INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS SOIL MAINTENANCE METHODS IN ORGANIC ORCHARD ON THE GROWTH AND YIELDING OF SWEET CHERRY TREES IN THE FIRST YEARS AFTER PLANTING

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1 Journl of Fruit nd Ornmentl Plnt Reserh Vol. 16, 28: INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS SOIL MAINTENANCE METHODS IN ORGANIC ORCHARD ON THE GROWTH AND YIELDING OF SWEET CHERRY TREES IN THE FIRST YEARS AFTER PLANTING E l ż iet R ozpr, Z ygm u n t S. Grz y n d PwełBi el i ki Reserh Institute of Pomology nd Floriulture Pomologizn 18, 96-1 Skierniewie, POLAND e-mil: erozpr@insd.pl (Reeived Otoer 28, 28/Aepted Novemer 14, 28) A B S T R A C T The effet of vrious soil mintenne methods on the growth nd yielding of sweet herry ultivrs, Burlt nd Kresov, ws studied in the four-yer-old orgni orhrd. Five experimentl omintions were used: len ultivtion (ontrol), seeding with Hrlequin mrigold to provide ground over in tree rows, nd three types of mulh: one orgni hrd wood rk, nd two inorgni mulhes in the form of lk polipropylene gro-fri nd linen-we. Mrigold plnts signifintly restrined the growth of sweet herry trees nd limited the numer of shoots emerging in the rown, nd the effet ws more pronouned in Kresov thn in Burlt. The effet of inorgni mulhes on the inrese in trunk thikness nd shoot length in the rown ws insignifint. Only rk mulh showed tendeny to hold k tree growth in omprison with the ontrol omintion, The diret effet of the mulhes on the yielding of the trees ould not e determined euse in the spring of 27 ll the lossoms on sweet herry trees got ompletely frostitten. Key words: herry trees, soil ultivtion, mulhing mterils, orgni orhrd INTRODUCT ION In mny ountries, the si method of soil ultivtion in orhrds is mintenne of grss fllows in the inter-rows nd heriide strips under the trees. Himmelsh et l. (1995) emphsize hemil ontrol of weeds

2 E. Rozpr et l. s n unomplited nd inexpensive system of soil mintenne in n orhrd. However, in response to the growing onsumer wreness, lterntive methods exluding or limiting the use of heriides re promoted nd put into prtie. A typil exmple is the use of vrious orgni nd inorgni mulhes (Engel et l., 21; Szewzuk nd Gudrowsk, 24; Szewzuk nd Dereń, 28). Mny uthors hve reported tht mulhing the soil in n pple orhrd with pine rk or non-woven fri improves the yielding of trees nd inreses fruit weight (Lktos nd Bun, 2; Szewzuk nd Gudrowsk, 24). The fruit from mulhed plots hve lso een found to keep etter thn those from heriide fllow. Czynzyk et l. (24) found somewht stronger growth of pple trees nd erlier fruiting of trees growing in soil overed with polipropylene gro-fri nd flx felt thn with rk. It should e emphsized tht most of the work hs so fr een devoted to pple trees (Śiisz nd Sdowski, 1995; Lipeki nd Bilińsk, 1998; Lktos nd Bun, 2; Szewzuk nd Sosn, 21). The im of the work presented is to determine the effet of vrious types of mulhes on the growth intensity of sweet herry trees in the first yers fter plnting, nd indiretly lso on their yielding. MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment ws rried out in the yers One-yer-old midens of the sweet herry ultivrs Kresov nd Burlt grfted on sweet herry F12/1 were hosen for the study. The young trees, with the rown lredy prtly formed in the nursery, were plnted in the orgni orhrd in the spring of 24, t the sping of 4.5 m etween the rows nd 3 m in the rows. Five soil mintenne methods were used in the tree rows: len ultivtion, seeding with Hrlequin mrigold Crmen (Tgetes ptul nn), nd three types of mulh: n orgni mulh of hrd wood rk nd two inorgni mulhes of lk polypropylene gro-fri nd linen-we. The experiment ws set up in four replites, with five trees per plot. The fllow in the inter-rows ws mintined mehnilly over the entire durtion of the experiment. In the omintion with hrd wood rk, ny osionlly ppering weeds were removed y hnd. The orgni nd inorgni mulhes were spred in out 1-m-wide strips of the tree row. Thikness of the hrd wood rk lyer ws 1m. After the seond yer of the experiment it ws neessry to dd more rk. The mulh of polypropylene gro-fri remined in good ondition throughout the entire experiment, wheres linen-we ws systemtilly pluked y irds, whih used it s uilding mteril for their nests. Out-of-loom mrigold plnts were ut few entimeters ove the ground. Mehnilly ultivted plots served s the ontrol omintion. Due to the young ge of the trees nd omplete freezing of the flowers 18 J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 16, 28: 17-24

3 Soil mintenne methods in sweet herry orgni orhrd in the spring of 27, tht is, in the fourth yer fter plnting, only the results onerning the mesurements of tree growth vigour hve een presented here. Eh yer, trunk ross-setionl re ws mesured. Also, for the first three yers, the totl length of nnul shoots nd the numer of shoots in the rown were determined. The results were evluted sttistilly using the nlysis of vrine nd the signifine of differenes etween mens were ssessed with Dunn s t-test t p =.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the first yer fter plnting, the soil mintenne methods did not hve n effet on the size of the trunk ross-setionl re in oth the sweet herry ultivrs (Fig. 1). Only the ground over with Hrlequin mrigold plnts used signifint restrition of their growth. This ws prtiulrly evident in the ultivr Kresov. In the se of Burlt trees, exept for the first two yers, mrigolds were not found to hve hd restritive effet on the inrese in trunk rosssetionl re of sweet herry trees. This ws proly result of the trees eoming etter rooted s time went y nd of greter re on the prt of those running the experiment in not llowing the mriglod plnts to grow too tll y systemtilly utting them when they were out of loom. In omprison with the other mulhes, the ground over with mrigolds signifintly redued the numer of shoots only (Fig. 2). On the other hnd, mulhes suh s lk polipropylene gro-fri, line-we nd hrd wood rk reted fvourrle onditions for shoot elongtion, prtiulrly in the ultivr Kresov, nd lso used signifint inrese in the numer of shoots (Fig. 3). In the third yer fter plnting the there ws negtive effet of linenwe mulh on shoot growth of oth sweet herry ultivrs. After eing used for two yers, the linen-we ws lredy very ttty. It my e ssumed tht in the susequent yers the older trees will egin to show the helth-enhning tion of mrigold plnts on the soil nd thus etter thn in the other omintions shoot growth dynmis resulting from this ft. The uthors re wre tht this experiment hs not run long enough to enle them to drw fr-rehing onlusions on the sis of the results otined thus fr, ut the results do nevertheless shed light on how sweet herry trees respond to vrious methods of soil mintenne in n orgni orhrd, whih in tht respet hve not een worked out suffiiently yet. Despite the lrge numer of flower uds in 27, the effet of mulhing on the yielding of trees, whih ws promising well, ould not e determined euse in the spring ll the lossoms got frozen. The experiment is still young nd will e ontinued nd supplemented with the dt on the effets of the vrious mulhes on the yielding of sweet herry trees. J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 16, 28:

4 E. Rozpr et l. A T C S A [ m 2 ] len ultivtion Tgetes sp. linen-we hrd wood rk poliprop. gro-fri B 1 TCSA [m 2 ] len ultivtion Tgetes sp. linen-we hrd wood rk poliprop. gro-fri Figure 1. Effet of the method of soil mintenne in tree rows on trunk rosssetionl re of sweet herry ultivrs: A Kresov, B Burlt 2 J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 16, 28: 17-24

5 Soil mintenne methods in sweet herry orgni orhrd A [Num er of shoots] len ultivtion Tgetes sp. linen-we hrd wood rk poliprop. gro-fri B [Numer of shoots] len ultivtion Tgetes sp. linen-we hrd wood rk poliprop. gro-fri Figure 2. Effet of the method of soil mintenne in tree rows on the numer of shoots of sweet herry ultivrs: A Kresov, B Burlt J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 16, 28:

6 E. Rozpr et l. A T otl len g ht o f n n u l sho o ts [m ] len ultivtion Tgetes sp. linen-we hrd wood rk poliprop. gro-fri B 25 Totl lenght of nnul shoot s [m len ultivtion Tgetes sp. linen-we hrd wood rk poliprop. gro-fri Figure 3. Effet of the method of soil mintenne in tree rows on the totl length of nnul shoots of sweet herry ultivrs: A Kresov, B Burlt 22 J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 16, 28: 17-24

7 Soil mintenne methods in sweet herry orgni orhrd CONCLUSIONS 1. The ground over provided y Hrlequin mrigold plnts ws effetive in ontrolling weeds in the tree rows nd redued the growth intensity of nnul shoots in young sweet herry trees, nd indiretly fvoured the setting of flower uds. 2. The inorgni mulhes in the young sweet herry orhrd did not hve signifint effet on tree growth vigour, neither in terms of trunk thikness nor in terms of the numer nd length of nnul shoots. 3. Hrd wood rk restrins the growth of young herry trees proly y restriting vilility of nitrogenous ompounds. REFERENCES Czynzyk A., Mik A., Bieliki P. Krwie A. 24. Evlution of pple ultivrs for sustinle fruit prodution. J. FRUIT ORNAM. PLANT. RES. 12: Engel A., Kuntz A., Blnke M. 21. Einflűsse von Kompost und Holzhäksel uf Nhrsoffdynmik im Boden vegettives Whstum, Fruhtertrg und Fruhtqulität ei Apfel in Nhu. ERWERB- OBSTBAU 43(6 ): Himmelsh J., Kleisinger S., Link H Bodenflegemsnhmen im Ostu. Erfhrungen und wirthshftlihkeit. ERWERBSOBSTBAU 37(3): Lktos T., Bun T. 2. Effetiveness of different groundover mterils to p reserve soil wter ontent in young pple orhrd. ACTA HORT. 525: Lipeki J., Bielińsk E.J Use of polypropylene mulh of different width in pple orhrd. Proeedings of Interntionl Seminr Orgni spet of nutrition nd lterntive for heriides in hortiulture, 1-15 June 1997, Wrsw, Polnd, pp Śiisz K., Sdowski A., Orgni methods of soil mngement in s resistnt pple orhrd. ACTA HORTIC. 422: Szewzuk A., Sosn J. 21. Wpływ podkłdki, nwdnini i śiółkowni rzędów drzew włókninąn wielkość i stopień wyrwieni owoów. ZESZ. NAUK. INST. SADOW. KWIAC. 9: Szewzuk A., Gudrowsk E. 24. The effet of different types of mulhing on field, size, olor nd storility of Jongored pples. J. FRUIT ORNAM. PLANT. RES. 12: Szewzuk A., DereńD. 28. Ekonomizne efekty śiółkowni gley w rzędh drzew jłoni w porównniu z ugorem heriydowym. Ogólnopol. Konf. Ohrony Roślin Sd. ISK Skierniewie, mr 28, pp J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 16, 28:

8 E. Rozpr et l. WPŁYW RÓŻNYCH SPOSOBÓW UTRZYMANIA GLEBY W EKOLOGICZNYM SADZIE CZEREŚNI W PIERWSZYCH LATACH ŻYCIA DRZEW E l ż iet R ozpr, Z ygm u n t S. Grz y i P wełbieliki S T R E S Z C Z E N I E W okresie pierwszyh pięiu lt dno wpływ różnyh sposoów utrzymni gley n wzrost i o woownie drzew zereśni odmin Burlt i Kresov w sdzie ekologiznym. W rzędh drzew, do ohrony gley przed hwstmi, zstosowno nstępująe kominje doświdzeni: ugór mehnizny i wysiew nsion ksmitki, tkże trzy rodzje mulzowni gley: korę drzewną, zrną polipropylenową włókninęi wojłok lniny. Aksmitk śinn dwukrotnie w okresie wegetji lekko hmowł wzrost drzew, w większym stopniu odminę Kresov niż Burlt i zwiększł lizę związywnyh pąków kwitowyh. Śiółki nieorgnizne nie miły wpływu n siłę wzrostu drzew dnyh odmin zereśni. Ntomist kor drzewn istotnie osłił ih wzrost. Wpływu śiółki n owoownie zereśni nie udło sięzoserwowć, z powodu przymrozków wiosennyh, które w 27 roku zniszzyły wszystkie kwity. Doświdzenie jest kontynuowne i zynnik wpływu śiółek n plonownie zereśni w dlszyh dnih ędzie uwzględniony. Słow kluzowe: pielęgnj gley, zereśni, sd, ekologi, śiółkownie, wzrost drzew 24 J. Fruit Ornm. Plnt Res. vol. 16, 28: 17-24