n Loodsondersoek na gemiddelde minimum en maksimum grondtemperature
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1 n Loodsondersoek na gemiddelde minimum en maksimum grondtemperature in ligte en swaarder gronde in die hoof appelverbouingsareas in Suid-Afrika gedurende 2009/10 Elmi Lötze Summary Minimum soil temperatures are of utmost importance at the beginning of the season, for it will determine the onset of root growth, and thus nutrient uptake in deciduous fruit trees. Maximum soil temperatures in the middle of summer influences water relations in the plant as well as root growth and can be detrimental to both, when threshold values for crops are exceeded for long periods. From this perspective, a pilot study was launched regarding local soil temperatures in the main apple producing areas, to determine a possible negative effect of too high temperature on rooting of new rootstocks from Cornell Geneva, New York. In December, approximately two months after full bloom, minimum soil temperatures in 5 to 10 cm were as low as 10 C in some areas, which will be a disadvantage for active root growth if it persists for an exists for an extended period. Average monthly maximum soil temperatures in the top 5 to 10cm, for all areas in 2009/10, varied between 22 and 28 C, except in the Elgin area, where temperatures of 30 C were experienced. However, this includes spikes of more than 30 C. This temperature range can also influence root development on the long term, although it did not persist during this season (personal observation). The perception that local soils are not suitable for rootstocks from the Cornell Geneva breeding program due to consistently too high temperatures (> 35 C for extended periods in the top 40 cm) in areas with proper water management, seems unfound for the selected sites in this study. The data is however only reflecting one season s temperatures and does not reflect long term trends. Extended abstract Due to the concern about the performance of new Cornell Geneva (New York, USA) apple rootstocks under warmer soil conditions, a local need was expressed to determine the possible differential uptake of nutrients of different apple rootstocks under high soil temperatures and differential root development DFM sensor in n proef boord. and the effect thereof on fruit quality of apple fruit. The main areas were Elgin (Elg), Vyeboom (Vye), Ceres Warm Bokkeveld (WBV), Ceres Koue Bokkeveld (KBV), Langkloof (LKF) and Eastern Free State (OVS). DFM temperature probes, that recorded soil temperatures with 10 cm intervals, were installed in pre-selected apple or pear orchards on farms in the different deciduous fruit production areas, on a lighter and heavier soil type per farm. All probes were installed in mature, bearing orchards, irrigated with micro sprinklers. It was not possible to do comprehensive root distribution and depth studies, but all orchards represented either seedling and M793, or seedling and BP1 rootstocks, respectively. The study was conducted from as close as possible to November 2009 to March 2010 that represents the main growing season of apples. Results for average, monthly minimum and maximum soil temperatures for both light (ligte) and heavy (swaarder) soils are summarised in Table 1a for four different soil depths that corresponds with the minimum 40 cm requirement for root volume for fruit production. In Table 1b, Fig 1 Gemiddelde, maandelikse minimum (a) en maksimum (b), lugtemperature vir 2009/10 vanaf outomatiese weerstasies in die verskillende areas. 68 SA FRUIT JOURNAL DEC 2011/JAN 2012
2 Fig 2 Gemiddelde, maandelikse minimum (a) en maksimum(b) grondtemperature op 5-10 cm vir ligter gronde. the actual minimum and maximum temperature in the different soil depths that occurred during each month, is noted. Fig 1 compares the different areas with one another on account of the average, monthly minimum (a) and maximum (b) air temperatures, obtained from a nearby automatic weather station. Averaged, monthly soil temperatures between areas on 5 to 10 cm for light soils are compared for minimum (a) and maximum (b) values in Fig 2. Similar data for the heavier soils are indicated in Fig 3. The averaged, monthly temperature data for lighter soil depths on 15 to 20 cm, is illustrated in Fig 4, with accompanying data for heavier soils in Fig 5. Lastly, the soil temperature data for the lowest measurements on 55 to 60 cm is shown for light (a) and heavy (b) soils in Fig 6. Although higher temperatures were observed during the midst of summer, it seldom persisted long enough to cause substantial disruption in root development or water uptake, based on previous researched threshold temperatures for these processes. The same trends from highest to lowest temperatures for the areas concerned were not always followed for either soil type, or monthly minimum and maximum values. This could have been due to the fact that it was only one season s results, as well as other influences like irrigations practices and micro soil differences. In spite of the short comings of discussing one season sdata only, this pilot study provided sufficient information to overcome the perception that maximum soil temperatures in the main deciduous fruit areas are too high for establishment of Cornell Geneva rootstocks. Fig 3 Gemiddelde, maandelikse minimum (a) en maksimum (b) grondtemperature op5-10 cmvir swaarder gronde. Fig 4 Gemiddelde, maandelikse minimum (a) en maksimum (b) grondtemperature op cm vir ligter gronde. 69
3 Tabel 1a Gemiddelde, maandelikse minimum (a) en maksimum(b) grondtemperature vir ligte en swaarder gronde in die hoof appelproduksie areas vir 2009/10 op spesifieke gemiddelde gronddieptes. Area Grond Nov Des Jan Feb Mar Nov Des Jan Feb Mar Nov Des Jan Feb Mar Temperatuur 5 10 cm Temperatuur cm Temperatuur cm LKLOOF WBV KBV OVS ELGIN VYEBOOM ligte min maks swaarder min maks ligte min maks swaarder min maks swaarder min geen geen geen maks geen geen geen ligte min maks swaarder min maks ligte min maks swaarder min maks ligte min maks swaarder min maks Tabel 1b Werklike maandelikseminimum (a) en maksimum(b) grondtemperature vir ligte en swaarder gronde in die hoof appelproduksie areas vir 2009/10 op spesifieke gemiddelde gronddiepte. Area Grond Des Jan Feb Mar Des Jan Feb Mar Des Jan Feb Mar Des Jan Feb Mar Temperatuur 5 10 cm Temperatuur cm Temperatuur cm Temperatuur cm LKLOOF WBV KBV E FS ELGIN VYEBOOM 70 ligte min maks swaarder min maks ligte min maks swaarder min maks swaarder min maks ligte min maks swaarder min maks ligte min maks swaarder min maks ligte min maks swaarder min maks SA FRUIT JOURNAL DEC 2011/JAN 2012
4 Nov Des Jan Feb Mar Temperatuur cm geen geen Tipiese boord gebruik in die studie. Inleiding n Lootsproef om n aanduiding van die verskille in grondtemperature in die hoof appelverbouingsareas te kry, is in 2009 deur Fruitgro Science befonds. Die motivering hiervoor spruit uit die invoer van nuwe, dwergende appelonderstamme uit die Noordelike Halfrond, en die persepsie bestaan dat grondtemperature in die somer aansienlik koeler is as in Suid-Afrika en dus n beperkende faktor kan wees in die groei van sodanige onderstamme onder ons toestande. Ten spyte van jare langeplaaslike navorsing in verskillende dissiplines in vrugteverbouing, is daar nie n beskikbare databank vir grondtemperature in die areas wat benut kon word in die ondersoek nie, en moes temperatuurdata van meet af bepaal word. Tot dusver kon ons ook nie daarin slaag om soortgelyke data te bekom van areas waar die onderstamme reeds verbou word nie onder andere Geneva (New York Staat) en Chihuahua (Meksiko). Grondtemperature verskil gedurende die seisoene, maar ook tussen verskillende gronddieptes en grondsoorte (Michael en Burke, 1998). Dit gee onder andere aanleiding tot morfologiese veranderinge in wortelgroei, asook in die wortelfunksies en metabolisme. Wortelgroei sal normaalweg toeneem met n toename in temperatuur tot by n maksimum, waarna groei sal afneem. Die optimum en maksimum temperature vir groei wissel verder tussen gewasse bv in sonneblomme is die optimum tussen 23 en 25 C teenoor 25 C van appel onderstamme (Gur et al., 1972). Te hoë temperature (> 35 C) kan verder aanleiding gee tot n afname in wortelverlenging of toename in vertakking (Neilsen, 1974). Daarteenoor is wortels onder laer temperature, minder vertak (Brouwer en Hoagland, 1964). n Morfologiese verandering in wortelgroei kan ook voorkom weens die interaksie tussen grondtemperature en grondpatogeen aktiwiteite. Laterale wortelontwikkeling van jong katoenplante is betekenisvol gestimuleer by 15 C en die aanwesigheid van patogene, in vergelyking met plante wat in n steriele grond gekweek is (McMichael en Burke, 1998). Lae temperature (15 C) kan die opname van water en voeding deur die wortels verminder, terwyl hoër temperature (30 C) weer tot n verhoging in opname kan lei. Ensiemaktiwiteit in die wortels word ook beïnvloed deur hoër temperature (Neilsen, 1974). Temperature bokant 35 C kan verder lei tot vorming van asetaldehied en etanol, asook n afname in sitokiniene in die Fig 5 Gemiddelde, maandelikse minimum (a) en maksimum (b) grondtemperature op cm vir swaarder 71
5 Fig 6 Gemiddelde, maandelikse maksimum grondtemperature op55-60 cm vir (a) ligte en (b) swaarder gronde. wortels, weens anaerobiese respirasie (Gur et al., 1972). Die optimum temperatuur vir wortellengte en laterale wortelontwikkeling word voorts beheer deur die genetiese samestelling van die plant en bewyse hiervoor kom wyd voor in die groentebedryf (Williams, 1972). Veranderinge in wortelgroei kan ook die interaksie tussen wortel en lootgroei verander en sodoende die produktiwiteit van die plant (Gosselin en Trudel, 1986; Tromp, 1983).Grondtemperature het n direkte effek op wortels via die invloed op wortel inisiasie en verlenging, asook op die fisiologie van bogrondse dele (Pregitzer et al., 2000).Hierdie produkte kan weer blare beskadig indien dit na die bogrondse dele vervoer word. Ander fisiese veranderings bokant en in die grond wat kan lei tot temperatuurverandering in die grond sluit in deklae (Fourie en Freitag, 2010), besproeiingstelsels, boomouderdom (dus skaduwee op die plantry) en die organiese komponent van die grond. Deklae het gelei tot minder variasie in temperatuur gedurende die seisoen (Wooldridge, 1992), asook laer gemidddelde temperature gedurende die winter, lente en somer (Hartley en Rahman, 1997). n Strooi deklaag (Trisdal,1989) of kompos (Pinamonti et al. 1995) kan as buffer dien en ekstreme temperatuur skommeling in die grond reguleer en sodanig n gunstiger omgewing skep vir wortelaktiwiteit. In n plaaslike eksperiment met strooi deklaag op wingerd, het die deklaag veroorsaak dat die optimum lente temperatuur vir grondorganisme aktiwiteit met n week vertaag is in vergelyking met skoon bewerking (Fourie en Freitag, 2010), wat nadelig is. Daarteenoor is n gunstiger omgewing vir wortelgroei met die deklaag gekry gedurende die res van die groeiseisoen, wat die nadelige effek aan die begin van die seisoen tot n groot mate opgehef het. Materiaal en Metodes In elk van die hoof appelverbouingsareas (Elgin, Vyeboom, Ceres Warm Bokkeveld (WBV), Ceres Koue Bokkeveld (KBV), Langkloof (LKF)en Oos-Vrystaat (OVS)) is n boord met swaar (hoë klei, leem of slik inhoud) en ligter grond (meer sanderig), op dieselfde plaas, geïdentifiseer as proefperseel.grondprofiele is nie gekarteer nie. Die boorde is almal met mikro-spuite besproei met skoonbewerking in die plantrye. Bome was voldraend en het gewissel tussen appels op saailing of M793 onderstamme op die ligter gronde en pere op saailing of BP1 op die swaarder gronde. In die geval van die Oos-Vrystaat (Bethlehem), is data net op n swaar grond ingesamel. n DFM temperatuur- en vogsensor (DMF, Continuous logging Soil Moister Probe, DFM Software Solutions CC, Suid Afrika) wat elke 10 cm n uurlikse lesing registreer tot en met 60 cmgronddiepteis in die plantry, tussen die mikrospuitjie en boom geïnstalleer gedurende November en Desember 2009 (Fig 1). Die sensor se eerste lesing word normaalweg op ongeveer 1cm bokant die grond oppervlak geneem. In die geval van die studie, is die sensors van Elgin en Vyeboom effens hoër geïnstalleer. Oppervlak temperature is gemeet ongeveer 5 cm bokant die grond en daarna in 10 cm dieptes vanaf die vorige sensor. Die sensor verteenwoordig die gemiddelde temperatuur 2 cm bokant en 2 cm onderkant die sensor. Aan die einde van Maart 2010, is die temperatuur data ingesamel en verwerk om die gemiddelde minimum en maksimum maandelikse temperature van die verskillende areas en gronddiepte (5-10 en tot cm) te vergelyk gedurende die hoof groeiseisoen (Tabel 1a). Die werklike minimum en maksimum daaglikse grondtemperature (5 10 cm tot cm) word weergegee in Tabel 1b. Gemiddelde, maandelikse minimum en maksimum temperature van nabygeleë outomatiese weerstasies word ook aangedui (Fig 1). Resultate en bespreking Area lugtemperature Volgens die maandelikse lugtemperature vir die 2009/10 groeiseisoen (Fig 1), was die WBV die warmste area gedurende die dag (> 25 C) en die KBV/WBV en Langkloof areas die koelste gedurende die nag (10-12 C) gedurende November 2009 tot Maart Elgin nagtemperature het laer as 10 C gedaal gedurende Februarie en Maart en die data behoort met langtermyn gegewens vergelyk te word om te bepaal of dit n uitsondering was. Hierdie waardes verteenwoordig slegs die huidige groeiseisoen se tendense en dit kan verskil van die langtermyn tendens. Grondtemperature Die grondtipes op die persele is nie in die studie gekarteer of bestuurspraktyke beskryf nie, aangesien die lootsprojek meer gefokus het op n aanduiding van temperatuur verskille tussen areas, en bloot n aanduiding moes verskaf oor bestaande variasie tussen areas en ligter en swaarder gronde. Bestuurspraktyke, grondvorm, besproeiingstelsels en grondbedekking is alles faktore wat die grondtemperature beïnvloed en vereis dus n statistiese proefuitleg met kwantifisering van al die elemente om reg aan so n studie te laat geskied.worteldiepte van minstens 40 cm is n vereiste vir bevredigende groei van dw- 73
6 SITRUS ergende appelonderstamme, dus fokus die bespreking op temperature tot die diepte. Die laagste, gemiddelde, maandelikse minimum temperature vir die eerste 5 10 cm gronddiepte vir ligte gronde het voorgekom in die Elgin en KBV areas met November C tot 16 C in Februarie 2010 (Tabel 1a; Fig 2a). Werklike minimum waardes in die gronddiepte het gewissel tussen C in Januarie tot 9 C in Maart 2010 (Tabel 1b). Vir swaarder gronde, het die laagste, gemiddelde, maandelikse minimum temperature voorgekom in die KBV en WBV, met C in die WBV en C in die KBV (Table 1a; Fig 3a). Werklike minimum waardes het gewissel tussen 9 en 12 C in die WBV en 9 tot 14 C in die KBV (Tabel 1b). Soos verwag het laer minimum temperature in die swaarder as ligter gronde, voorgekom. In terme van wortelontwikkeling, toon die data n maksimum, maandelikse gemiddelde temperatuur van 31 C in die Elgin area (ligte grond) wat bereik is in November en weer in Maart 2010 op 5 cm gronddiepte (Tabel 1a; Fig 2b). Werklike maksimum temperature het gewissel tussen 35 C in Desember tot 39 C in Februarie 2010 (Tabel 1b, Fig 3b). Die gemiddelde, maandelikse maksimum temperature vir swaarder gronde het gewissel tussen 24 C in Desember tot 27 C in Februarie 2010 in die WBV, vir die boonste 10 cm gronddiepte. Werklike maksimum waardes het gewissel van 26 C in Desember tot 29 C in Februarie Soos verwag, was maksimum temperature hoër in die ligter gronde. Die hoogste temperature op ligter gronde wat in Elgin voorgekom het, is in teenstelling met verwagting en het nie die weerstasie temperatuur tendens gevolg nie (Fig 1b). Vir gronddiepte 15 tot 20 cm, het dieselfde tendens as in die vlakker grond voorgekom vir ligte gronde, met die hoogste gemiddelde, maandelikse minimum temperature in die WBV en laagste minimum waardes in KBV (Fig 4a). Die hoogste, gemiddelde, maksimum temperature het voorgekom in die WBV en laagste, maksimum temperature in die KBV en Langkloof (Fig 4b). Alle maksimum waardes was onder 25 C op die gronddiepte. Swaarder gronde het ook dieselfde tendens in die 15 tot 20 diepte getoon as by 5 tot 10 cm, met gemiddelde, maandelikse minimum temperature die hoogste in die Langkloof en laagste, in die WBV (Fig 5a). Areas het dieselfde patroon gevolg vir die gronddiepte in geval van gemiddelde, maandelikse maksimum temperature, met die hoogste maksimum temperature in die Langkloof area en laagste minimum temperature in die WBV (Fig 5b). Alhoewel die maandelikse, gemiddelde maksimum temperature ongeveer 25 C was, het werklike maksimum temperature in die Elgin area gestyg tot 28.6 C in Maart Tendense en temperature dieper as 15 tot 20 cm het nie noemenswaardig verskil van dié in die 15 tot 20 cm gronddiepte nie en word weergegee in tabel 1 vir 35 tot 40 cm. Volledigheidshalwe is die temperature vir beide grond soorte op cm vergelyk in terme van maksimum waardes in Fig 6. Hiervolgens is die hoogste temperature in die ligte gronde steeds die Elgin, Vyeboom en WBV areas en die koeler gronde, KBV en Langkloof areas. Vir swaarder gronde op die diepte, is die hoogste temperature in die Langkloof en Vyeboom areas gemeet en die laagste maksimum temperature, in gronde in die WBV en KBV. Gevolgtrekking Minimum grondtemperature is van belang aan die begin van die seisoen,met die aanvang van wortelgroei. In Desember, reeds ongeveer twee maande na volblom by appels, het minimum temperature in 5 tot 10 cm diepte tot so laag as 10 C in sekere areas voorgekom, wat n nadelige uitwerking op wortelgroei mag hê indien dit lank voortduur. Gemiddelde, maandelikse maksimum grondtemperature in die boonste 5 10 cm vir alle areas in 2009/10 het gewissel tussen 22 en 28 C, behalwe vir die Elgin area waar temperature rondom 30 C voorgekom het. Dit sluit egter die sporadiese voorkoms van temperature van meer as 30 C vir korter periodes in. Laasgenoemde kan nadelig wees vir wortelgroei indien dit vir lang periodes voortduur wat in die geval net enkele dae voorgekom het (persoonlike waarneming). Die persepsie dat plaaslike gronde dus ongeskik sal wees vir wortelgroei van onderstamme vanaf die Cornell Geneva onderstam teelprogram,weens te hoë gemiddelde temperature in die somer (kontante temperature van 35 vir lang periodes in die boonste 40 cm grond) in areas met goeie water bestuur, is dus ongegrond in die persele wat vir waarneming gebruik is. Dit is egter net een groeiseisoen se data en dus is die waarnemings nie noodwendig langtermyn tendense nie. In uitsonderlike toestande mag aaneenlopende hoë temperature voorkom wat wortelgroei kan benadeel, maar onder lokale omstandighede, vir appels, kom die hoof wortelgroeifases voor tot en met einde Desember en dan weer na Maart, wat die nadelige effek van n hoër maksimum grondtemperatuur wat in Februarie voorkom gedeeltelik verminder. Erkenning Befondsing vir die projek is bewillig deur Fruitgro Science en hulp met die sensors deur DFM. Verwysings Fourie, J.C., Freitag, K., Soil management in the Breede River Valley wine grape region, South Africa. 2.Soil temperature. S.Afr.J.Enol.Vitic. 31(2): George, A.P., Nissen, R.J., The effects of root temperature on growth and dry matter production of Annona Species. Sci Hort. 31: Gur, A., Bravdo, B., Mizrahi, Y., Physiological responses of apple trees to supraoptimal root temperatures. Physiol. Plant. 27: McMichael, B.L., Burke, J.J., Soil temperature and root growth. HortSci 33(6): Nielsen, K. F Roots and root temperatures. pp In: E. W. Carson, Ed. Plant root and its environment. Univ. of Virginia Press, Charlottesville. Pinamonti, F., Zorzi, G., Gasperi, F., Silvestri, S., Stringari, G., Growth and nutritional status of apples trees and grapevine in municipal solid-waste-amended soil. Acta Hort. 383: Pregitzer, K. S., King, J. S., Burton, A. J., Brown, S. E., Responses of tree fine roots to temperature. New Phytol 147: Trisdal, J. M., Soil management. Acta Hort. 240: Tromp, J., Nutrient reserves in roots of fruit trees, in particular carbohydrates and nitrogen. Plant Soil, 71:
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