Design of Footbridges

Transcription

1 Design of Footbridges Dutch solutions for bicycle and pedestrian bridges Adriaan Kok ipv Delft creative engineers mail: website: ipvdelft.nl or ipvdelft.com 8th Australian Small Bridges Conference Nov 2017, Surfers Paradise Australia ipv Delft & The Netherlands Dutch Design Manual for Footbridges Dutch Regulations for Footbridges Dutch Design drivers & solutions Lessons Learned

2 bridges ipv Delft infrastructure urban furniture architecture lighting footbridge footbridge aquaduct bench footbridge footbridge tunnel canopy footbridge lamp shade bicycle parking

3 bridges ipv Delft Footbridges

4 CROW publication 342 Dutch, by ipv Delft Summary CROW publication 342 English, by ipv Delft BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES by ipv Delft Dutch Design Manual Free Download: ipvdelft.com / publications

5 Structure: Follows the Development Process Analysis of Requirements Traffic Network Context Users Design Checklist Design Development Alignment Bridge Design Budget Dutch Design Manual

6 Structure: Follows the Development Process Analysis of Requirements Design Development Traffic Network Context Users Design Checklist Alignment Bridge Design Budget Why For Whom What Dutch Design Manual

7 Intended Users: All involved disciplines & stakeholders Management Urban Planning Architects Structural engineering Traffic engineering Maintenance Contractors Advocates Local stakeholders BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES by ipv Delft Dutch Design Manual

8 Intended Goal: Create Understanding Between representatives of Technical & Social requirements City Officials (social) we try we should! do! Design(er) (technical) (social) we try (City) Engineers (technical) can t we? we try Citizens Advocates (social) Dutch Design Manual

9 Involvement of disciplines & stakeholders: De-Siloing the Process Analysis of Requirements Design Development Client Network Context Users Checklist Alignment Design Management Engineering Traffic Urban planning Lighting Maintenance Consultants Engineer Architect Subsoil Local Businesses Citizens Advocates Contractor Dutch Design Manual

10 Structure: Follows the Development Process Analysis of Requirements Traffic Network Context Users Design Checklist Design Development Alignment Bridge Design Budget Dutch Design Manual

11 Italy UK The Netherlands Germany France Spain Context (international) The Netherlands in Europe

12 The Netherlands 17 mln inhabitants Australia 23.4 mln inhabitants Context (international) The Netherlands compared to Australia

13 307 km Sydney Amsterdam Rotterdam 60 km 240 km Belgium Germany Canberra Context (national) The Netherlands compared to Sydney - Canberra Region

14 Sydney Amsterdam Rotterdam Canberra Meuse Network (national) Rhine Dutch network compared to Sydney - Canberra Region

15 Network (national) transport over water and road

16 Network (international) The Netherlands, a hub for Europe

17 - 4 m + 8 m Foundation Piles almost always required - 7 m + 10 m m Marshy River Delta peat, clay & sand 26% below sea level m Context (national) ground level and subsurface conditions

18 1995 flood Flood Risk Areas 26% below sea level 29% above sea level risk of flooding by river Context (national) flooding risk

19 - 15 ºC in Winter + 35 ºC in Summer Context (national) 50 ºC temperature difference

20 Natural Constraints Exploring the world Limited Resources Open to new ideas Context (national) resourcefull by constraints

21 Beach Travel Time bike & car equal up to 7.5 km 15 km 7.5 km Amsterdam Airport Network (regional) travel time in dense populated areas

22 8 mln people with all needs within cycling distance Amsterdam Rotterdam Eindhoven Network (national) travel time in dense populated areas

23 Dutch King 18 million bikes > 14 million trips / day km bike path 2500 km highway 8 million cars Network (national) Cycling Facts

24 Network (national) need for a lot of bridges

25 Users Determine Needed Space Road Planning Loads Abuse Prevention Regular Cyclists, Pedestrians, Mopeds, Disabled vehicles Special Disabled, Elderly, Children Users all potential users Not intended Not intended vehicle, Hooligans,... Occasionally Maintenance, Emergency Services Other Utility companies...

26 bridges Users bridge & Intersecting for a footbridge crossing a road regular regular regular special special special occasional not intended not intended not intended other

27 75 cm cm 25 cm width sway distance 2,5 m vertical clearance Users cyclists measurements

28 32.5 cm 62.5 cm railing wall 50 cm extra width in curve Users cyclists distance to objects

29 Deck Width Hovenring two lanes - two directions cm m Users cyclists deck width

30 minimum width one way minimum width two way in curve cm cm 1.4 m 2,9 m Users cyclists deck width

31 0,7 m 0,8 m 0,85 m Users pedestrians measurements

32 max. 20 m max. 0.5 m 0,9 m 1,8 m 1,2 m 0,9 m Users pedestrians deck width

33 H > 13 m Railing H 1-13 m Railing stairs & slopes min. Railing min. 1.2 m 1 m 0.85 m Australia (hand) railing height pedestrians 1.2 m cylists 1.4 m disabled, children 0.7 m Users railing height

34 Dutch Fx, Fy 3 kn/m Australia Fx, Fy? kn/m (crowds) Openings < 0.1 m (wire) m < 0.1 m Fy Fx Ø 0.5 m Users railing openings and loads

35 ipv Delft railing designs type & infill wire wire cable mesh glass wood lamellas bars - balusters structural structural structural decorative

36 Railing height? Railing 1 & 1.4 m cyclists pedestrians Railing 0.7, 1.2 & 1.4 m? cyclists pedestrians children 1m 1.4 m J. Pesch Bridge, Brisbane Toowong Crossing, Brisbane Proprietary Barrier Cairns Users Australian railing examples

37 Users unintended use - climable railing

38 inward inclined wires cable mesh near petting zoo Users unintended use - climable railing

39 standard anti-throw-screen 2.5 m Users unintended use - anti-throw-screen

40 integrated stainless steel cable mesh anti-throw-screen Users unintended use - anti-throw-screen

41 Concentrated Load 0n surface of 0.1 x 0.1 m 7 kn Uniformly Distributed Load 5 kn/m² (5 kpa) Reduction allowed using formula: Uniform load = (120/bridge length +30) kpa Allowed when no crowds are expected. With minimum of 2.5 kpa Users pedestrians & cyclists loads

42 Maintenance Vehicle specifications 2 axles with a 3 m wheelbase; Axle load of 25 kn (2500 kg); 2 wheels / axle, with a 1.75 m track width; 0,25 m x 0,25 m contact surface / wheel. Users standard maintenance vehicle loads

43 9 metric tons maintainance vehicle - Hovenring Users Heavy maintenance vehicle loads

44 Unauthorized Vehicle specifications: 2 axles with a 3 m wheelbase Characteristic axle load of 40 kn & 80 kn 2 wheels per axle, with a 1,3 m track width 0,2 m x 0,2 m contact surface per wheel. Users Unauthorized vehicle loads

45 min. 4.6 m - 7 m (no collision load) vertical clearance Users vertical clearance car traffic

46 Road Collision Load on Bridge Deck (Fdx) Highways Roads outside urban areas Roads within urban areas carparks Eurocodes 500 kn 375 kn 250 kn 75 kn Dutch appendix 2000 kn 1500 kn 100 kn kn loads for bridges for all traffic types Collision Load Reduction for Clearances > 4.8 m Collision Load reduces lineairly 4.8 m 100% 7.0 m 0% Users collsion loads by car traffic on the bridge deck

47 Road Collision Load on Supports (Fdx) Highways Roads outside urban areas Roads within urban areas carparks Eurocodes 1000 kn 750 kn 500 kn kn Dutch appendix 2000 kn 1500 kn 1000 kn kn No Collision Load when Distance support - axis closest lane Highways > 20 m Roads outside urban areas > 15 m Roads wthin urban areas > 10 m carparks > 5 m Users collsion loads by car traffic on supports

48 Collision Loads Commonly used Signage Portals

49 Collision Loads Custom designed Anti-Collision Portals

50 Think Filter! Collision Loads Anti-Collision Portals proven usefull

51 m vertical clearance Users vertical clearance commercial vessels

52 30 m vertical clearance Users vertical clearance sailing ships

53 Users sailing in the Netherlands

54 Alignment movable bridges to prevent large height differences

55 m vertical clearance Users vertical clearance railroads

56 Ramp Success Factors Height Difference Grade Directness Alternatives Flat Stretches Users - Alignment ramp success factors

57 Reducing Height Difference Minimize structural deck height Lowering crossed area lowered intersection Users - Alignment reducing Height Difference

58 Ramp Grade 11% 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0 target normal circumstances more wind nuisance more comfortable average grade (%) less wind nuisance less comfortable 4 Ramp Difficulty: Z = H²/L Max. Z = 0.2 Target Z = Min. Z = height (m) Users - Alignment ramp grade

59 Directness, Alternatives, Flat stretches 265m, 2.1% 95m 5.8% 190m 2.9% 225m, 2.4% 200m 2.8% 25 m Flat stretches over 3-5 m height in bends in ramp at end of ramp 105m 5.2% Users - Alignment directness, alternative routes, flat stretches

60 Structure: Follows the Development Process Analysis of Requirements Design Development Traffic Network Context Users Design Checklist Alignment Bridge Design Budget Why For Whom What Dutch Design Manual

61 Traffic Network Finding the best bridge location Analyse Network demand - regular users - number of users A Route restrictions Adjacent route (A, B ) A B B Dutch Design Manual

62 Network as Design Driver aligment Arterial road Road Bridge Highway A2 Cycle Network Utilitarian Recreational Eindhoven Highway bridge Traffic Network - Alignment

63 500 Existing Road Bridge Widening Existing Bridge New Bridge over On Ramp talud 1:2 Arterial Road New On Ramp topboog = R % R16250 R Highway A R R R LANGSDOORSNEDE SCHAAL 1:100 Slagboom novotel op basis luchtfoto Eindhoven Highway bridge Alignment by Traffic Engineers

64 Existing Road Bridge Widening Existing Bridge Eindhoven Highway bridge Existing Road Bridge

65 Proposed Alignment 5 Radii 16, 17, 108, 115, 145 m Varying Width m Span Lenght? Existing Bridge widening existing bridge talud 1:2 Highwa A m % R m Arterial Road New On Ramp topboog = R m R m m R m m R m 108 m R m NEDE Slagboom novotel op basis luchtfoto Eindhoven Highway bridge Analysis Proposed Alignment 1

66 R * * * * * * * * * * * * Optimized Alignment Using Grasshopper plugin for Rhino 2 Radii 1 Width 1 Span Lenght 17 m Anthony Fokkerweg Arterial Road Anthony Fokkerweg 19, 130 m New On Ramp 4.5 m ASLIJN TRACE Positie landhoofd brug over toerit (KW7) Uitvoering nader te detailleren * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * WERKGRENS topboog = R m Positie landhoofd brug over toerit (KW7) Uitvoering nader te detailleren. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Existing Bridge R19120 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Overgang bestaand viaduct (KW8) naar nieuwe brug, nieuw tracé over toerit (KW7) Start overgang van lessenaars- naar dakprofiel VOEG BRUG OVER OPRIT - AANLANDING 19 m Eventueel benodigde afscherming van steunpunten langs toerit nader detailleren. 4.5 m 19 m * * * * R19120 * * * * * * * * ASLIJN TRACE widening existing bridge VOEG OVERGANG VIADUCT Highwa A2 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** ** ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4.5 m WERKGRENS EINDE BESTAANDE BRUG * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Onderzijde steunpunt, poer of positie watergang zo uitwerken dat de beoogde functionaliteit van de watergang is gewaarborgd. * * * * * * * * * * RAMETERS IN FUNCTIE VAN DE COORDINATEN NGS DE ASLIJN [m] NIVEAU BRUGDEK NAP [m] 17 m 130 m 17 m 17 m 19.5 HOOGTE HANDREGEL NOORD H1a [m] HOOGTE HANDREGEL ZUID H1b [m] HOOGTE BOVENREGEL NOORD H2a [m] Eindhoven Highway bridge Optimized Alignment 1 HOOGTE BOVENREGEL ZUID

67 business area city centre access road access road Enschede Bridge Context

68 Business Area Visibillity New Bridge Visibillity Old, Characteristic Trees City Centre Enschede Bridge Context - Alignment Constraints

69 bridge position required height 4,6m line of sight traffic lights 2,5 low traffic light stopping distance stopmarker R 75 m (5x) R 180 m (5x) Enschede Bridge Final Alignment

70 prefab deck 1 pier type Enschede Bridge Modular Construction

71 Facts & Figures bridge length 280 m ramp length 150 m width 3.5 m lightingelement budget: 2.0 million costs: 1.4 million Enschede Bridge Facts & Figures

72 Widening Existing Bridge New On Ramp Arterial Road Existing Road Bridge Highway A2 New Bridge over On Ramp Eindhoven Highway bridge Optimized Alignment 1

73 H1b H2a H2b Only Railing NOORD Highest Point Anti-Throw-Screen ZUID 4.5 m 20º UID 0º 3 m 1.2 m H1b α grating 0.8 m stainless steel edge element prefab concrete deck integrated lighting anti-throw-screen ( cable mesh infill ) Eindhoven Highway bridge NOORD Deck Principle On Ramp Bridge ZUID

74 ZUID NOORD anti-throw-screen ( cable mesh infill ) 4.5 m m prefab barrier with lighting element H1b H1a reused existing cladding new prefab concrete girders widened existing road bridge Eindhoven Highway bridge Deck Principle Widened Existing Bridge

75 adaptive Anti-Throw-Screen 1 pier type only high where required Eindhoven Highway bridge Impressions

76 in height changing Anti-Throw-Screen Eindhoven Highway bridge Impressions

77 Existing Guide rail Cladding Existing Bridge Cladding & Barrier with illuminated translaucent panels Eindhoven Highway bridge Impressions

78 Cylists increase Waiting Time Cars Vertical Clearance On Ramp +5 m Highway +7 m Widening Existing Bridge New On Ramp Arterial Road Existing Road Bridge New Bridge over On Ramp Highway A2 Existing Of Ramp Eindhoven Highway bridge Possible improvements of the alignment

79 Network as Design Driver aligment 1 Arterial road Road Bridge aligment 2 Cycle Network Utilitarian Recreational Highway A2 Eindhoven Highway bridge Traffic Network Analysis - Alignment Options

80 Arterial Road Existing Road Bridge Recreational Utilitarian New On Ramp 140 m Highway A2 Existing Of Ramp Utilitarian Utilitarian No Cyclists using Traffic Lights Recreational Nearby Construction Site Eindhoven Highway bridge Traffic Network Analysis - Alternative Alignment

81 V:\4_projecten\EHN.20_brug_A2-N2_Eindhoven\2_tekeningen\1_SO\DWG\EHN.20_2D-TEKENINGEN_v07(WW).dwg V:\4_projecten\EHN.20_brug_A2-N2_Eindhoven\2_tekeningen\1_SO\DWG\EHN.20_2D-TEKENINGEN_v07(WW).dwg V:\4_projecten\EHN.20_brug_A2-N2_Eindhoven\2_tekeningen\1_SO\DWG\EHN.20_2D-TEKENINGEN_v06(WW)(AK).dwg V:\4_projecten\EHN.20_brug_A2-N2_Eindhoven\2_tekeningen\1_SO\DWG\EHN.20_2D-TEKENINGEN_v07(WW).dwg Arch Bridge PROJECT EHN.20 FIETSVERBINDING ANTHONY FOKKERWEG-A2/N2 Modular Truss Bridge2000 OPDRACHTGEVER GEMEENTE EINDHOVEN ONDERDEEL AANZICHT CONCEPT 1 TEKENINGNUMMER DATUM VERSIE STATUS AANZICHT SCHAAL 1: EHN.20.SO.TEK CONCEPT GETEKEND SCHAAL FORMAAT EENHEID WW 1:500 MM A PROJECT EHN.20 FIETSVERBINDING ANTHONY FOKKERWEG-A2/N2 OPDRACHTGEVER GEMEENTE EINDHOVEN Oude Delft BB Delft info@ipvdelft.nl ONDERDEEL AANZICHT CONCEPT 3 TEKENINGNUMMER DATUM VERSIE STATUS EHN.20.SO.TEK CONCEPT GETEKEND SCHAAL FORMAAT EENHEID WW 1:500 MM A3 Oude Delft BB Delft info@ipvdelft.nl AANZICHT SCHAAL 1:500 A-symmetrical Cable-stayed Bridge PROJECT EHN.20 FIETSVERBINDING ANTHONY FOKKERWEG-A2/N2 OPDRACHTGEVER GEMEENTE EINDHOVEN ONDERDEEL AANZICHT CONCEPT 2 TEKENINGNUMMER DATUM VERSIE STATUS EHN.20.SO.TEK CONCEPT GETEKEND SCHAAL EENHEID FORMAAT WW 1:500 MM A3 Oude Delft BB Delft info@ipvdelft.nl Symmetrical Cable-stayed Bridge PROJECT EHN.20 FIETSVERBINDING ANTHONY FOKKERWEG-A2/N2 OPDRACHTGEVER GEMEENTE EINDHOVEN ONDERDEEL AANZICHT CONCEPT 5 TEKENINGNUMMER DATUM VERSIE STATUS EHN.20.SO.TEK CONCEPT GETEKEND SCHAAL EENHEID FORMAAT AK 1:500 MM A3 (420x297) Eindhoven Highway bridge Oude Delft BB Delft info@ipvdelft.nl Alternative Alignment - Bridge Options

82 Facts & Figures length main span 104 m lenght ramps 660 m width 5 m costs bridge 1.5 million euro total costs 8.2 million euro Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge

83 Eindhoven Highway bridge Modular Truss Bridge

84 TOELICHTING - OP DEZE TEKE IPV DELFT - DEZE TEKENIN - PRODUCTIETEK WORDEN VOOR - ALLE MATEN - PEILMATEN IN - GRADEN IN HE - COORDINATEN Eindhoven Highway bridge Modular Truss Bridge PROJECT GRA.01.Haal OPDRACHTGEVER Provincie Fl ONDERDEEL AANZICHTEN TEKENINGNUMME IPV.00.VO.TE

85 Eindhoven Highway bridge Alternative Alignment - Cable-stayed Bridge

86 Advantages Arch Bridge Structurally / Cost Efficient No Piers in Highway - No obstruction of sightlines - Less hindrance due to construction m Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge

87 Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge

88 Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge

89 Facts & Figures length main span 104 m lenght ramps 660 m width 5 m costs bridge 1.5 million euro total costs 8.2 million euro Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge Reference

90 Grashopper Optimized Ramps Eindhoven Highway bridge Ramps Arch Bridge Reference

91 Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge Reference

92 Cables / Rods 5 m m VERHOOGDE SCHAMPKANT GEÏNTEGREERDE VERLICHTING N.T.B. CA ,65 m OORSNEDE L 1:20 Eindhoven Highway bridge Concrete Deck PROJECT OPDRACHTGEVER Arch Bridge - Deck Cross Section ONDERDEEL Steel Edge Girders EHN.20 FIETSVERBINDING ANTHONY FOKKERWEG GEMEENTE EINDHOVEN PRINCIPE DEKDOORSNEDE MET VERHOOGDE SCHA

93 Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Details Bridge Deck

94 Wishbone Configuration under construction Leaning Arches Configuration under design Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Structural Optimization (Grashopper)

95 Narrowing Deck Grashopper model Straight Deck Grashopper model Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Structural Optimization

96 Vertical Cable Alignment Crossed, Netted Cable Alignment Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Structural Optimization

97 Other Cable Alignments 21.1 m (1/6 L) Arch Height Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Structural Optimization

98 Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge

99 hand rail with Integrated Lighting Infill - Stainless Stteel Cable Mesh Extra High Curb / Edge (0.2 m) VERHOOGDE SCHAMPKANT Integrated Arch Illumination GEÏNTEGREERDE VERLICHTING 0,2 m N.T.B. CA % 0,3 m 0,65 m Potential Damper Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Details Edge Girder & Railing

100 Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Railing Infill

101 Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Anti-Throw-Screen

102 Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Arch illumination

103 Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Arch illumination

104 Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Arch illumination

105 hand rail with Integrated Lighting, Wiring & fixation Points top cable - Stainless Cable Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Details Railing

106 custom aluminium extrusion profile LED deck lighting fixation point LED facial lighting Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Handrail Principle Hovenring

107 Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Handrail Principle Hovenring

108 Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - a Solution for All Requirements

109 North Sea 7.5 km Rijswijk The hague recreational route Rijswijk Swing Bridge Network Analysis

110 Schie Canal RijswijkHarbour Highway A4 The Hague Rijswijk Swing Bridge Possible bridge locations in the context

111 Location 1: Fixed arch bridge preferred by department of waterways required vertical clearance of 7 m ramps of 300 at 3.5% needed estimated costs 4 million bikepath tramtrack & road bikepath/road 3,5% 3,5% highway A4 7 m highway A4 Rijswijk Swing Bridge Possible bridges in the context

112 Location 2: Double drawbridge connects directly to existing routes no supports and fenders in waterway short steep 2.5 m high ramps estimated costs 6 million harbour entrance 3 m existing bikepaths Rijswijk Swing Bridge Possible bridges in the context

113 Location 3: Asymmetric cable-stayed swing bridge less susceptible to windforces supports and fenders in waterway ramps partly integrated in embankment estimated costs 4 million 3 m Rijswijk Swing Bridge Possible bridges in the context

114 Location 4: Symmetric cable-stayed swing bridge bridges both canal and harbour entrance lot of supports and fenders in waterway ramps partly integrated in embankment estimated costs 5.5 million 3 m obsolete bridge Rijswijk Swing Bridge Possible bridges in the context

115 Preferred concept direct connection between existing routes minimal hindrance during construction estimated costs acceptable Rijswijk Swing Bridge Concept evaluation

116 turning space ramps (H: 1.7 m) integrated in route Rijswijk Swing Bridge Bridge design

117 3 m 21 m Rijswijk Swing Bridge Bridge design

118 Rijswijk Swing Bridge Bridge design

119 Pivot Point Gear Unit Counter Weight Maintenance Platform Rijswijk Swing Bridge Bridge design

120 Maintenance Platform Rijswijk Swing Bridge Bridge design

121 Facts & Figures length 110 m width 3,5 m costs: 2.4 million Rijswijk Swing Bridge Result

122 Traffic Network Finding the best bridge location Analyse Network demand - regular users - number of users A Route restrictions Adjacent route (A, B ) A B B Dutch Design Manual

123 Traffic Network: Start with the Crossings Because Crossings are: Hard to Integrate Hard to Upgrade Advertisers / Kickstarters Gapclosers A B Dutch Design Manual

124 Context Location specific requirements & potential benefits Analyse Urban Planning Local Wishes Ecology A A Land Ownership Cables and Pipelines B Subsurface Conditions Potential Benefits B Dutch Design Manual

125 Context as Driver prefab deck 1 pier type Enschede Bridge Modular Construction

126 Context as Driver visibillity commercial buildings spare characteristic trees visibillity traffic lights Enschede bridge Meandering Alignment Fitting in the Context

127 voor: Gemeente Heerhugowaard ontwerp ipv Delft 2012 Heerhugowaard Station bridge Alignment Fitting in the Contect

128 Possible main span materials steel bonus no bonus stainless steel ,- high performance concrete ,- fiber re-inforced composite ,- main span contour Heerhugowaard Station bridge Main Span Contour - Optimal Materials

129 Facts & Figures bridge length 154 m ramp length 120 m width 3.5 m mainspan, 4m straight slopes, 6 m corners costs: 1.7 million Main Span High Performance Concrete Ramps On Site Concrete Heerhugowaard Station bridge Maintenance Free Main Span

130 Haarlem submerged bridge Context

131 required height 2.5 m rain water pump Haarlem submerged bridge Cross Section

132 Facts & Figures length 110 m width 5 m slope < 4% costs: 1.1 million Haarlem submerged bridge Result

133 A2 Hovenring future technology museum Evoluon Light Needle Westcorridor Eindhoven Eindhoven Hovenring Fitting in with existing landmarks

134 Waalwijk bridges Referring to history

135 Waalwijk bridges Referring to history

136 ipv Delft creatieve ingenieurs Waalwijk bridges Referring to history

137 Facts & Figures length 7.9 m width 2 m costs: ,- ultra high strenght concrete (UHSC) Waalwijk bridges Referring to history - leading to innovation

138 Dronryp movable bascule bridge Referring to history

139 Dronryp movable bascule bridge Referring to history

140 Dronryp movable bascule bridge Referring to history

141 Steenwijk movable liftbridge An city entrance ready for the future

142 Facts & Figures length 20 m width 18 m costs: clearance width 8 m Steenwijk movable liftbridge An city entrance ready for the future

143 Facts & Figures length 95 m width 18 m costs: clearance width 22 m Gouda drawbridge low drawbridge fitting in with the Dutch landscape

144 Gouda drawbridge low drawbridge fitting in with the Dutch landscape

145 port railyard Structural Railing hanging Stairs Dyke Rotterdam Waalhaven bridge sparing the context

146 steel pipe pile foundation abutment old bridge Midden Delftland bridge sparing the context

147 1995 flood Flood Risk Areas 26% below sea level 29% above sea level risk of flooding by river Context (national) flooding risk

148 more room : normal channel : normal more room : high channel: high Context (national) river retention types

149 floating roll-out-bridge hydrodynamic bridge pop-up bridge hydrodynamic bridge Context (national) bridge concepts to cross flooded area

150 porous dam floating bridge williow bridge floating bridge Context (national) bridge concepts to cross flooded area

151 Floating concrete bridge Context (national) bridge concepts to cross flooded area

152 Floating concrete bridge - cross section Context (national) bridge concepts to cross flooded area

153 Floating concrete bridge - module princple Context (national) bridge concepts to cross flooded area

154 porous dam Context (national) bridge concepts to cross flooded area

155 Hydrodynamic bridge Context (national) bridge concepts to cross flooded area

156 Hydrodynamic bridge - cross section Context (national) bridge concepts to cross flooded area

157 Hydrodynamic bridge - low maintenance Context (national) bridge concepts to cross flooded area

158 hydrodynamic bridge - module princple Context (national) bridge concepts to cross flooded area

159 Hydrodynamic bridge Olst Fortmond bridge hydrodynamic bridge to cross flooded area

160 Hydrodynamic bridge - low maintenance Olst Fortmond bridge hydrodynamic bridge to cross flooded area

161 hydrodynamic bridge Zwolle Westenholte bridge hydrodynamic bridge to cross flooded area

162 Tidal Floodplain Noordwaard river new Merwede 5.5 km sea 11 km Depoldering Noordwaard bridges bridges for a tidal floodplain

163 water height +0.4 m -0.7 m water height to 2 m water height +0.7 m m water height +2 m - 3 m Depoldering Noordwaard bridges bridges for a tidal floodplain

164 Bridge Types Tidal Floodplain Noordwaard 25 creek bridges 3 bridges in old dike 7 inlet / dike bridges 13 pumping stations Depoldering Noordwaard bridges bridges for a tidal floodplain

165 creek bridge Depoldering Noordwaard bridges bridges for a tidal floodplain

166 creek bridge 5.1 m perch for birds to dry wings steel railing spray metalized 4.4 m with bronze steel railing spray metalized 0.5 m 1 m with bronze prefab concrete girders porous concrete on site cast edge porous concrete on site cast edge Depoldering Noordwaard bridges bridges for a tidal floodplain

167 Bronze Railing seawater resistant steel railing spray metalized with bronze (200 micron) Depoldering Noordwaard bridges bridges for a tidal floodplain

168 inlet / dike bridge Depoldering Noordwaard bridges bridges for a tidal floodplain

169 bridge in old dike Depoldering Noordwaard bridges bridges for a tidal floodplain

170 Birds Perch Depoldering Noordwaard bridges bridges for a tidal floodplain

171 Birds Perch - canoeist assist Depoldering Noordwaard bridges bridges for a tidal floodplain

172 Pumping Stations as Viewing Platforms Depoldering Noordwaard pumping stations experience the tidal floodplain

173 Contextual Benefits Lowering intersection for comfortable ramps Ramps as sound barriers lowered intersection Eindhoven Hovenring benefits from the context

174 Contextual Benefits Signage portals as high traffic filter Eindhoven Hovenring benefits from the context

175 Contextual Benefits bridge deck casted directly on existing earth dam Using in soil casted piles 3,5 m stainless steel railing 0,3 m earth dam in soil casted piles

176 Contextual Benefits bridge deck casted directly on existing earth dam Using in soil casted piles Breda Werkdonken bridge benefits from the context

177 Foundation Piles almost always required m Flood Risk Areas 26% by sea 29% by rivers Context (national) ground level and subsurface conditions

178 Foundation: steel pipe piles bridge directly mounted on steel pipe piles Context - foundation common pile types

179 Foundation: steel pipe piles bridge directly mounted on steel pipe piles Context - foundation common pile types

180 Foundation: steel pipe piles 1.25 m 6 m 6 m 6 m Context - foundation common pile types

181 Foundation: concrete prefab piles Context - foundation common pile types

182 Foundation: concrete prefab piles Context - foundation common pile types

183 Foundation: steel sheet piles Context - foundation common pile types

184 Foundation: steel screw piles Context - foundation common pile types

185 List of requirements Gathering all requirements Design Checklist Network Context Network Context Users Bridge users Regulations Building Codes Crossed Users Dutch Design Manual

186 Hot Dip Galvanized bolted structures in Australia Bridge Design corrosion prevention

187 Hot Dip Galvanized bolted structures in Australia Bridge Design corrosion prevention

188 Size of Hot Dip Galvanizing bath determines maximum size structural parts Bridge Design corrosion prevention

189 Hot Dip Galvanized bolted structures in the Netherlands New Guardrail Guardrail after approx. 15 years Bridge Design corrosion prevention

190 Spray Metalizing with Zinc in the Netherlands Bridge Design corrosion prevention - spray metalizing

191 Spray Metalized Structure without bolted connections Bridge Design corrosion prevention - spray metalizing

192 Bronze Railing seawater resistant steel railing spray metalized with bronze (200 micron) Bridge Design corrosion prevention - spray metalizing

193 required height 2.5 m rain water pump Bridge Design corrosion prevention - vacuum closed cross section

194 Facts & Figures length 110 m width 5 m slope < 4% costs: 1.1 million Bridge Design corrosion prevention - offshore coating

195 Composite deck - grip layer Bridge Design decking materials

196 Wooden Deck - grip layers Bridge Design decking - materials

197 Steel Deck - grip layer Bridge Design decking - materials

198 Concrete Deck - grip layer Bridge Design decking - materials

199 Ultra High Strength Concrete Deck - integrated grip Bridge Design decking - materials

200 Structure above deck: structural railing Bridge Design structural types

201 Structure above deck: structural railing Bridge Design structural types

202 Structure above deck: structural railing Bridge Design structural types

203 Structure above deck: structural railing Bridge Design structural types

204 Structure above deck: cable-stayed bridge Bridge Design structural types

205 Structure above deck: cable-stayed bridge Bridge Design structural types

206 Structure above deck: cable-stayed bridge Bridge Design structural types

207 Structure above deck: cable-stayed bridge Bridge Design structural types

208 Structure above deck: Arch bridge Bridge Design structural types

209 Structure above deck: Arch bridge Bridge Design structural types

210 Structure above deck: Arch bridge Bridge Design structural types

211 Structure below & above deck Bridge Design structural types

212 Structure below & above deck: lens truss Bridge Design structural types

213 Structure below & above deck: lens truss Bridge Design structural types

214 Structure below & above deck: irregular truss Bridge Design structural types

215 Structure below deck Bridge Design structural types

216 prefab concrete prefab concrete prefab / on site concrete prefab concrete bridges Structure Below Deck steel concrete composite prefab concrete steel steel steel

217 Prefab Concrete Decks concrete + polystyrene infill on site + high strenght concrete concrete type tbd DSAFKFJK;LJ;LAKJFASD ASDLFKSAKJFH;SADF \A'S;LDFKJLAKSFJLASDF ASF;KASLFJASDF SNEDE Bridge Design structure below deck - materials

218 Prefab Concrete Girders with custom edges Bridge Design structure below deck - materials

219 Prefab Concrete Girders with custom edges Bridge Design structure below deck - materials

220 Wooden structure Bridge Design structure below deck - materials

221 Composite structure Bridge Design structure below deck - materials

222 Composite structure Bridge Design structure below deck - materials

223 Steel structure with steel trough deck Bridge Design structure below deck - materials

224 Integration of functionality Structure Design Integration of traffic lights, lighting and signage

225 Integration of functionality Bridge Design bench as technical space

226 C D E Integration of functionality - bench as technical space F Hydraulisch Hydraulics Electrics Hydraulics A-A ( 1 : 10 ) Bridge Design bench as technical space

227 Integration of functionality Poem for the waiting users Integrated traffic signs lighting barriers Bridge Design integration of poem, signs, lighting and barriers

228 Integration of functionality Facts & Figures length 15 m width 4 m costs: approx incl. excavation new canal & embankments clearance width 8 m Integrated traffic signs lighting barriers Assen simple movable bridge with bench as technical space

229 A Thorough Analysis Analysis of Requirements Design Development Traffic Network Context Users Design Checklist Alignment Bridge Design Budget Why For Whom What Dutch Design Manual

230 Create Understanding Between representatives of Technical & Social requirements Immerse yourself in the City Officials Requirements of other (social) Stakeholders and become the Hub we try we should! do! Design(er) we try (technical) (social) (City) Engineers (technical) can t we? we try Citizens Advocates (social) Dutch Design Manual

231 Start with the Crossings Because Crossings are: Hard to Integrate Hard to Upgrade Advertisers / Kickstarters Gapclosers A B Dutch Design Manual

232 Contextual Benefits Lowering intersection for comfortable ramps Eindhoven Hovenring benefits from the context

233 Contextual Benefits Casting bridge deck directly on existing earth dam Using in soil casted piles Breda Werkdonken bridge benefits from the context

234 Think Modular! Economies of Scale by repeating parts prefab deck 1 pier type Enschede Bridge Modular Construction

235 Think Filter! Signage portals as high traffic filter Collision Loads Anti-Collision Portals - Cost-saving Filters

236 Think Filter! Users Unauthorized vehicle loads - use a filter

237 Seek Integration! custom aluminium extrusion profile LED deck lighting fixation point LED facial lighting Lighting Design Custom Handrail with Integrated Lighting

238 Seek Integration! Users Not intended visitors (Latin American mayor delegation 2017)

239 Seek Integration! Integral Design Integration of traffic lights, lighting and signage

240 Seek Integration! Integral Design Integration of gantry & footbridge

241 Tender Smart: Develop Client Side what you know best! Budget Tender & Contract format

242 Conclusions To develop bridges that satify all involved and their requirements: Analyse Involve Create Start Seek Outsource requirements thouroughly all from the start understanding & openess with the crossings - Modularity - Contextual Benefits - Filters - Integration & Optimization Only what you can t do yourself Analyse Design Traffic Network Context Users Design Checklist Alignment Bridge Design Budget BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES by ipv Delft Free Download: ipvdelft.com / publications - Be open to practical custom new solutions. - Bridges are almost never standard solutions. - A custom solution can be best and cheapest. Thanks for your Attention! Adriaan Kok ipv Delft creative engineers mail: adriaankok@ipvdelft.nl website: ipvdelft.nl or ipvdelft.com