Skinny Streets and Green Neighborhoods: Design for Environment and Community By Cynthia Girling and Ronald Kellett INDEX

Transcription

1 Skinny Streets and Green Neighborhoods: Design for Environment and Community By Cynthia Girling and Ronald Kellett INDEX Note: Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations or tables Alleys, 22, 79, 82 American Forests, Appleyard, Donald, Atelier Dreiseitl, Attached dwellings, 22 23, 96 Aurora, CO, 127, 128 Bassett Creek, Minneapolis, 88, , 129 Beach, The, 36 39, 56, 81, 82 Beatley, Timothy, 60, Bellevue, WA, Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, 112 Ben-Joseph, E., Boston, MA, 60 61, 88, 95, 106 Boundary Bay, BC, 70 Bridges, 84, 85 Calgary, Alberta. See Garrison Woods Calthorpe, Peter, 15, 17, 97, 99 Cars: in U.S., 76; in Vancouver, BC., 143 Case studies: chronological listing, 56; overview, 20 21; Beach, The, 36 39, 56, 81, 82; Coffee Creek Center, 40 43, 56, 125, 126, 128, 133; East Clayton, 56, 69 72; Garrison Woods, 56, ; Heritage Park, 48 51, 56, 69, 88 89, 129, 130, 133; Orenco Station, 5 10, 9, 44 47, 56, , 101, 102; Playa Vista, 32, 33 35, 56; Prairie Crossing, 56, , 134; Radburn, 15, 16, 24 27, 56, 79 81; Royal Avenue, 16 18, 19, 56, 65, 84 85; South East False Creek (SEFC), 56, 81 82, ; Stapleton, 28 31, 56, 88 89, , 133; Village Homes, 6 10, 56, 81 82; Villebois, 52 55, 56, 66 67, , 116 Chesterton, IN. See Coffee Creek Center Circulation systems, 18, 75, See also pedestrian circulation Clean Water Act, 118, CNU (Congress for the New Urbanism), Coffee Creek Center, 40 43, 56, 125, 126, 128, 133 Coffee Lake wetlands, 67, 111 Commercial services: critical mass to support, 96, 98 99; main street retail, 101; mixed, 23; Orenco Station, 100; Royal Avenue, 18; shopping areas, 94, 102, 130; Village Homes, 7. See also gray fabric Compact development: benefits of, 92, 102 3; green, mixed-use communities and, ; integration with green infrastructure, ; in neighborhoods, 94 97, 99; policies, codes, and standards for, Compact growth, 5 6, 8 10, Complete development, , 99, Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU), Conservation, 8, 64, 137 Context: of compact and livable neighborhoods, ; understanding the, Corridors, 63 64, Cross-scaled planning, 72; ecological structure and, 67 69; gray fabric, 91; gray networks, 75; green fabric, 104; green networks, 58, ; links in, ; open spaces, 58; water systems, 118 Cul-de-sacs, Dammasch hospital, Wilsonville, Davis, CA. See Village Homes Density: in compact neighborhoods, 96 97; comparison of Vancouver, BC. and Seattle, WA, 93; defined, 95; gradients, 97; gross, 21, 24; high, 98; low, 92, 94, Index by S. Jane Henderson, Indexplorations

2 Density (continued): 96; medium, 18; and nonmotorized travel choices, 92; Orenco Station, 5; Royal Avenue, 18; Village Homes, 8 Denver, CO. See Stapleton Development: complete, , 99; complete and compact, 102 3; environmentally oriented policies and regulations, 137; low-density, 92, 96; Low Impact (LID), 132; new urbanist, 14, 96, 97; nodal, 17; partnerships, 142; private sector role in, 68; redevelopment projects, 66 67, 130; residential, 3; sustainable, 58 59, 70, 144; transitoriented (TOD), 15, 17, 44, 100, 136; urban, 1 2, 61 62, 87. See also compact development Development patterns: green and gray networks as guide, 139; primary influences on, 138; of Radburn, 15; reformation of, with SEFC, 146; sprawling, 4, 61 62, 91 92; suburban, 3 4 Diversity, 97, Drainage systems, 9, 19, 70, 88, See also stormwater management Dreiseitl, Herbert, , 127 Duany, Andres, 13, 14 Dwelling types, defined, See also housing East Clayton, 56, Ecological approach: to managing urban hydrology, 121; to planning, 62 65, 69, 72; to stormwater management, , Ecological corridors, 62 Ecological footprints, 91 92, 105 Ecological forces, 138 Ecological functions, 60 Ecological health, 100 Ecological structure, 65, Ecosystems, 61 63, 104, 107 8, 139. See also ecological approach Edges, of neighborhoods, Embarcadero, San Franciso, 88 Emerald Necklace, Boston, Emissions, vehicle-related, Endangered Species Act, 121 Energy conservation, 8 Environmental assets protection, Environmental impact reduction, 8 Environmentally sustainable communities, Environmental structures, 138 EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), Erosion, 108 Eugene, OR. See Royal Avenue Evapotranspiration, 106 Fairview, Salem, OR, 102 Farmland losses, Floor-area ratio, 95 Forests, 104 9, 117, 122 Fragmented systems, Fraser River Valley, 71 Garrison Woods, 56, Gasoline consumption, 74, 75, 77 Gray fabric, 18 19, 91, 103, See also case studies Grayhurst, IL. See Prairie Crossing Gray networks: across scales, 75; characteristics of, 148; as civic amenities, 89; as construct of green neighborhoods, 18 19; green and, 126, 131, 139; green streets in, 82 83; impact on pollution, 75 77; infrastructure as, 87; strategies for, 90. See also case studies Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD), 69, 71 72, 98, 140 Green: achievement of, ; and compact growth, 8 10; definition of, 147; thinking, seeing, and knowing, Greenbelts, 14, 15 Green fabric, 18 19, 104, 117, 149 Green growth, 6 10 Green infrastructure, 58 60, 107 9, , 144 Green neighborhoods, 14 16, Green networks: across scales, 58; characteristics of, 148; as construct of green neighborhood, 18 19; contributions of, 68 69; defined, 59 60; as fragmented systems, 62 64; gray and, 126, 131, 139; at metropolitan scale, 139; at neighborhood scale, 72, 139; planning of, 65;

3 Green networks (continued): as spatial pattern, 14 15; strategies for, 73; in U.S. history, See also case studies Green strategies, 73, 90, 103, 117, 134 Green streets, 82 85, , , 132 Green urbanism, Greenways, 7, 67, 85, 130, 132 Green wedge, 14, 15 Green Zone, GVRD, 69, 71 72, 98, 140 Grid-based street networks, 79, 80, 81, Gross density, 21, 24, 95 Groundwater, 119, 121, 122 Guadalupe River Park, San Jose, 128, 129 GVRD. See Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) Habitat and habitat patches, 63 64, 106 7, 121, 146 Hargreaves Associates, 128, 129 Heritage Park, 48 51, 56, 69, 88 89, 129, 130, 133 High-density regional centers, 98 Hillsboro, OR. See Orenco Station Hough, Michael, Housing: diversity, 97; dwelling types, defined, 22 23; ground-oriented, lowrise, 96; high-rise, 96; new developments, ; Orenco Station, 100; suburban model, 2 Hybrid networks, Hydrological restoration, 129 Hydrologic cycle, , 123 Impervious surfaces, 83, 86 87, , 119 Industrial uses, 23. See also gray fabric Infrastructure, 9, 74, 87 88, 88. See also green infrastructure Kitsilano neighborhood, 86, Laguna West TOD, 97 Lake Hills Greenbelt Park, Land conservation, 8 Landscape ecology, 62 64, Landscape structure, defined, Land use: comparison of Village Homes and Orenco Station, 9; designations and definitions, 21 23; environmental forces and, 138; graphic coding in case studies, 21; mixed, 101; planning, 64; and vehicle miles traveled (VMT), 92; widely dispersed, See also case studies; development patterns Livability, 3 4, 87, 103 Livable Region Strategic Plan (GVRD), 72 Living First strategy, Loops and lollipops network, Los Angeles, CA. See Playa Vista Low-density development, 94, 96 Low Impact Development (LID), 132 Lynch, Kevin, 14, 99 Maple Ridge, Vancouver, 95 Metro (Oregon), 65 67, 84, , 121 Minneapolis, MN, 61, 82, 88 89, See also Heritage Park Mixed use, 23, 77, 94, 101, 102. See also gray fabric National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, 120 Natural approach. See ecological approach Natural areas: defined, 22; hydrologic cycle of, 123; at neighborhood scale, 68; in new urbanist development, 14; in transitoriented development prototype, 17; viable, 64. See also green networks Natural patterns, integration with built, 16, 18, 19 Nature-based approach. See ecological approach Neighborhood centers, 96, Neighborhoods: building blocks, 11, 91; compact, 94 97, 99; complete, ; defined, 11; diagrammatic comparison, 12, 13, 14; diversity in, ; gridbased, 79; national planning standards for, 12 13; new, ; physical conditions, 12; recent design concepts, 99; redeveloped, 114; South East False Creek, 145; in suburban locations, 100; trees and image, 113. See also case studies; green neighborhoods Neighborhood scale, 68, 36 Nested scales, 67 69, New Urbanism, 13 14, 88, 96 97, 101,

4 Nodal development prototype, 17 Nonmotorized travel, and density, 92 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 60, 113 Olympic Village, 146. See also South East False Creek (SEFC) Open spaces: cross-scaled planning for, 58; defined, 21 22; disconnected network, 60; drainage system integrated with, 9, ; loss comparison, Portland metropolitan areas, 93 94; Northwest Landing, 82; as problematic term, 57 58; reconsideration of role in urban design, ; Royal Avenue, 18; South East False Creek, 144, 145; spatial patterns of, 14, 15; urban, 58; Village Homes, 6 7 Orenco Station, 5 10, 9, 44 47, 56, , 101, 102 Parks and open spaces, 22, , 144. See also green networks Patches, Patterns, integration of natural and built, 16, 18, 19 Pedestrian circulation: Coffee Creek Center, 128; defined, 22; in grid-based street network, 80; Heritage Park, 89; in hybrid network, 81 82; in mixed-use retail areas, 101; Robson Street, 114; Royal Avenue, 85; Village Homes, 7; walking trail through wetland, 125 Perry, Clarence, 12, 13 Philadelphia, PA, 112 Phytoremediation, 108 Plater-Zyberk, Elizabeth, 13, 14 Playa Vista, 32, 33 35, 56 Pollution, 75 77, 83, 105 8, 118, 120 Population growth and distribution, 1, 2, 93 94, 142 Portland, OR: compact TOD policies, 136; cross-scaled ecological planning, 72; green streets guidebook, 84; growth patterns in, 93 94; Metropolitan Greenspaces Program, 65 66; Skinny Street program, Prairie Crossing, 56, , 134 Public works, as civic amenities, 23, Queuing street, 86 Radburn, 15, 16, 24 27, 56, Rainwater management, 108, , 124. See also stormwater management Redevelopment projects, Regional centers, high-density, 98 Residential development, 3, 22 23, 86. See also gray fabric Royal Avenue, 16 18, 19, 56, 65, Royal Palm Way, Palm Beach, Runoff, 83, 108, 118, 120. See also stormwater Sand Creek Regional Greenway, 130 San Francisco, CA, 88 San Jose, CA, 128, 129 Scales: in case studies, 20 21; links across, ; neighborhood, 36; nested, 67 69, See also crossscaled planning Seattle, WA, 83 84, 88, 132 SEFC. See South East False Creek (SEFC) Shop Creek restoration, 127, 128 Shopping areas, 94, 96, 101, 102, 130 Single-family home with rental apartments, 97 Skinny streets, 14, Smart growth, 5, 101,, 138 South East False Creek (SEFC), 56, 81 82, Spatial boundaries, role of trees in defining, Spatial patterns of open space, 14, 15 Spirn, Anne, Sprawl, 4, 61 62, 92 Stapleton, 28 31, 56, 88 89, , 133 Stein, Clarence, 15, 16, 79 Stormwater, 69, 83, 89, 105, 108, Stormwater management: Best Management Practices (BMP), , 124; facility design, 109, 127; fully integrated approach, ; goals for SEFC, 146; and green streets, 110, 132; hybrid system, 131; integration with parks and open spaces, ; piped systems, 119; prairie restoration and, 134; Royal Avenue, 85; treatment train, 124; trees as tool in, 109; Village Homes, 7; wetlands, 19; whole water,

5 Stream crossings, 84, 85 Street networks, 77 82, Streets: as civic amenities, 87 90; classification of, 22; effect of design on urban water systems, 80; green, 82 85, , , 132; in new urbanist developments, 14; queuing, 86; renovations, and tree preservation, 115; skinny, 86 87; and stormwater management, 19; street tree plan, Villebois, 116; traffic-oriented, 74; Village Homes, 82 Suburban development, 3 4, 61, 92, 100. See also sprawl Superblock, 24, Support services and TOD, Surrey, BC. See East Clayton Sustainable communities, Sustainable development, 58 59, 70, 144 TOD. See transit-oriented development (TOD) Topography, in hybrid networks, Toronto, Ontario. See Beach, The Traffic-oriented street designs, 74 Transit-oriented development (TOD), 15, 17, 44, 100, 136 Transportation modes, 6, 8 9, 143 Travel patterns and air pollution, 75 Treatment train, 124, Trees: average cover, 105; for green streets, ; monetary value, 108 9; and neighborhood image, 113; preservation of, ; Quincy Market, Boston, 106; role in urban ecosystems, Trees for Green Streets (Metro), 110 Understanding the whole, Urban design, 92, 109, , Urban development, 1 3, 61 62, 87 Urban ecosystems, Urban forests, 104 7, 117 Urban green spaces, Urban hydrology, 109, 118, , Urban infrastructure, 9, 74, See also green infrastructure Urban water systems: effect of street design on, 80; in green neighborhoods, 149; multiple functions of, 128; pollution of, 118; strategies for, 134; sustaining, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Federal Housing Administration, 12 13, 80 Vancouver, BC.: in comparison to Boise, ID, 94 95; in comparison to Seattle, WA, 93; Green Zone, GVRD, 69, 71 72, 98, 140; integrating green and gray, ; Kitsilano, 86, 96, 97; residential development, 3; Robson Street, 114; South East False Creek, 56, 81 82, Van White Memorial Boulevard, 88 89, 129 Vehicle miles traveled (VMT), 76 77, 92 Village Homes, 6 10, 56, Villebois, 52 55, 56, 66 67, , 116 Water, celebration of, Water quality, 8 Watersheds, 122, 125, 128 Water systems, 118, See also stormwater Wenk, William E., 68 69, , 127 Westerly Creek Greenway, Stapleton, 89, 130, 132 Wetlands: Ballona, 32; Coffee Lake, 67, 111; East Clayton, 69; Lake Hills Greenbelt Park, 125; loss of, 61 62; Royal Avenue, 85; stormwater, 18, 19; walking trail through, 125 Willamette River, 62 Wilsonville, OR: Dammasch hospital, ; protected resource lands, 66; Wilsonville tract, 67. See also Villebois Woodlands, The, 124, 125