Innovative Geotextiles for Reinforcement of Roadside Ditch

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1 115 Jn Brod 1, Andrzej Gwłowski 1, Monik Rom 1, Ryszrd Lszczk 1, Andrzej Mitk 2, Stnislw PRZYBYLO 1, Jonn GRZYBOWSKA-PIETRAS 1 1 University, of Bielsko-Bil, Fculty of Mterils, Civil nd Environmentl Engineering, Institute of Textile Engineering nd Polymer Mterils, Willow 2, Bielsko-Bil, Polnd 2 Eurovi Polsk, Miedzyrzecze Gorne 83, Bielsko-Bil, Polnd Innovtive Geotextiles for Reinforcement of Rodside Ditch Originl Scientific Article Received Accepted Astrct Geotextiles consisting of mendriclly rrnged corse ropes were produced. For the production of the ropes Kemfil technology ws pplied nd the wstes of vrious nonwovens were used. The geotextiles were used for the protection of the rodside ditch in cly ground. After instltion of the geotextiles ensured immedite nd effective protection of the ditch. During hevy rins the mendriclly rrnged geotextiles formed system of cscdes which slowed down the strem of wter flowing in the ditch. Additionlly, the retention of wter etween the menders of geotextiles nd wter sorption inside the ropes ws oserved. The mterils used for the production of geotextiles hd sufficient resistnce to iodegrdtion nd ensured the protection of the ditch t lest for one growing seson. Keywords: geotextiles, erosion protection, textile wstes, Kemfil technology 1 Introduction Rod side ditches re uilt to protect the rod construction nd ensure sfety of drivers. The ditches prevent overlnd runoff from reching the rodwy, s well s drin wter from the rod surfce. The rod side ditches re filled with wter periodiclly, depending on wether conditions. With high rinfll the ditches re quickly filled up nd re exposed to strong erosive ction. Erosion is the highest during the construction phse in the period efore resistnt grss cover is estlished in the ditch. Ditch erosion prolems re relted to soil type, intensity of runoff nd ditch geometry. Becuse of erosion temporry nd/or permnent protective linings of ditches re necessry. Temporry linings provide protection ginst erosion through the estlishment of vegettion nd then degrde over time, typiclly in 2-yer period. For temporry protection jute mts, strw nd wood chips re pplied. Permnent protection, which consists of flexile or rigid linings secures ditches over long term. Typiclly, rigid linings include concrete nd pved elements which revel low permeility nd inhiit the wter infiltrtion into the soil. In the ditches protected with such linings high velocities of the wter strem re generted, which my cuse erosion prolems t ditch outlets. In ddition, rigid linings hve een ssocited with wter seeping eneth the structure, t the sidewlls nd structure inlet, cusing soil piping under the structure nd consequent filure of the structure. Flexile linings, more often in the form of nturl vegettion, hve the ility to re-estlish themselves sesonlly. Nturl permnent lining, typiclly grss, offers high hydrulic resistnce which promotes lower velocities nd incresed infiltrtion. The grss ldes serve to reduce flow velocity nd therey lower sher stress, while the root structure reinforces sher resistnce of the soil. In ddition to the ove mentioned methods geotextile mterils cn e used for the protection of rod side ditches. Different products mde from non-degrdle nd degrdle mterils re ville on the mrket [1]. Corresponding uthor: Prof. DrSc Jn Brod Phone: E-mil: jrod@th.ielsko.pl DOI: /Tekstilec

116 Innovtive Geotextiles for Reinforcement of Rodside Ditch Some yers go innovtive geotextiles creted from mendriclly rrnged corse ropes, produced y Kemfil technology, were invented [2].

The threds guided y the loopers form tuulr knitted sheth round the core.

Initilly, the ditch ws lined with openwork concrete pnels. During high precipittion the ditch ws quickly filled with lrge quntities of wter.

2 116 Innovtive Geotextiles for Reinforcement of Rodside Ditch Some yers go innovtive geotextiles creted from mendriclly rrnged corse ropes, produced y Kemfil technology, were invented [2]. The technology involves the use of smll circulr knitting mchine which is equipped with four hooked loopers rrnged round guide tue (Figure 1). The threds guided y the loopers form tuulr knitted sheth round the core. The sheth consists of four stitch courses running prllel to the longitudinl xis of the ropes nd the stitch wles running spirlly round the rope [3]. compct structure chrcterised y lw wter permeility. Initilly, the ditch ws lined with openwork concrete pnels. During high precipittion the ditch ws quickly filled with lrge quntities of wter. Due to the inclintion of the rod (inclintion ngle 3%) the strem of wter in the ditch quickly ccelerted nd flowed down t high speed. As result, serious erosive dmge ws oserved t the ditch outlet (Figure 2). Figure 1: The guide tue with loopers in the Kemfil mchine The geotextiles creted from mendriclly rrnged Kemfil ropes were successfully used in Germny for the protection of steep slopes t rod construction [4]. In our investigtions the geotextiles were pplied for the reinforcement of rodside ditch in cly ground. The geotextiles were instlled in trpezoidl rodside ditch, which ws uilt long the new rod in the hilly terrin ner Bielsko-Bil (Silesi, Polnd) (Figure 2). The ditch ws uilt in the cly soil with Figure 2: The rodside ditch: () during the construction of the rod; () the ditch lined with concrete pnels filled with rinwter To minimize the effect of erosion geotextiles were instlled in the ditch nd their ehviour during one vegettion seson ws oserved. 2 Experimentl 2.1 Mterils The corse ropes with dimeter of 12 cm mde from nonwoven wstes were produced. For the production of ropes the strips of woollen nonwoven,

Innovtive Geotextiles for Reinforcement of Rodside Ditch 117 Tle 1: Chrcteristics of nonwovens used for the production of the ropes Smple Row mteril Thickness [mm] Mss per squre meter [g/m 2 ] Numer

0 265 1 stitch onding lyered needle-punched composite uilt from two lyers of woollen nonwoven seprted y jute fric nd stitch-onded nonwoven from recycled fires were used.

3 Innovtive Geotextiles for Reinforcement of Rodside Ditch 117 Tle 1: Chrcteristics of nonwovens used for the production of the ropes Smple Row mteril Thickness [mm] Mss per squre meter [g/m 2 ] Numer of lyers Wy of onding 1 wool needle punching 2 wool + jute needle punching 3 recycled fires stitch onding lyered needle-punched composite uilt from two lyers of woollen nonwoven seprted y jute fric nd stitch-onded nonwoven from recycled fires were used. The prmeters of the nonwovens re presented in Tle 1. The stitch-onded nonwoven ws produced y Mliwt system from the lend of recycled nturl nd synthetic fires. For stitching of the we polyester multifilment thred with liner mss density of 148 dtex ws pplied. The ropes were shethed y cotton twine with dimeter of 3 mm. The ropes were mendriclly rrnged in segments of width of 1.8 m. The susequent turns of menders were connected with polypropylene chins produced y using knitting technique. 2.2 Methods The prmeters of the mterils used for the production of ropes, efore instlltion nd fter six months of exploittion in the soil, were determined. The sic prmeters of nonwovens: thickness, mss per squre meter, tensile strength nd elongtion t rek were mesured in ccordnce with PN-EN ISO :2007, PN-EN ISO 9864: 2007 nd PN- EN ISO 10319:2010 stndrds. Additionlly, the sttic nd dynmic puncture resistnce of the nonwovens were determined ccording to PN-EN ISO 12236:2006 nd PN-EN ISO 13433:2006 stndrds. The sorption cpcity of the ropes ws mesured ccording to the PN-72/P stndrd. The smples were immersed in wter for 12 hours nd then their weight in the wet stte ws determined. After immersion the chnge of the wter content in ropes during susequent ir drying ws nlysed. The morphology of fires efore nd fter six months of exploittion in the ditch were investigted y scnning electron microscopy (SEM). The microscope JEOL JSM 5500 LV operted in ckscttered electron mode ws used. The oservtions were crried out for the fires sputtered with gold in JEOL JFC 1200 ionic sputter. 3 Results nd discussion The mendriclly rrnged geotextiles were instlled s the lining of the prt of the ditch etween the sections lined with the concrete pnels (Figure 3). For the instlltion of geotextiles the site with the highest rod inclintion ws chosen. The segments of geotextiles were rrnged in the ditch with turns perpendiculr to the ditch xis. The middle zone of the segments ws lid in the ed of the ditch, while its oth lterl zones were ent on the ditch nks. The ropes were nchored to the soil with steel U-shped pins, oth to the ottom nd the nks of the ditch (Figure 3). Figure 3: Instlltion of the geotextiles in the rodside ditch: () the overll view of the ditch; () connection of concrete pnels reinforcement with the geotextiles

118 Innovtive Geotextiles for Reinforcement of Rodside Ditch The geotextiles were instlled in the spring t the eginning of the growing seson.

During hevy rins system of trnsversl microdms ws oserved on the neighouring turns of ropes instlled in the ditch (Figure 4).

During light rins retention of wter flowing long the ditch ws oserved. The wter stopped in the spce etween the neighouring turns of menders nd ws sored inside the ropes.

4 118 Innovtive Geotextiles for Reinforcement of Rodside Ditch The geotextiles were instlled in the spring t the eginning of the growing seson. In the following weeks the ehviour of the geotextiles in the ditch ws monitored. During hevy rins system of trnsversl microdms ws oserved on the neighouring turns of ropes instlled in the ditch (Figure 4). On ech rope smll cscde ws formed, nd thnks to tht the strem of wter successively slowed down nd its erosive ction ws significntly reduced. During light rins retention of wter flowing long the ditch ws oserved. The wter stopped in the spce etween the neighouring turns of menders nd ws sored inside the ropes. Lter, during dry dys, wter sored y the ropes ws slowly relesed (Figure 4). During drying in the free stte the wter sored in the ropes is slowly relesed nd the wter content is systemticlly decresed to pproximtely 100% fter one month of drying. The sorption cpcity of the ropes mde from recycled fires is much lower nd mounts to 205%. During drying the ropes return to the weight of dry product in one month. Figure 5: Wter sorption cpcity of the Kemfil ropes produced from different mterils Figure 4: The rodside ditch during exploittion: () cscdes formed in the flowing strem; () retention of wter in the ditch The wter sorption cpcity of the ropes depends on the mterils used for their production. The sorption cpcity of the ropes produced from woollen nonwoven nd wool/jute composite is high nd equls 535% nd 510%, respectively (Figure 5). After six months of exploittion in the ditch the significnt chnge of wool nonwoven prmeters is oserved (Tle 2). The reduction of tencity equls 50% in wrp direction nd 60% in weft direction. The reduction of the nonwoven tencity is connected with the significnt decrese of elongtion t rek s well s sttic nd dynmic puncture resistnce. The reduction in sttic nd dynmic puncture resistnce equls 88% nd 44%, respectively. The chnges of mechnicl prmeters of the lyered wool/jute composite re much greter. The drop of tencity in wrp nd weft direction equls 95% nd 97%, respectively. Elongtion t rek in oth directions incresed severl times. Simultneously, the coefficients of puncture resistnce re severl times lower. For the nonwoven produced from the lend of vrious recycled fires in wrp direction the miniml decrese of tencity is oserved. In the weft direction tencity increses y 50%. The increse of tencity is connected with the increse of the nonwoven elongtion. Simultneously, sttic nd dynmic puncture resistnce decreses y 36% nd 31%, respectively. The wekening of the mterils nd grdul deteriortion of their mechnicl prmeters is cused y the grdul iodegrdtion of the fires. The exploittion of the ropes in ditch in wet environment fvours the development of microorgnisms which utilize fires

Innovtive Geotextiles for Reinforcement of Rodside Ditch 119 Tle 2: Mechnicl prmeters of nonwovens used for the production of the ropes wool wool/ jute recycled fires Mteril Elongtion

3 23 weft 7.2 0.2 7.0 35 wrp 3.3 3.0 35.0 30.0 weft 0.63 0.96 51.0 83.0 0.16 0.02 32 46 0.6 0.02 13 46 0.53 0.34 29 38 s nutrient source.

In the cse of jute iodegrdtion leding to fires firilliztion nd complete disintegrtion occurs very quickly (Figure 6).

In the cse of wool iodegrdtion occurs much slower [5].

5 Innovtive Geotextiles for Reinforcement of Rodside Ditch 119 Tle 2: Mechnicl prmeters of nonwovens used for the production of the ropes wool wool/ jute recycled fires Mteril Elongtion t Puncture resistnce Tencity [kn/m] rek [%] sttic [kn] dynmic [mm] efore fter efore fter efore fter efore fter wrp weft wrp weft wrp weft s nutrient source. Microorgnisms, cteri nd fungi secrete enzymes which systemticlly degrde the fires structure. In the cse of jute iodegrdtion leding to fires firilliztion nd complete disintegrtion occurs very quickly (Figure 6). After six months iodegrdtion is fr dvnced nd s result drstic reduction of mechnicl strength of the jute-wool composite is oserved. In the cse of wool iodegrdtion occurs much slower [5]. After six months the chrcteristic scles oserved on fires surfce re prcticlly completely removed nd iodegrdtion cuses prtil disintegrtion of the inner prts of the fires (Figure 7). As result, significnt reduction of the mechnicl prmeters mesured for the nonwoven produced from wool fires is oserved. Figure 6: The morphology of jute fires used for the production of the ropes: () efore nd () fter six months of the exploittion in the ditch Figure 7: The morphology of wool fires used for the production of the ropes: () efore nd () fter six months of the exploittion in the ditch

120 Innovtive Geotextiles for Reinforcement of Rodside Ditch Figure 8: The morphology of synthetic fires used for the production of the ropes: () efore nd () fter six months of the exploittion in the

The synthetic fires forming the nonwoven re iologiclly resistnt nd keep their mechnicl prmeters (Figure 8).

6 120 Innovtive Geotextiles for Reinforcement of Rodside Ditch Figure 8: The morphology of synthetic fires used for the production of the ropes: () efore nd () fter six months of the exploittion in the ditch The nonwoven mde from recycled fires ws produced from the lend of nturl nd synthetic fires. During six months of exploittion only the nturl components of the nonwovens re iodegrded. The synthetic fires forming the nonwoven re iologiclly resistnt nd keep their mechnicl prmeters (Figure 8). Consequently, only slight reduction of the mechnicl prmeters of the nonwoven mde from recycled fires is oserved. 4 Conclusion Geotextiles instlled in the ditch ensure its immedite protection ginst erosion. The lining mde from geotextiles is effective during six months of the exploittion in the ditch in different wether conditions. The mendriclly rrnged ropes form system of microdms which slow down the strem of wter flowing long the ditch. By soring the wter geotextiles ensure retention of wter flowing long the ditch. The mterils used to produce the ropes revel sufficient resistnce to iologicl degrdtion. Slow iodegrdtion enles mintining the protective potentil of the geotextiles t lest for one growing seson. Acknowledgments The uthors grtefully cknowledge the funding y ERANET-CORNET consortium under the interntionl reserch project PROGEO Sustinle erosion protection y geotextiles mde of renewle resources including innovtive mnufcturing nd instlltion technology. DZP/CORNET-16/628/2014. References 1. PRITCHARD, Mrtin, SARSBY, Roert W., ANAND, Suhsh C. Textiles in civil engineering. Prt 2 nturl fire geotextiles. In: Hndook of technicl textiles. Edited y Richrd Horrocks nd Suhsh Annd. Cmridge : Woodhed Pulishing, 2000, , doi: / HELBIG, Reinhrd, ARNOLD, Rolf, ERTH, Holger, ROESS, Thoms, HEVERT, Wilhelm, LISCHKOWITZ, Henner. New technologies for mnufcturing extr corse rope-like iodegrdle geotextiles. Technische Textilien, 2006, 49(4), E185 E187, ARNOLD, Rolf, BARTL, Ann-Mri, HUFNA- GL, Evelin. Production of cord nd nrrow fric products with Kemfil technology. Bnd- und Flechtindustrie, 1993, 30(3), SEEGER, Monik. Preventing erosion. Knitting Interntionl, 2009, 115, BRODA, Jn, KOBIELA-MENDREK, Ktrzyn, ROM, Monik, GRZYBOWSKA-PIETRAS, Jonn, PRZYBYLO, Stnislw, LASZCZAK, Ryszrd. Biodegrdtion of wool used for the production of innovtive geotextiles designed to erosion control. In Nturl Fires Advnces in Science nd Technology Towrds Industril Applictions. Edited y Rul Fngueiro nd Sohel Rn. RILEM Bookseries 12, 2016, , doi: /

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