Available online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 161 (2016 ) Marek Zagroba a, *

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1 Aville online t ScienceDirect Procedi Engineering 161 (2016 ) World Multidisciplinry Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urn Plnning Symposium 2016, WMCAUS 2016 Issues of the Revitliztion of Historic Centres in Smll Towns in Wrmi Mrek Zgro, * University of Wrmi nd Mzury, Fculty of Geodesy, Geosptil nd Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Engineering, Deprtment of Building Engineering nd Building Physics, Heweliusz str. 4, Olsztyn , Polnd Astrct Wrmi is historicl region in north-estern Polnd, which together with the neighouring region of Mzury is clled the Lnd of Thousnd Lkes. The conquest of this territory y the Teutonic Order, which took plce in the 13th century, gve rise to the foundtion of 12 towns in Wrmi. The towns were plnned in line with the medievl urn ptterns, feturing chessord-like lyout of grid of streets, centrl mrketplce with town hll in the middle, nd compct locks of townhouses. The prolems relted to the revitliztion of smll towns in Wrmi re mostly ssocited with their historic centres, which mnifest their identity. The complexity of elements of which such historic urn centres re composed (sptil fctors, such s urnistic nd rchitecturl ones, relted to the conservtion of historic uildings nd structures, economic nd socil spects) necessittes such trnsformtions tht will led to etter exposure nd functionl revitliztion of the old town in comprison to other prts of city. The im of our study hs een to find out how the imge nd functions performed of old towns cn e improved. The chnges involve certin urnistic nd rchitecturl trnsformtions s well s economic nd socil revitliztion. The key to success is to develop revitliztion progrmmes for individul historic districts in the towns of Wrmi. The reserch hs enled us to drw conclusions in regrd to including numerous spects nd connections etween sptil fctors nd functions of old towns. Revitliztion efforts should focus on the elimintion of sources of thret, improvement of the technicl condition nd esthetic vlues of the spce (urnistic ptterns nd lyouts, rchitecture of urn complexes) nd the etterment of living stndrds nd conditions for locl residents. Hving chieved this, we will re-focus on the sttus of historic town centres, on their essentil role in the contemporry life of towns, nd on the need to preserve the heritge of whole Wrmi The Authors. Pulished y Elsevier y Elsevier Ltd. This Ltd. is n open ccess rticle under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( Peer-review under responsiility of the orgnizing committee of WMCAUS Peer-review under responsiility of the orgnizing committee of WMCAUS 2016 * Corresponding uthor. Tel.: E-mil ddress: mzg@uwm.edu.pl The Authors. Pulished y Elsevier Ltd. This is n open ccess rticle under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( Peer-review under responsiility of the orgnizing committee of WMCAUS 2016 doi: /j.proeng

2 222 Mrek Zgro / Procedi Engineering 161 ( 2016 ) Keywords: rchitecture; urn studies; revitliztion; conservtion of historic uildings nd structures; 1. Introduction Wrmi is region in north-estern Polnd, whose history of settlement dtes ck to the erliest time of the Polish sttehood. Together with the neighouring region of Mzury, this re is known s the Lnd of Thousnd Lkes. The conquest of this territory, t tht time occupied y Bltic Prussin tries, completed y the order of Teutonic Knights in the 13th century gve rise to the foundtion of twelve Wrmin towns. For centuries, most of them hve een smll towns. The policy of the Teutonic Order imed t setting up towns (ll were creted within the spn of century) in wy tht comined militry nd topogrphic fctors (fortified wlls surrounding towns locted in hrdly ccessile plces) with the medievl principles of urnistic composition ( chessord-like lyout of grid of streets, centrl mrketplce with town hll in the middle, compct locks of townhouses). The militry origin of the Wrmin towns (ech town ly t the foot of cstle) distinguishes these urn centres from ones locted elsewhere in Polnd [1]. The history of these towns s well s their more contemporry development re consequence of their similr loction, functions nd, ove ll, sptil chrcteristics. The current sptil structure of smll towns in Wrmi, including their historic centres, results from more recent, drmtic historicl events, especilly the ones which occurred t the end of World Wr Two, when the Soviet Army egn purposeful nd systemtic destruction of historic uildings in Est Prussi. Another contriutor ws the postwr reconstruction of dmged towns, which ws suordinted to the then politicl system of Polnd. As result, mny historic town centres lost their identity. The consequences cn e seen in mny towns cross the whole region. Frequently, historic ptterns of urn complexes were violted nd the uildings replcing the ruined ones were over scled or designed pying little respect to the trditionl rchitecture. These oservtions justify ll efforts to crete revitliztion progrmmes for Wrmin towns, which represent the mteril heritge of the regionl culture. 2. The sptil structure of historic centres in Wrmin towns Smll towns in Wrmi represent regulr urn structures rrnged in chessord-like ptterns, chrcteristic for the Middle Ages. The medievl concepts dictted the lyout of streets, the size nd proportions of mrket squres nd the loction of pulic fcilities nd uildings in wht is now known s the Old Town in ech Wrmin urn settlements. These historic centres, in most cses, re still dominnt element in composition ptterns nd in roder town centres (Fig. 1.). Fig. 1. () Street pln of Old Town in Ornet; () Street pln of Old Town in Reszel [2]. The current stte of preservtion of these historic town districts is rther vried cross the whole region. The two min resons re the wr dmge nd post-wr reconstruction. The ltter ws often completely detched from the

3 Mrek Zgro / Procedi Engineering 161 (2016 ) ctul scle nd chrcter of those town centres. Such filed reconstruction efforts re evident in Biskupiec, Bisztynek, Dore Misto, Lidzrk Wrmi ski or Pieni no (Fig. 2.). In ddition, the region s poor economic sitution, including such undesirle developments s very high unemployment or migrtion to lrger towns nd cities, undermine the position of smll towns. However, some of the nlysed cses re worth ttention s exmples of towns in which the urnistic nd rchitecturl structure hs een preserved well enough to reflect their historic identity. These re Jeziorny, Ornet nd Reszel (Fig. 3.), which hve retined their individul chrcter of town with centuries-old trdition rchitecture nd own emotionl tmosphere, i.e. the town s genius loci [3]. Fig. 2. () The Old Town mrketplce in Dore Misto; () The Old Town mrketplce in Lidzrk Wrmi ski. The contemporry stte of preservtion of these oldest prts of towns in Wrmi justifies every revitliztion effort, which should y supported y serch for economic nd socil ground for the towns growth. Their tourist potentil, lrgely overlooked y the tourist industry, seems to e n ville solution. But in order to ttrct tourists, the towns need to develop revitliztion progrmmes tht will im t their improved functioning, which cn e chieved through dequte mngement of their historic centres, etterment of living conditions nd economic development. A town is principlly plce for people to live in, nd the Wrmin towns, however smll, re inhited y lrge shre of the whole popultion living in Wrmi. Fig. 3. () The Old Town mrketplce in Ornet; () The Old Town mrketplce in Reszel.

4 224 Mrek Zgro / Procedi Engineering 161 ( 2016 ) Revitliztion of historic centres in smll Wrmin towns The sptil spect of revitliztion progrmmes for Wrmin towns, encompssing oth urn ptterns nd rchitecture, should mostly serve to chieve the mteril revitliztion of historic town centres. In the long process of creting such progrmmes, whose one of the ims is to djust municipl spce to the current socil nd economic needs, we should e le to preserve our mutul culturl heritge. Trnsformtions tking plce within centres of towns touch on mny spects owing to the numerous functions tht these res perform. In generl, the role of town centre is defined y severl fctors: urnistic nd rchitecturl reltionships, concentrtion of vrious functions nd pulic spces (the centre-forming functions) s well s functionl nd socil reltionships. Revitliztion is process tht undergoes constnt evolution nd is strictly dependent on the reltionship etween the sptil mngement nd the socio-economic sitution, oth concentrted within reltively smll re of the town centre. When ll these roles re performed well, the historic district of town gins in sttus nd is etter exposed ginst the ckdrop of the other town s res. The evolutionry process of trnsformtion ws hevily disrupted in ll smll towns of Wrmi y certin events in Polnd s ltest history, which hve left ghstly mrk on the spcil rrngement of the towns centres (Fig. 2.). This town s re is ssocited with exchnge of ll types of goods, oth mteril nd spiritul ones, which dd to the ppel of the spce nd promotes socil integrity, plying such n importnt role in the town s life. The key to ttining the desired imge nd functions of smll Wrmin towns is to develop method for their revitliztion. The discussed concept method focuses on the sptil spect of trnsformtions in the town s structure, which necessittes n ppropritely designed ction strtegy [4]. First, strtegic ims re identified, which will fcilitte mking correct urn plnning nd design-relted decisions. The ims re s follows: to prevent degrdtion of the sptil structure in its physicl, economic nd socil spects n interdisciplinry pproch [5], to improve the spce s ttrctiveness, to respect the culturl heritge the urnistic nd rchitecturl ssumptions, to improve the competitiveness of the town s centre reltive to the town s other res, to concentrte centre-forming functions nd to improve ccess to the town s centre, to improve living conditions of the locl communities. The strtegic ims should e perceived s synthetic definition of the revitliztion concept. The first im is superior to the others nd is core ojective of revitliztion of n urn spce. The strtegic ims help define ctions, their direction nd execution tht is the ctivtion of specific developments. The interdisciplinry nture of this revitliztion method is distinguished y: the need to chieve inter-sector integrtion in the pproch to sptil, economic nd socil issues, selection of dequte ction tools nd instruments nd process mngement, reinforcement of the role of urnistic design [6], prticiption of locl communities in execution of individul tsks, precise identifiction of the revitliztion gols nd coordintion of the execution pln, estlishment of n institution which will orgnize nd coordinte ll elements of the revitliztion process. The ove elements confirm the complexity of ny revitliztion progrmme sed on strtegic plnning in the integrted mngement of town s development [7]. Consequently, it is necessry to prioritize vlues nd gols tht re to e chieved sed on the dopted ction method. 4. Results The underlying motivtion for undertking revitliztion of historic centres in Wrmin towns is the need to improve their functioning nd to preserve the region s culturl heritge. Revitliztion efforts should focus on eliminting sources of threts, improving the technicl stte of ll components of the urn structure, ensuring etter living stndrd nd conditions for locl residents, nd enhncing the sptil esthetic vlues of revitlized res. The prolems presented in this rticle sustntite certin conclusions with respect to dvntges to e gined from creting nd executing revitliztion progrmmes for historic centres of towns. The following cn e mentioned: reproduction of historiclly developed urnistic ptterns of streets nd uildings,

5 Mrek Zgro / Procedi Engineering 161 (2016 ) development of n urnistic structure which corresponds to historicl solutions ( finer urnistic structure, the humn dimension), re-cretion of rchitecturl compositions in ccordnce with the originl ssumptions (the scle of uildings, their zoning, mterils, detils, more intimte chrcter of the town), orgniztion of pulic spces in town s centre (shops, services), reconstruction of the identity (ppel) of town s centre. The guidelines suggested ove rely on the ssumption tht ll smll Wrmin towns will hve generl rchitecturl nd urnistic concept developed. This in turn will require tht ech time revitliztion project is plnned; some detiled nlyses re in order. Their results will serve s sis, in co-opertion with locl communities, for mking very precise ction plns nd for their susequent reliztion. References [1] L. Kjzer, Cstles nd the Society. Trnsformtions of Defensive Architecture nd Constructions in Polnd from 10th to 18th century, ód, 1993, 90. [2] L. Czuiel, T. Domg, Historic Urn Centres in Wrmi nd Mzury. Pojezierze, Olsztyn, 1969, pp [3] K. Pw owsk, The concept of town s homeliness, Politechnik Krkowsk, Krków, [4] S. Ltour, Z. Pszkowski, Restructurliztion of historic town res in north-western Polnd, in: Strtegies for Revitliztion of Towns in Polnd nd in Other Countries, Wrszw, [5] J. Purchl, Heritge versus development. Mngement of historic towns versus lws of mrket in the experience of centrl Europe, in: The Historic Town, Krków, [6] Z.K. Zuzik, Strtegies for Revitliztion of Town Centres, Krków, 1998, 109. [7] J. Ko odziejski, Achievement of sustinle development of towns in the Polish scle, in: Permnent Development of Polish Towns s New Chllenge in Sptil Plnning nd Mngement, ed. E. Heczko-Hy ow, Krków, 2001, pp