Experimental investigation of vertical and horizontal reinforcement geotextiles in forest road pavement

Transcription

1 JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE, 64, 2018 (7): Experimentl investigtion of vertil n horizontl reinforement geotextiles in forest ro pvement Mortez DINI 1 *, Mehr NIKOOY 2, Mihel Trofimovih NASKOVETS 1, Alirez GHOMI 2 1 Deprtment of Logging Mhinery, Forest Ros n Timer Proution Tehnology, Fulty of Forestry n Woo Tehnology, Belrusin Stte Tehnologil University, Minsk, Repuli of Belrus 2 Deprtment of Forestry, Fulty of Nturl Resoures, University of Guiln, Somehsr, Irn *Corresponing uthor: mortez.ini65@gmil.om Astrt Dini M., Nikooy M., Nskovets M.T., Ghomi A. (2018): Experimentl investigtion of vertil n horizontl reinforement geotextiles in forest ro pvement. J. For. Si., 64: In this reserh, the results of n experimentl survey on the mesurement of vertil stresses re presente. Four tretments were use in this stuy suh s omintion of geotextile vertil n horizontl struture with imensions of 5 5 n m, horizontl geotextile n the tretment without geotextile. Five sensors were instlle in ifferent hole lotions n the le of the truk trffi ws trnsmitte y les to t logging n reoring evies to mesure the pressure from vehile trffi on the simulte pvement lyer. Men omprison of the tretments showe tht the geotextile with vertil n horizontl struture n imensions of 5 5 m exerte the lowest pressure on the lower lyers ompre with the other tretments n there ws signifint ifferene etween the vlue of this tretment n the other tretments n tht this tretment oul signifintly reue the pressure of truk trffi on the forest ro. Keywors: vertil stresses; tretments; sensors; mesure of pressure; lyer There is lose onnetion etween humn soiety n ros, n our nestors were wre of the importne of ros for trnsporting goos n for militry purposes (Nevečerel et l. 2007). The role oorests s prouers of woo in humn soiety mkes the importne of ess to these nturl resoures more ovious. Nowys, forest ros re uilt for vrious purposes suh s forestry, ess to rurl res, hunting, trvel n tourism, griulture, summer resorts, mountin n hunting loges n even for militry purposes (Potonik 1996). The onstrution oorest ros is one of the most expensive levels oorestry opertions n stilizing them is n importnt step. The most importnt resons for stilizing forest ros inlue strengthening to prevent soil susiene n hnges in the permeility of the soil, whih is one y employing ifferent mterils. In generl, the min ojetive of the stiliztion oorest ros is to provie the require resistne of the sustruture n superstruture with thinner lyers. Musvi et l. (2014) stuie the stiliztion oorest ros in the north of Irn (Kheyru forest) y employing polymeri mterils n onlue tht the polymeri mteril reues the plstiity inex n the level of fluiity. Mousvi n Ai (2015) stuie the effet of polymer stilizers on umps on the surfe n the Cliforni ering rtio (CBR) of the onstituents oorest ros n onlue tht soils with high ly ontent re more effetive on forest ros. In the ove- mentione stuy, the effets of Ro Pker Plus (RPP) s polymer stilizer were 296 J. FOR. SCI., 64, 2018 (7):

2 stuie on the soil infltion ontrol n lso CBR ws one. The results inite tht improving the soil with RPP le to the improvement of the CBR n the mximum ensity n reue the Attererg limits. Lime is nother sustne whose role reserhers hve referre to in stilizing ros. Stilizing sny mterils with lime resulte in inrese urility n ro freight. Generlly, sny mterils stilize with lime re use in the lower lyers oorest ros (Eskioglou, Efthymiou 1996; Légère, Tremly 2003; Mjnounin, Seghi 2005; Primusz et l. 2009). Ash is the other element tht plys n importnt role in stilizing forest ros n mny reserhers suh s Turner (1997), Knirj n Hvngi (2001), Phni Kumr n Shrm (2004), n Eskioglou n Oikonomou (2008) mentione the role of sh for use in onstrution mterils oorest ros. Nowys, with worlwie vnes in siene, using geotextiles in ros is onventionl. The use of these polymer-textile prouts, s well s enhning qulity, provies pproprite solutions to the ommon prolems of ro onstrution. However, this stilizer is less often onsiere for forest ros, so stuies n reserh in the fiel of geotextiles in orer to hieve tehnil knowlege for their proution n use in forest ros re essentil euse they oul ring some vntges suh s greter ese of trnsporting uiling mterils, mking ro for unskille workers, reue use of hevy mhinery, minimum IP preprtion, esy surfe ringe n fst onstrution (Sessions 2007). Geotextiles re permele pltes of polyester or polypropylene tht re me into kin of non-woven n woven mteril (Tomn, Skugset 2011). Reinforing the pvement n reuing the stress on the pvement lyers re some of the key roles of geosyntheti mterils in ro onstrution projets. Wht is now known s geosynthetis re in ft prouts tht were first use in 1966 y Brt in the ontrol of the ln egrtion proess (Husmnn 1987). Among the geosynthetis tht re suitle for soil reinforement re geotextile n geogri (Girou, Hn 2004). The tires of mhines tht re moving on forest ros exert two kins of vertil fore on the ro. The first n use surfe eformtion n the seon is the weight of the vehile tht is trnsmitte y the tires to the oy of the ro, whih hs signifint role in the lultion of ro pvement. Vertil pressures re not the only fores tht t on the ro through the tires, ut sher fores uner the tires of vehiles lso ffet the ro. When rs inrese their spee or lterntively when they slow own n re rking, the horizontl fore in the iretion of movement or in the opposite iretion impts on the ro. Even when rs re moving t stey spee, sher fores uner their tires rise. Clulting n mesuring the sher fores uner the tires is very omplex, ut in ll ses, the pvement surfe hrteristis must e hosen so tht they n resist the horizontl fore (Nevečerel et l. 2007). Stuies on the use of geotextiles in forest ros hve shown tht the type n istriution of these prouts ply importnt roles in their funtion (Dougls, Kelly 1986; Husmnn 1987; Lth, Nir 2014). Strength, permeility, high tensile strength, high resistne to perfortion, mehnil n physil properties n weight re the most importnt ftors in the wiespre use of geotextiles in ro onstrution. Geotextiles enle seprtion of the lyers of soil, ringe n filtrtion n thus inrese the life expetny n reue the thikness of the min lyers of ros. On the other hn, one of the min isvntges of geotextiles is their eformtion in the long term. In orer to exten the life of the geotextile n lso to inrese the lifespn of the ro n reue the ost of repir n mintenne, using lterntive esigns for pvement strutures is neessry. In this kin of projet, horizontl n vertil lyers of geotextile re use in the pvement t the sme time. It seems tht in these lterntive pprohes, vertil geotextile prevents the freeom of horizontl fores tht ome from the ottom of the ro n inreses the lifetime of the geotextiles in ros. This reserh ttempts to evlute the effet of the simultneous use of geotextiles oth horizontlly n vertilly n its impt on reuing the pressure of wheels on the lower lyer of onstrution lyers. The evelopment of n lterntive esign for the pvement struture, strengthening it in orer to exten the life of the ro, n lso the qulity of the lterntive pproh in the pst n omprison of the osts of lterntive esigns were investigte in this stuy. MATERIAL AND METHODS The reserh ws one t the Reserh Lortory of the Deprtment of Forest Ro n Timer Trnsporttion of the Forestry n Woo Tehnology Fulty of the Belrusin Stte University. The Reserh Centre hs extensive experiene in esigning lyers of ros, espeilly regring forest J. FOR. SCI., 64, 2018 (7):

3 Fig. 1. Soil hnnels (), MAZ truk moel use in the stuy () () () ros, n in orer to o its experiments it uses soil hnnels (Fig. 1), 20 m long, 2.8 m wie n 1.5 m eep. The soil hnnel hs trolley-like rgo truks moelle on MAZ-509 (Minsk Automoile Plnt, Repuli of Belrus). In orer to simulte the pvement soil lyers within the soil hnnel, hole 1 m wie n 28 m in epth ws ug. Simultion of ro pvement lyer in two lyers, 15 n 13 m in epth n with ifferent geotextile tretments ws performe (Tle 1). The pvement ws ple etween two lyers of geotextile tretments (Fig. 2). The speifitions of the geotextiles in this stuy re presente in Tle 2. The soil grtion use in this stuy is shown in Fig. 3. The ext lotion of the truk trffi simultor ws etermine on pit. In orer to mesure the pressure from vehile trffi on the simulte pvement lyer, 5 sensors were instlle in ifferent hole lotions n the Tle 1. Geotextile tretments use in the stuy No. 1 2 Tretment without geotextile with geotextile horizontlly 3 geotextile struture vertil n horizontl with imensions of 5 5 m 4 geotextile struture vertil n horizontl with imensions of m () Tle 2. Chrteristis of TYPAR SF40 geotextile (DuPont; Russi) use in the stuy Chrteristi SF40 Speifi grvity (g m 2) 136 Tensile strength (kn m 1) Ultimte streth (kn m ) 60 Tensile strength of 5% (kn m 1) 4 Thikness t 200 kn m 2 (kn m 1) 0.39 Cliforni ering rtio pressure (N) 1,340 Thikness t 2 kn m 2 (g m 2) 0.45 Foling strength (N) 745 Ter strength (N) 370 Spee initor VIH50 (mm s 1) 45 Wter penetrtion up to 20 kn m 2 (10 4 m s 1) 2.2 Anti-permeility wter up to 200 kn m 2 (10 4 m s 1) 1.5 VIH50 veloity inex for he loss of 50 mm lo of the truk trffi ws trnsmitte y les to t logging n reoring evies (Fig. 4). After prepring eh of the tretments, the MAZ truk trolley went 4 times forwr n kwr on the tretments n the mximum pressure in every move ws reore y the sensors tht were instlle in ifferent prts of eh tretment. Mximum pressure reings t the sensors emee t the experimentl points were tken 8 times for eh of the tretments. Evlution of t normlity ws performe y the Kolmogorov- () () Fig. 2. Different tretments relte to the estlishment of geotextiles: vertil n horizontl struture with imensions of m (), vertil n horizontl struture with imensions of 5 5 m (), horizontlly () 298 J. FOR. SCI., 64, 2018 (7):

4 Perent finer Prtile size (mm) Smirnov test. Compring the verge pressure in MP on eh of the sensors for the ifferent tretments ws one y one-wy nlysis of vrine. Comprisons etween tretments using Dunn s test were onute using the SPSS softwre (Version 16.0, 2008) n finlly MS Exel (Version 2010) ws use for igrmming. RESULTS soil hnnel sn sn n grvel mix Fig. 3. Grtion urves use in the ifferent lyers of soil tretments Fig. 4. The istriution of pvement lyers of simulte truk trffi n rometri pressure sensors in the moel 1 monitor, 2 omputer se, 3 spier 8, 4 sensors for pressure mesurement, 5 wheel, 6 se soil (soil hnnel), 7 sn, 8 sn n grvel mix Tle 3 presents the results of the men pressure in MP on ifferent prts in the tretments. In the non-geotextile tretment, the highest pressure ws exerte y the left n right wheels n then the highest pressure ws oserve t epth of 28 m. The minimum pressure ws etween the wheels. The sme tren ws seen in the other tretments n only in the horizontl lyers of the geotextile tretments the highest pressure ws exerte y the left wheel. 10 Tle 3. Desriptive sttistis of pressure (MP) on ifferent prts of the tretments Tretment sensors Men SD N Totl epth 43 m epth 28 m etween wheels epth 13 m L epth 13 m R totl epth 43 m epth 28 m etween wheels epth 13 m L epth 13 m R totl epth 43 m epth 28 m etween wheels epth 13 m L epth 13 m R totl epth 43 m epth 28 m etween wheels epth 13 m L epth 13 m R totl epth 43 m epth 28 m etween wheels epth 13m L epth 13 m R totl L left wheel, R right wheel, SD stnr evition, N numer of rives The two-wy ANOVA results showe signifint ifferenes in the men mximum pressure in the geotextile tretments n lso etween the ifferent experimentl points. In ition, signifint intertion ws oserve etween tretments (Tle 4). Comprison of the verge pressure of eh of the tretments generlly showe tht there is signifint ifferene etween the pressure of the tretment with imensions of 5 5 m n other tretments, n tht this tretment ws le to signifintly reue the pressure of the truk trffi on the ro (Fig. 5). Men omprison of the tretments showe tht the geotextile with vertil n horizontl struture n imensions of 5 5 m exerte the lowest pressure on the lower lyers ompre with the other tretments n there ws signifint ifferene etween the vlue of this tretment n the other J. FOR. SCI., 64, 2018 (7):

5 Tle 4. Results of ANOVA n the effets of tretments n their intertions on soil pressure (MP) Soure Type III sum of squres f Men squre F Signifine Correte moel 4.434* Interept , Tretments sensors Tretments epth sensors Error Totl Correte totl *R 2 = (juste R 2 = 0.944), f egree oreeom () 0.6 () 0.5 Peresure (MP) () 0.6 () 0.5 Peresure (MP) m 28 m Between wheels 13 m L 13 m R 43 m 28 m Between wheels 13 m L 13 m R Experimentl point Experimentl point Fig. 5. Comprison of the men pressure t vrious points in eh of the stuie tretments: without geotextile (), with geotextile horizontlly (), with geotextile 5 5 m (), with geotextile m () L left wheel, R right wheel tretments, while no signifint ifferene ws oserve in the mount of pressure from the other tretments. However, the pressure vlues in the tretment with the geotextile with vertil n horizontl struture n imensions of m were lower thn for the other two tretments (Fig. 6). In exmining the intertion etween the tretments, the results showe tht the mximum pressure ws uner the right-sie wheels in the tretment without geotextile, n the lowest pressure ws exerte in the tretment with horizontl geotextile, while etween the two groups of omintions (5 5 n m geotextile) there ws no signifint ifferene. The gretest pressure ws uner the left wheel in the tretments with horizontl geotextile n m, n on the other hn, 300 J. FOR. SCI., 64, 2018 (7):

6 Pressure (MP) Without geotextile Geotextile horizontlly Tretment Fig. 6. Averge pressure on ll points in eh of the stuie tretments the minimum pressure ws reore in the geotextile with 5 5 m imensions. No signifint ifferene etween the two wheels ws oserve in the tretments, lthough the pressure reore for the tretments without geotextile n horizontl geotextile ws greter thn the rest. At soil epth of 28 m, the gretest pressure ws in the tretments without geotextile n with horizontl geotextile. The exerte pressure of these two tretments ws signifintly higher thn in the other tretments. At epth of 43 m, the horizontl geotextile tretment n the tretment without geotextile exerte higher pressure on the soil, ut in omprison with the 5 5 n m geotextile, the vlues were not signifint (Fig. 7). DISCUSSION Geotextile 5 5 m Geotextile m Mhinery trffi on forest ros exerts pressure on the pvement lyers n this trnsfer of pressure to the pvement mterils will use these lyers to eteriorte erly. Geotextile provies protetive lyer n hs sustinle role in reuing the pressures on the forest ro pvement. Geotextile lyers s preservtive n with n environmentlly frienly role re importnt in reuing the pressures on forest ro pvements n their use in forest ro onstrution hs een suggeste. Severl stuies hve een rrie out on the role of geotextiles in forest ro onstrution (Dougls, Kelly 1986; Husmnn 1987; Lth, Nir 2014). But less ttention hs een pi to the omposition of the struture of the lyers. In this stuy, four ifferent moes were stuie, inluing without geotextile lyers, with horizontl geotextile, n with horizontl n vertil geotextiles with imensions of n 5 5 m. The use of geotextile lyers showe eresing tren in pressure. The reution in pressure in the 5 5 m tretment ws signifintly greter thn in the other tretments, lthough the m horizontl lyers lso h n impt in reuing the pressure on the pvement, lthough this ws not signifint. Comprison of the pressure exerte on the vrious points in ll tretments showe the highest pressure t the left n right wheels n t epth of 28 m, while t the epth of 43 m etween the two wheels, the pressure ws the lowest. The results showe tht the pressure exerte y the wheels on the ro ws istriute to the lower lyers. The highest pressure ws exerte on the entrl xis of eh wheel n the lowest pressure ws etween the two wheels. But in the lower lyers for exmple t lyer of 28 m, lot of pressure ws exerte. One of the mjor filures oorest ro surfes is eformtion uring the opertion seson. Where prt of the pvement is lowere from the rest of the pvement, generlly, there re swelling n pressure on the unerlying lyers of the pvement outsie this re, s well s inequte omption of the lyers. Tht Pressure (MP) Without geotextile Geotextile horizontlly Geotextile 5 5 m Geotextile m e e e e m 28 m Between wheels 13 m L 13 m R Experimentl point Fig. 7. Comprison of the men pressure on ifferent points in every stuie tretment L left wheel, R right wheel J. FOR. SCI., 64, 2018 (7):

7 is why the lower lyers (28 n 43 m) must hve etter istriution of los n pressures s well s they shoul rete flt surfe. Therefore, the esign shoul improve the soil struture n soil grtion n inrese the strength of the soil. The results show tht horizontl n vertil geotextile t epth of 28 m performs etter thn the other strutures, while t epth of 43 m, the pressure ifferene eomes signifint. CONCLUSIONS The finings of this stuy showe tht: (i) Geotextile with vertil n horizontl struture provies reution in stresses uring the trnsmission of wheel los long the struturl lyers, the stle opertion of the surfe, llows reuing the thikness of its lyer n expenses for ro onstrution mterils; (ii) Horizontl n vertil geotextile n e use s struturl lyer tht n ply n importnt role in etermining the thikness n pity of the upper lyers, reue the eposition rte n the susequent inrese of the holing perio, n lso reue osts; (iii) Geotextiles with vertil n horizontl struture with imensions of 5 5 n m re reommene for forest ro surfes, while the est strength prmeters of the surfe eing provie y interlyers with 5 5 m vertil strips. Referenes Dougls R.A., Kelly M.A. (1986): Geotextile reinfore unpve logging ros: The effet of nhorge. Geotextiles n Geomemrnes, 4: Eskioglou P., Efthymiou P. (1996): Alterntive stiliztion methos oorest ros for n effiient n gentle mehniztion of woo hrvesting systems. In: Proeeings of the Interntionl Conferene. Environmentlly Soun Forest Ros, Sini, June 17 22, 1996: Eskioglou P., Oikonomou N. (2008): Protetion of environment y the use oly sh in ro onstrution. Glol NEST Journl, 10: Girou J.P., Hn J. (2004): Design metho for geogrireinfore unpve ros. I. Development of esign metho. Journl of Geotehnil n Geoenvironmentl Engineering, 130: Husmnn M.R. (1987): Geotextiles for unpve ros review of esign proeures. Geotextiles n Geomemrnes, 5: Knirj S.R., Hvngi V.G. (2001): Behvior of ementstilize fier-reinfore fly sh-soil mixtures. Journl of Geotehnil n Geoenvironmentl Engineering, 127: Lth G.M., Nir A.M. (2014): Geosynthetis in unpve ros. Inin Journl of Geosynthetis n Groun Improvement, 3: Légère G., Tremly H. (2003): Lortory n fiel evlution of ement kiln ust n lime for stilizing lyey silt on low-volume unpve ros. Trnsporttion Reserh Reor: Journl of the Trnsporttion Reserh Bor, 1819: Mjnounin B., Seghi B. (2005): Determintion of optimum lime perent ontent for forest ro soils stiliztion n tretment in Nmkhneh istrit of Kheirookenr Reserh Forest. Irnin Journl of Nturl Resoures, 57: Mousvi F., Ai E. (2015): Swelling ontrol oorest ro e soil y polymeri mterils. Journl of Forest n Woo Prouts (Irnin Journl of Nturl Resoures), 68: Musvi F., Ai E., Estrgh A.R., Mjnounin B. (2014): Assessing the pility of polymer stilizer in forest ro stiliztion (se stuy: Kheyru forest). Irnin Journl of Forest, 6: Nevečerel H., Pentek T., Pičmn D., Stnkić I. (2007): Trffi lo oorest ros s riterion for their tegoriztion GIS nlysis. Crotin Journl of Forest Engineering, 28: Phni Kumr B.R., Shrm R.S. (2004): Effet oly sh on engineering properties of expnsive soils. Journl of Geotehnil n Geoenvironmentl Engineering, 130: Potonik I. (1996): The multiple use oorest ros s riterion for their tegoriztion. [Ph.D. Thesis.] Ljuljn, University of Ljuljn: 241. Primusz P., Péterflvi J., Kosztk M., Mrkó G. (2009): Bering pity of limestilize soils. In: Böhmer M. (e.): Proeeings of the Interntionl Sientifi Conferene. Forest Construtions in the Country n their Reretionl Use, Zvolen, Ot 15, 2009: Sessions J. (2007): Forest Ro Opertions in the Tropis. Berlin, Heielerg, New York, Springer: 170. Tomn E., Skugset A. (2011): Reuing seiment proution from forest ros uring wet-wether huling. Trnsporttion Reserh Reor: Journl of the Trnsporttion Reserh Bor, 2203: Turner J.P. (1997): Evlution of western ol fly shes for stiliztion of low-volume ros. In: Wsemiller M.A., Hoinott K.B. (es): Testing Soil Mixe with Wste or Reyle Mterils. West Conshohoken, Amerin Soiety for Testing n Mterils: Reeive for pulition Deemer 12, 2017 Aepte fter orretions July 24, J. FOR. SCI., 64, 2018 (7):