enhned growth nd yield of ornmentl flowers. Comined pplition of io-fertilizers like VAM, Azospirillum, Azototer, phosphorus soluilizing terium long with hemil fertilizer hve een found to inrese plnt height, minimum numer of dys to first flowering, mximum ud nd flower size, mximum vse life nd mximum ost enefit rtio nd vegettive growth in ornmentl flowers like rose (Singh et l., 200), rntion (Gupt et l., 200), gldiolus orm (Duey nd Mishr, 2006), hin ster (Chitr nd Ptil, 2007), mrigold nd gillrdi (Deshmukh et l., 2008). Reently, Moghdm nd Shoor (201) nd Mohnty et l. (201) reported inrese in yield ttriutes of Petuni hyrid nd Tgetes eret. The erly flowering my e due to the presene of io-fertilizers inoulted with Azospirillum nd PSB whih resulted in flower initition nd more flower durtion. This my e due to esy uptke of nutrients nd simultneous trnsport of growth promoting sustnes like ytokinins to the xillry uds resulting in rekge of pil dominne. Comined pplition of Azospirillum + phosphte soluilizing + terium + vermiompost + 25% NPK signifintly enhned the growth, yield, nd qulity of petuni flowers. Similrly, omined pplition of poultryfrm + io-fertilizer + vermiompost + 50% RDF inresed florl hrters in T. eret. The inrese in flower size, weight, numer nd durtion might e due to the effet of lne nutrition supplied through omined pplition. Comined pplition of io-nd hemil fertilizer might hve ttriuted to the trnslotion of nutrients from soil nd enhned supply of mro nd mironutrients during entire growing seson nd miroil deomposition whih might hve fvored the stimultion nd prodution of xillry uds resulting in formtion of more numer of rnhes. Yousefi et l. (2010) studied the impt of phosphte fertilizer of Brvr-2 on the yield of mize nd onluded tht the mize yield ws inresed y 50 kg h. Fllhi et l. (2009) reported tht the tretment of nitroxin nd PSB onsiderly influened the fresh nd dry weight of hmomile flowers. The results of present study re onsistent with erlier studies of Fllhi et l. (2009), Ripoor nd Asghrzdeh (2007) nd Snhez Govin et l. (2005). The inrese in phosphorus uptke in roots inoulted with io-fertilizer is due to the inrese in P vilility nd the improvement of plnt uptke pity. Thus, pplition of iologil phosphte fertilizers ontining PSB nd myorrhiz fungi not only dereses the uptke of hemil phosphte fertilizer, ut lso inreses plnt growth. Khlj (2009) investigted the effet of io-fertilizer, Brvr-2 on phosphorus uptke in Polinthes tueros flower nd onluded tht the est results were otined y pplying io- nd hemil fertilizer in 50:50 rtios. Studies of El-Ghndour et l. (2009) showed tht nutrient uptke of Mjorn hortensis plnts positively responded to teril inoultion nd the onerned orgni phosphorus soures. Mny reserhers hve explined the role of phosphte soluilizing teri in enhning vilility of phosphorus in the soil through seretion of phosphtse enzyme whih leds to trnsfer orgni phosphorus to ville form (Melero et l., 2006; El-Ghndour et l., 2009) Journl of Environmentl Biology, Mrh 201

5 Effet of phosphte io-fertilizer on mrigold nd onsequently, enhning phosphorus sorption nd umultion in plnt tissues. In onlusion, the highest time to flowering (79.00 dy) nd the lowest disply life (18.68 dy) were otined in ontrol plnts. Minimum time to flowering (6.5 dy) nd the mximum disply life (25.5 dy) were otined in plnts grown under trnsplnt roots inoultion with io-fertilizer in 00 mg l phosphorus. Therefore, to improve the qulity of mrigold, 00 mg l P nd root inoultion to io-fertilizer n e used. Py ttention to inrese in mrigold yield nd flower qulity, the use of Brvr-2 fertilizer s iologil phosphte fertilizer n e sved hemil fertilizer. Referenes Atiyeh, R.M., N. Arnon, C.A. Edwrds nd J.D. Metzger: The influene of erthworm proessed pig mnure on the growth nd produtivity of mrigolds. Biores. Tehnol., 81, 1008 (2002). Bshn, Y. nd G. Holguin: Azospirillum-plnt reltionships: Physiologil, moleulr, griulturl nd environmentl dvnes ( ). Cn. J. Miroiol., 50, (200). 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